Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2024-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100410
Erick Poulsen-Silva , Maria Carolina Otero , Sofía Diaz-Cornejo , Cristian Atala , Juan A. Fuentes , Felipe Gordillo-Fuenzalida
Lichens are formed through a mutualistic interaction between one main fungal species, known as the mycobiont, and algae and/or cyanobacteria species, known as the photobionts. Lichens, particularly the mycobiont component, are known to produce various secondary metabolites which have distinct physiological roles in order to protect from biotic and abiotic stress. This review explores the antimicrobial potential of lichen-derived secondary metabolites, highlighting their efficacy against a variety of microorganisms. Based on a exhaustive analysis of the scientific literature, we discuss the mechanisms of action and potential applications of these metabolites in the fight against antibiotic resistance and emerging infectious diseases. Lichen-derived compounds, such as diffractaic, lobaric, protolichesterinic, salazinic and usnic acid, exhibit diverse antimicrobial properties, demonstrating activity against a wide range of bacteria, fungi and yeasts, often with significant minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Some of them also show promise as antiviral agents. In addition, certain metabolites show synergism with conventional antibiotics, which could enhance their efficacy. Finally, the interaction of molecules present in culture supernatants of lichens and inorganic ions, in the form of nanoparticles, presenting antimicrobial activity, is also described. This literature review highlights the therapeutic potential of lichen metabolites in the fight against various microbial infections, making them valuable targets for future research and drug development.
{"title":"Secondary metabolites of lichens: The untapped biomedical and pharmaceutical potential of antimicrobial molecules","authors":"Erick Poulsen-Silva , Maria Carolina Otero , Sofía Diaz-Cornejo , Cristian Atala , Juan A. Fuentes , Felipe Gordillo-Fuenzalida","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lichens are formed through a mutualistic interaction between one main fungal species, known as the mycobiont, and algae and/or cyanobacteria species, known as the photobionts. Lichens, particularly the mycobiont component, are known to produce various secondary metabolites which have distinct physiological roles in order to protect from biotic and abiotic stress. This review explores the antimicrobial potential of lichen-derived secondary metabolites, highlighting their efficacy against a variety of microorganisms. Based on a exhaustive analysis of the scientific literature, we discuss the mechanisms of action and potential applications of these metabolites in the fight against antibiotic resistance and emerging infectious diseases. Lichen-derived compounds, such as diffractaic, lobaric, protolichesterinic, salazinic and usnic acid, exhibit diverse antimicrobial properties, demonstrating activity against a wide range of bacteria, fungi and yeasts, often with significant minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Some of them also show promise as antiviral agents. In addition, certain metabolites show synergism with conventional antibiotics, which could enhance their efficacy. Finally, the interaction of molecules present in culture supernatants of lichens and inorganic ions, in the form of nanoparticles, presenting antimicrobial activity, is also described. This literature review highlights the therapeutic potential of lichen metabolites in the fight against various microbial infections, making them valuable targets for future research and drug development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100410"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100412
José Fredson da Silva Alves dos Prazeres , Enrico Bernard , Cristina Maria de Souza-Motta , Diego de Medeiros Bento , Edson Nilton de Moura Silva-Júnior , Eder Barbier , Emily Oliveira Fonseca , Joenny Maria da Silveira de Lima , João Lucas Vitório Ribeiro Carvalho , Lorena Souza Miranda , Olinto Liparini Pereira , Renan do Nascimento Barbosa , Renata dos Santos Momoli , Thiago Oliveira Condé , Thiago Correia da Silva , Vânia Aparecida Vicente , Vitória Cristina Santiago Alves , Pedro Henrique Félix de Oliveira , Jadson Diogo Pereira Bezerra
Cave fungi represent a diverse array of species that underwent speciation beyond their subterranean confines, providing several benefits to the biosystems they inhabit. Caves are hotspots for diverse fungal species. Despite the large number of known caves in Brazil, a megadiverse country, only a few studies have assessed the mycobiota in the karstic ecosystem. Herein, we present a state-of-the-art bibliometric review of the cave fungi in Brazil discussing the past and ongoing research in the country and highlighting the important historical milestones and aspects of Brazilian speleomycology. Based on the data from 30 publications, only the mycobiota in 30 caves in four Brazilian biomes (Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Caatinga) have been assessed to date. Moreover, 292 fungal genera belonging to six phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Chytridiomycota, Mucoromycota, and Mortierellomycota) have been recorded, and a few operational taxonomic units have been identified as Rozellomycota and Kickxellomycota. Sordariomycetes is the most representative class identified to date. Aspergillus and Penicillium are the most frequent genera detected in all surveyed caves. Cerrado biome accounts for the largest number of studies (18), both for inventoried caves and fungal communities, and 70% of fungal genera have been exclusively recorded in this biome. Nearly half of the cave fungi known worldwide are found in only 30 caves in Brazil (approximately 0.1% of the known caves in the country), emphasising the importance of Brazilian caves as reservoirs of overall biodiversity. Speleomycology focuses on this “invisible diversity,” highlighting the necessity of cave conservation, even in megadiverse countries such as Brazil.
{"title":"Current knowledge on the cave fungi in Brazilian biomes","authors":"José Fredson da Silva Alves dos Prazeres , Enrico Bernard , Cristina Maria de Souza-Motta , Diego de Medeiros Bento , Edson Nilton de Moura Silva-Júnior , Eder Barbier , Emily Oliveira Fonseca , Joenny Maria da Silveira de Lima , João Lucas Vitório Ribeiro Carvalho , Lorena Souza Miranda , Olinto Liparini Pereira , Renan do Nascimento Barbosa , Renata dos Santos Momoli , Thiago Oliveira Condé , Thiago Correia da Silva , Vânia Aparecida Vicente , Vitória Cristina Santiago Alves , Pedro Henrique Félix de Oliveira , Jadson Diogo Pereira Bezerra","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cave fungi represent a diverse array of species that underwent speciation beyond their subterranean confines, providing several benefits to the biosystems they inhabit. Caves are hotspots for diverse fungal species. Despite the large number of known caves in Brazil, a megadiverse country, only a few studies have assessed the mycobiota in the karstic ecosystem. Herein, we present a state-of-the-art bibliometric review of the cave fungi in Brazil discussing the past and ongoing research in the country and highlighting the important historical milestones and aspects of Brazilian speleomycology. Based on the data from 30 publications, only the mycobiota in 30 caves in four Brazilian biomes (Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Caatinga) have been assessed to date. Moreover, 292 fungal genera belonging to six phyla (<em>Ascomycota</em>, <em>Basidiomycota</em>, <em>Basidiobolomycota</em>, <em>Chytridiomycota</em>, <em>Mucoromycota</em>, and <em>Mortierellomycota</em>) have been recorded, and a few operational taxonomic units have been identified as <em>Rozellomycota</em> and <em>Kickxellomycota</em>. <em>Sordariomycetes</em> is the most representative class identified to date. <em>Aspergillus</em> and <em>Penicillium</em> are the most frequent genera detected in all surveyed caves. Cerrado biome accounts for the largest number of studies (18), both for inventoried caves and fungal communities, and 70% of fungal genera have been exclusively recorded in this biome. Nearly half of the cave fungi known worldwide are found in only 30 caves in Brazil (approximately 0.1% of the known caves in the country), emphasising the importance of Brazilian caves as reservoirs of overall biodiversity. Speleomycology focuses on this “invisible diversity,” highlighting the necessity of cave conservation, even in megadiverse countries such as Brazil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100412"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143135589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100411
Manchela F. Ratsoma , Quentin C. Santana , Brenda D. Wingfield , Emma T. Steenkamp , Thabiso E. Motaung
Organisms from all kingdoms of life release membrane vesicles, which are tiny, spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer. These vesicles carry out several functions, such as forming new cell membranes, removing waste products from the cell, and transporting lipids and other substances. The payloads often contained in the vesicles are sorted via the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway stepwise. Furthermore, alterations to this endomembrane system reduces formation of vesicles and produce aberrant endosomal compartments. In pathogenic fungi, studies that have generated mutants with disruption in the ESCRT genes demonstrated negative effects on virulence and growth. Despite these important roles, only a few fungal species have to date been evaluated for the ESCRT pathway. In this review, we comprehensively evaluate recent developments in the ESCRT fungal pathway and its role in plant fungal pathogenesis.
{"title":"Understanding cargo sorting and interactive effects of membrane vesicles in fungal phytopathogens: Current knowledge and research gaps","authors":"Manchela F. Ratsoma , Quentin C. Santana , Brenda D. Wingfield , Emma T. Steenkamp , Thabiso E. Motaung","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organisms from all kingdoms of life release membrane vesicles, which are tiny, spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer. These vesicles carry out several functions, such as forming new cell membranes, removing waste products from the cell, and transporting lipids and other substances. The payloads often contained in the vesicles are sorted via the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway stepwise. Furthermore, alterations to this endomembrane system reduces formation of vesicles and produce aberrant endosomal compartments. In pathogenic fungi, studies that have generated mutants with disruption in the ESCRT genes demonstrated negative effects on virulence and growth. Despite these important roles, only a few fungal species have to date been evaluated for the ESCRT pathway. In this review, we comprehensively evaluate recent developments in the ESCRT fungal pathway and its role in plant fungal pathogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100411"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2024-12-21DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100408
Jamily Almeida de Jesus , Stefany Lorany Carvalho Monteiro , Carlos Augusto D. Bragança , Juan Manuel Anda Rocabado , Leilane Silveira D’Ávila , Daniel Ribeiro Silva da Invenção
The complex of Sigatoka diseases encompasses the most destructive leaf diseases affecting banana plants (Musa spp.). Among these the Yellow Sigatoka and Black Sigatoka, caused by the fungi Pseudocercospora musae and Pseudocercospora fijiensis, respectively, outstand as the most severe. In a scenario marked by the presence of both diseases, Black Sigatoka has prevailed, indicating that this is more severe than Yellow Sigatoka. Aiming to understand the ecological behaviour of both fungi and the evolutionary characteristics that make Black Sigatoka more aggressive, the present study aims to review and analyse the epidemiological relationship exerted in the pathosystem involving P. fijiensis and P. musae fungi, discuss the environmental, genetic and epidemiological factors which contribute to determine the adaptive value and competitive ability that explain the predominance of Black Sigatoka over Yellow Sigatoka. Our review showed that particular features such as higher rate of lesions expansion, increased production of sexual spores, precociousness of sexual cycles, greater thermal amplitude for disease development, predominance of epiphytic colonization and production of phytotoxins associated with pathogenicity are some of the adaptations that P. fijiensis noticeably accumulates, which are decisive for its competitive capacity.
{"title":"Pseudocercospora fijiensis and Pseudocercospora musae: Understanding the relationship between biology and epidemiology","authors":"Jamily Almeida de Jesus , Stefany Lorany Carvalho Monteiro , Carlos Augusto D. Bragança , Juan Manuel Anda Rocabado , Leilane Silveira D’Ávila , Daniel Ribeiro Silva da Invenção","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The complex of Sigatoka diseases encompasses the most destructive leaf diseases affecting banana plants (<em>Musa</em> spp.). Among these the Yellow Sigatoka and Black Sigatoka, caused by the fungi <em>Pseudocercospora musae</em> and <em>Pseudocercospora fijiensis</em>, respectively, outstand as the most severe. In a scenario marked by the presence of both diseases, Black Sigatoka has prevailed, indicating that this is more severe than Yellow Sigatoka. Aiming to understand the ecological behaviour of both fungi and the evolutionary characteristics that make Black Sigatoka more aggressive, the present study aims to review and analyse the epidemiological relationship exerted in the pathosystem involving <em>P. fijiensis</em> and <em>P. musae</em> fungi, discuss the environmental, genetic and epidemiological factors which contribute to determine the adaptive value and competitive ability that explain the predominance of Black Sigatoka over Yellow Sigatoka. Our review showed that particular features such as higher rate of lesions expansion, increased production of sexual spores, precociousness of sexual cycles, greater thermal amplitude for disease development, predominance of epiphytic colonization and production of phytotoxins associated with pathogenicity are some of the adaptations that <em>P. fijiensis</em> noticeably accumulates, which are decisive for its competitive capacity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100408"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-02-14DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100415
Jan Dijksterhuis (The Senior Editor), Irina Druzhinina (The Senior Editor)
{"title":"Editorial: Opening a new year with updated guidelines, a new cover, and thought-provoking insights in fungal biology","authors":"Jan Dijksterhuis (The Senior Editor), Irina Druzhinina (The Senior Editor)","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100415","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100415"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100413
Rathna Silviya Lodi , Xiaodan Dong , Xinkun Wang , Yaping Han , Xiaohui Liang , Chune Peng , Lizeng Peng
The fungal genus Trametes belongs to the Polyporales of Basidiomycota. Trametes species exhibit medicinal properties and are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Trametes versicolor is one of the most studied species in this genus. This review presents recent research on the prominent characteristics, such as antimicrobial, antitumour, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and other important medicinal activities, of Trametes species, addresses unsolved issues related to this genus, and provides several prospects for future research.
{"title":"Current research on the medical importance of Trametes species","authors":"Rathna Silviya Lodi , Xiaodan Dong , Xinkun Wang , Yaping Han , Xiaohui Liang , Chune Peng , Lizeng Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fungal genus <em>Trametes</em> belongs to the Polyporales of Basidiomycota. <em>Trametes</em> species exhibit medicinal properties and are used in traditional Chinese medicine. <em>Trametes versicolor</em> is one of the most studied species in this genus. This review presents recent research on the prominent characteristics, such as antimicrobial, antitumour, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and other important medicinal activities, of <em>Trametes</em> species, addresses unsolved issues related to this genus, and provides several prospects for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100413"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100399
David L. Hawksworth
Information is provided on 12 books on various aspects of mycology published during 2024, along with full bibliographic information and, where available, prices. Remarks on their contents, contexts, and potential audiences are included.
{"title":"2024 Mycological book news","authors":"David L. Hawksworth","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Information is provided on 12 books on various aspects of mycology published during 2024, along with full bibliographic information and, where available, prices. Remarks on their contents, contexts, and potential audiences are included.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100399"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100393
Yogesh Joshi, Pooja Bansal, Arjun Lal Yadav
A total of 518 endophytic fungal taxa (excluding 105 taxa identified beyond the level of genus and Mycelia sterilia) from 370 genera belonging to 188 families (including forty six isolates of uncertain taxonomic positions), were isolated from seventeen different Cycads. The results revealed that, although members of Ascomycota were dominant, the presence of Basidiomycota, Mucoromycota, Chytridiomycota, Olpidiomycota and Zoopagomycota couldn't be ruled out.
The endophytic fungi associated with Cycadales have been reported to exist in different primary lifestyles viz. plant_pathogens (86 genera), wood_saprotroph (78 genera), litter_saprotroph (44 genera), soil_saprotroph (41 genera), animal_parasite (24 genera), unspecified_saprotroph (20 genera), mycoparasite (13 genera), nectar/tap_saprotroph (11 genera), na and lichenized (08 genera each), ectomycorrhizal (07 genera), dung_saprotroph (06 genera), foliar_endophyte and arbuscular_mycorrhizal (05 genera each), epiphyte (04 genera), algal_parasite (03 genera), pollen_saprotroph and root_endophyte (02 genera each), lichen_parasite, unspecified_pathotroph, sooty_mold (01 genera each) (excluding 105 taxa which were identified either up to class, order and family level or are treated as incertae sedis, and Mycelia sterilia) and possibly produce several toxic compounds.
In a nut shell, the presence of fungal endophytes of different life histories, in a Cycad's endobiome, their long evolutionary history of association with the leaf, and capability of producing several mycotoxins could possibly mediate herbivory, and these specific fungal endophytes could be identified as candidates for future functional study.
{"title":"Cycadales' defense against insect and mammalian herbivory: Do endophytic fungi have to say something? - A hypothesis","authors":"Yogesh Joshi, Pooja Bansal, Arjun Lal Yadav","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A total of 518 endophytic fungal taxa (excluding 105 taxa identified beyond the level of genus and <em>Mycelia sterilia</em>) from 370 genera belonging to 188 families (including forty six isolates of uncertain taxonomic positions), were isolated from seventeen different Cycads. The results revealed that, although members of Ascomycota were dominant, the presence of Basidiomycota, Mucoromycota, Chytridiomycota, Olpidiomycota and Zoopagomycota couldn't be ruled out.</p><p>The endophytic fungi associated with Cycadales have been reported to exist in different primary lifestyles <em>viz.</em> plant_pathogens (86 genera), wood_saprotroph (78 genera), litter_saprotroph (44 genera), soil_saprotroph (41 genera), animal_parasite (24 genera), unspecified_saprotroph (20 genera), mycoparasite (13 genera), nectar/tap_saprotroph (11 genera), na and lichenized (08 genera each), ectomycorrhizal (07 genera), dung_saprotroph (06 genera), foliar_endophyte and arbuscular_mycorrhizal (05 genera each), epiphyte (04 genera), algal_parasite (03 genera), pollen_saprotroph and root_endophyte (02 genera each), lichen_parasite, unspecified_pathotroph, sooty_mold (01 genera each) (excluding 105 taxa which were identified either up to class, order and family level or are treated as incertae sedis, and <em>Mycelia sterilia</em>) and possibly produce several toxic compounds.</p><p>In a nut shell, the presence of fungal endophytes of different life histories, in a Cycad's endobiome, their long evolutionary history of association with the leaf, and capability of producing several mycotoxins could possibly mediate herbivory, and these specific fungal endophytes could be identified as candidates for future functional study.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100393"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100397
Muhammad Zaryab Khalid , Muhammad Arbab Khalid , Richou Han , Li Cao
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) represent a specialized group of microorganisms which are distinguished by their ability to infect and kill arthropods. Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a well-known and highly valued EPF species, infects the soil-dwelling larvae of Thitarodes/Hepialus (ghost moths) on the Tibetan Plateau. After the mummification of ghost moth larvae, the fungus-insect parasite complex with a fruiting body is known as Chinese cordyceps. This complex is highly esteemed as one of the most valuable traditional Asian medicines. Notably, the ghost moth larvae can survive several months after infection with O. sinensis, which makes it an exceptional model for gaining insight into the complex mechanisms in the production of Chinese cordyceps. In this review we discussed the interactions of important EPF with some key insects. Specifically, we summarized the mechanisms of EPF's mode of entry and action, uncovering the intriguing processes behind their pathogenicity. We further discussed the influence of fungal toxins on insect physiology and development, revealing the multifaceted effects that result in host mortality. Moreover, we summarized the interaction of EPF with insect's microbiota, revealing the complex dynamics that impact the pathogenic process. However, our primary focus remains on the interaction of O. sinensis with the ghost moth. Such understandings will further improve our knowledge of this complex interplay between O. sinensis and ghost moth, ultimately contributing to the improvement of Chinese cordyceps production.
{"title":"The intricate dance: Exploring the interactions between entomopathogenic fungi and insects with special focus on the formation/production of Chinese cordyceps","authors":"Muhammad Zaryab Khalid , Muhammad Arbab Khalid , Richou Han , Li Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) represent a specialized group of microorganisms which are distinguished by their ability to infect and kill arthropods. <em>Ophiocordyceps sinensis</em>, a well-known and highly valued EPF species, infects the soil-dwelling larvae of <em>Thitarodes/Hepialus</em> (ghost moths) on the Tibetan Plateau. After the mummification of ghost moth larvae, the fungus-insect parasite complex with a fruiting body is known as Chinese cordyceps. This complex is highly esteemed as one of the most valuable traditional Asian medicines. Notably, the ghost moth larvae can survive several months after infection with <em>O. sinensis</em>, which makes it an exceptional model for gaining insight into the complex mechanisms in the production of Chinese cordyceps. In this review we discussed the interactions of important EPF with some key insects. Specifically, we summarized the mechanisms of EPF's mode of entry and action, uncovering the intriguing processes behind their pathogenicity. We further discussed the influence of fungal toxins on insect physiology and development, revealing the multifaceted effects that result in host mortality. Moreover, we summarized the interaction of EPF with insect's microbiota, revealing the complex dynamics that impact the pathogenic process. However, our primary focus remains on the interaction of <em>O. sinensis</em> with the ghost moth. Such understandings will further improve our knowledge of this complex interplay between <em>O. sinensis</em> and ghost moth, ultimately contributing to the improvement of Chinese cordyceps production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100397"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100394
Vaniksha Pal , Diksha Sharma , Punam Vishwakarma , Dipayan Samanta , Kumud Ashish Singh , Jagriti Nagar , Rajesh K. Sani , Rohit Rai
CRISPR/Cas9 system is a cutting-edge gene-editing tool that has recently been introduced for the strain improvement of fungi to enhance their cellulolytic activity. Cellulase is an enzyme complex that hydrolyzes cellulosic fraction of lignocellulosic biomass into glucose which can be converted subsequently into biofuels and other value-added products. Among diverse microbial communities, fungi are considered the most potent cellulolytic candidates but the naturally low cellulase titers have been the major bottleneck in using them for industrial and biotechnological applications. However, CRISPR/Cas9 mediated fungal strain engineering has opened up new avenues to overcome this challenge by enabling precise and efficient genome editing which induces the overexpression of cellulase genes, deletion of cellulase repressors, and alterations in the regulatory elements governing the overall cellulase gene expression. The effective CRISPR/Cas9 systems have already been designed for the functional genome editing of industrially competent cellulolytic fungal strains such as Aspergillus strains, Trichoderma reesei, and Penicillium chrysogenum, however, the technological advancements to establish it across the fungal kingdom are still desired. The employment of CRISPR/Cas9 in fungal strain improvement poses various limitations such as off-target effects, the need for designing suitable delivery methods, and the appropriate selection markers, therefore, future research should focus on addressing these issues and further refining the CRISPR/Cas9 system for fungal strain improvement. Conclusively, this RNA-directed DNA endonuclease system is a promising future tool for improving cellulase production in fungi leading to the development of numerous industrially competent strains, thus, supporting the sustainable development goal (SDG 7) of affordable and clean energy through efficient bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels coupled with other value-added products.
CRISPR/Cas9 系统是一种尖端的基因编辑工具，最近被用于真菌菌种改良，以提高其纤维素分解活性。纤维素酶是一种酶复合物，可将木质纤维素生物质中的纤维素部分水解为葡萄糖，然后转化为生物燃料和其他增值产品。在各种微生物群落中，真菌被认为是最有效的纤维素分解候选者，但天然的低纤维素酶滴度一直是将其用于工业和生物技术应用的主要瓶颈。然而，CRISPR/Cas9 介导的真菌菌株工程开辟了克服这一挑战的新途径，它可以进行精确、高效的基因组编辑，从而诱导纤维素酶基因的过度表达、纤维素酶抑制因子的缺失以及支配纤维素酶基因整体表达的调控元件的改变。目前已经设计出有效的 CRISPR/Cas9 系统，用于对具有工业能力的纤维素分解真菌菌株（如曲霉菌株、毛霉菌和青霉菌株）进行功能性基因组编辑。CRISPR/Cas9在真菌菌种改良中的应用存在各种限制，如脱靶效应、需要设计合适的传递方法和适当的选择标记，因此，未来的研究应重点解决这些问题，并进一步完善CRISPR/Cas9系统在真菌菌种改良中的应用。总之，这种 RNA 引导的 DNA 内切酶系统是未来改良真菌纤维素酶生产的一种很有前途的工具，它可以培育出大量具有工业能力的菌株，从而通过将木质纤维素生物质高效生物转化为生物燃料和其他增值产品，支持可持续发展目标（SDG 7）中的可负担得起的清洁能源。
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