Fungal Biology Reviews最新文献

英文中文

Crowdsourcing the hidden biodiversity of fungi to solve global crises 众包真菌隐藏的生物多样性以解决全球危机

IF 4.6 2区生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY

Fungal Biology Reviews

Pub Date : 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100447

Irina Druzhinina (The SeniorEditor), Jan Dijksterhuis (The SeniorEditor)

引用次数: 0

Fungal biology reviews technical advances in extracellular vesicle isolation from fungi and oomycetes: Insights from plant-pathogenic species 真菌生物学综述了真菌和卵菌胞外囊泡分离的技术进展：来自植物病原物种的见解

IF 4.6 2区生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY

Fungal Biology Reviews

Pub Date : 2025-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100444

Lara R. Palatinus, Timo Schlemmer, Aline Koch

Research on fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) has gained a lot of attention due to their role in plant-microbe interaction and intercellular and cross-kingdom communication. However, the isolation and characterization of EVs from plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes still face challenges. We provide a comprehensive overview of the most recent methods for EV isolation, such as density gradient, ultracentrifugation size exclusion chromatography and differential ultracentrifugation. Quality control measures, such as dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy to ensure purity and integrity, are discussed. EVs from various organisms display heterogenicity in size and cargo. To ensure reproducibility and cross-study comparisons, we highlight the importance of standardized protocols for EV isolation and characterization. Identification of pan-fungal and pan-oomycetal EV marker proteins are needed to improve our knowledge of their function in plant-pathogen interactions. This work provides a methodological framework for the comparative analysis of EVs from fungi and oomycetes based on approaches from plant pathogens and highlights their potential relevance as targets or tools in the development of innovative plant protection strategies.

真菌胞外囊泡（EVs）因其在植物与微生物相互作用以及细胞间和跨界通讯中的作用而受到广泛关注。然而，从植物病原真菌和卵菌中分离和鉴定ev仍面临挑战。我们提供了EV分离的最新方法的全面概述，如密度梯度，超离心尺寸排除层析和差示超离心。讨论了质量控制措施，如动态光散射、纳米颗粒跟踪分析和透射电镜，以确保纯度和完整性。来自不同生物的电动汽车在大小和货物上表现出异质性。为了确保可重复性和交叉研究比较，我们强调了EV分离和表征的标准化方案的重要性。我们需要鉴定泛真菌和泛卵霉菌的EV标记蛋白，以提高我们对它们在植物与病原体相互作用中的功能的认识。这项工作为真菌和卵菌的ev基于植物病原体的方法进行比较分析提供了一个方法学框架，并强调了它们作为创新植物保护策略开发的目标或工具的潜在相关性。

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引用次数: 0

Fungi-mediated nanomaterials: Advances, synthesis pathways, and limitations 真菌介导的纳米材料：进展、合成途径和局限性

IF 4.6 2区生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY

Fungal Biology Reviews

Pub Date : 2025-08-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100445

Parikshana Mathur, Santhosh Pillai

Myconanotechnology involves the utilisation of fungi for the biosynthesis of nanomaterials within the size range of 1–100 nm. The bioactive compounds released by fungi act as reducing or capping agents in nanomaterial synthesis. Fungal-mediated nanomaterials have gained attention owing to their sustainable, efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly nature. The present paper discusses the use of fungi in the fabrication of metallic nanoparticles, quantum dots, and nanocomposites. It further provides a detailed examination of the synthesis mechanism, including an in-depth discussion of various synthesis routes and the factors influencing nanomaterial properties. The limitations and challenges of nanomaterials and their toxicity to human health and the ecosystem are critically analysed. The need for a regulatory framework for the environmental release and upscaling potential of mycogenic nanomaterials is also highlighted.

真菌纳米技术涉及利用真菌进行1-100纳米尺寸范围内纳米材料的生物合成。真菌释放的生物活性化合物在纳米材料合成中起还原剂或封盖剂的作用。真菌介导的纳米材料因其可持续、高效、低成本和生态友好的特性而备受关注。本文讨论了真菌在金属纳米粒子、量子点和纳米复合材料制造中的应用。它进一步提供了合成机理的详细检查，包括深入讨论各种合成路线和影响纳米材料性能的因素。对纳米材料的局限性和挑战及其对人类健康和生态系统的毒性进行了批判性分析。还强调了对真菌源性纳米材料的环境释放和升级潜力的监管框架的必要性。

引用次数: 0

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in filamentous fungi, focusing on mushrooms and plant-pathogenic fungi 丝状真菌中CRISPR/ cas9介导的基因编辑，重点是蘑菇和植物病原真菌

IF 4.6 2区生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY

Fungal Biology Reviews

Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100446

Rutuja Nandre , Hyerang Eom , Yeon-Jae Choi , Yanjiao Zhang , Hyeon-Su Ro

CRISPR/Cas gene editing technologies enable precise modifications of the genome and have been extensively applied in genetic studies of animals and plants. Recently, these technologies have been increasingly utilized for the genetic modification of filamentous fungi. However, fungi possess unique cellular characteristics, such as multi-karyosis and heterokaryosis, which pose challenges for efficient gene editing. This review explores these barriers and discusses potential strategies to overcome them. Furthermore, we summarize commonly employed methods for intracellular delivery and expression of Cas9-sgRNA, as well as techniques for selecting transformants. The issue of non-edited nuclei persisting during the regeneration process following transformation is also addressed, along with approaches for their identification and resolution. Finally, we provide an overview of recent advancements in gene editing applications for mushroom-forming filamentous fungi and major plant-pathogenic fungi, focusing key developments in this rapidly evolving field.

CRISPR/Cas基因编辑技术能够对基因组进行精确修饰，已广泛应用于动植物遗传研究。近年来，这些技术越来越多地用于丝状真菌的基因改造。然而，真菌具有独特的细胞特征，如多核和异核，这给有效的基因编辑带来了挑战。这篇综述探讨了这些障碍，并讨论了克服这些障碍的潜在策略。此外，我们总结了常用的细胞内传递和表达Cas9-sgRNA的方法，以及选择转化子的技术。未编辑的细胞核在转化后的再生过程中持续存在的问题也得到了解决，以及它们的识别和解决方法。最后，我们概述了基因编辑在蘑菇形成丝状真菌和主要植物致病真菌中的应用的最新进展，重点介绍了这一快速发展领域的关键进展。

引用次数: 0

Learning from fungicide resistance: Evolutionary insights to guide RNAi-based control of fungal crop pathogens 从杀菌剂抗性中学习：指导基于rnai的作物真菌病原体控制的进化见解

IF 4.6 2区生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY

Fungal Biology Reviews

Pub Date : 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100443

Joris A. Alkemade , Nichola J. Hawkins , Elena Baraldi , Alan G. Buddie , Helen M. Cockerton , Isabel Corkley , Bart A. Fraaije , Ester Gaya , Danna R. Gifford , Florian Hartig , Kostya Kanyuka , Aline Koch , Jonatan Niño Sánchez , Gail M. Preston , Michael F. Seidl , Pietro D. Spanu , Bernhard T. Werner , Joy Lyu , Timothy G. Barraclough

Crop protection against fungal pathogens is essential to prevent crop losses and maintain food security. Current crop protection relies heavily on chemical fungicides. However, rapid evolution of fungicide resistance, the constant appearance of new pathogens, and legislation against chemical pesticides due to concerns regarding their impact on human health and the environment, mean new crop protection strategies are urgently required. One elegant solution is double-stranded RNA-based crop protection, which aims to silence selected genes in the pathogen to reduce crop damage. This technology brings the promise of targeting specific genes, which could be chosen to maximise protection, minimize off-target effects and reduce the risk of resistance evolution. Here we discuss strategies for successful use of this novel technology based on lessons learned from fungicide resistance and recent discoveries in fungal evolution derived from genome-sequencing.

预防真菌病原体的作物保护对防止作物损失和维持粮食安全至关重要。目前的作物保护严重依赖化学杀菌剂。然而，杀菌剂耐药性的迅速演变，新病原体的不断出现，以及由于对化学农药对人类健康和环境的影响的担忧而禁止化学农药的立法，意味着迫切需要新的作物保护战略。一种优雅的解决方案是基于双链rna的作物保护，其目的是沉默病原体中选定的基因，以减少作物损害。这项技术带来了靶向特定基因的希望，可以选择这些基因来最大限度地发挥保护作用，最大限度地减少脱靶效应，并降低耐药性进化的风险。在这里，我们根据从杀菌剂抗性中获得的经验教训和最近从基因组测序中获得的真菌进化发现，讨论了成功使用这种新技术的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing entomopathogenic fungal resources through genetic engineering- A natural and pre-emptive approach to insect pest management 通过基因工程增加昆虫病原真菌资源——一种自然和先发制人的害虫管理方法

IF 5.7 2区生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY

Fungal Biology Reviews

Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100442

Salman Ahmad , Nadeem Khan , Faria Fatima , Saba Siddiqui , Mohammad Haris Siddiqui , Pravej Alam , Thamir Albalawi , Malik M. Ahmad

Entomopathogenic fungi assume a vital role in regulating arthropod populations, positioning them as pivotal agents of control. Beyond their primary function, these fungi exhibit versatility as antagonists to plant diseases, endophytes within plants, colonizers of the rhizosphere, and promoters of plant growth. Their enzymatic arsenal includes various enzymes that collectively degrade the insect cuticle, facilitated by the synergistic actions of proteases and chitinases. Genetic engineering to improve entomopathogenic fungi as pest control tools offers unprecedented opportunities. This involves tweaking genes for better infection, targeting specific insects and expressing powerful insect-killing proteins. This offers a more effective and eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. Genetic manipulation of these fungi has been instrumental in enhancing their efficacy. Augmenting the pathogenicity of these fungi has been achieved through genetic interventions involving the incorporation of genes encoding neurotoxic peptides, proteases, antimicrobial peptides, chitinases for cuticle degradation, and peptides that influence insect physiology. The pre-emptive approach to insect pest management presents a novel and proactive paradigm for addressing the challenges posed by pest-related issues in both agricultural and ecological contexts. Integrating biological control agents proactively into integrated pest management protocols is emerging as a strategy to reduce dependence on synthetic chemicals. As a part of integrated pest management, the application of nanoparticles derived from entomopathogenic fungi, along with their natural compounds, holds promise. These innovations, when combined with other IPM components, offer superior efficacy across diverse cropping systems. These fungi used for biocontrol also need rigorous risk assessment to prevent harm to beneficial insects and ecological disruption, especially concerning pollinators.

昆虫病原真菌在调节节肢动物种群中起着至关重要的作用，将它们定位为关键的控制剂。除了它们的主要功能外，这些真菌还具有多种功能，可以作为植物疾病的拮抗剂、植物内的内生菌、根际的定殖菌和植物生长的促进剂。它们的酶库包括各种酶，这些酶在蛋白酶和几丁质酶的协同作用下共同降解昆虫的角质层。改良昆虫病原真菌作为害虫控制工具的基因工程提供了前所未有的机会。这包括调整基因以更好地感染，针对特定的昆虫，表达强大的杀虫蛋白质。这为化学农药提供了一种更有效、更环保的替代品。这些真菌的遗传操作有助于提高它们的功效。增强这些真菌的致病性是通过基因干预实现的，包括编码神经毒性肽、蛋白酶、抗菌肽、角质层降解几丁质酶和影响昆虫生理的肽的基因。先发制人的害虫管理方法为解决农业和生态环境中与害虫相关的问题所带来的挑战提供了一种新颖而积极的范例。主动将生物防治剂纳入虫害综合管理方案正成为减少对合成化学品依赖的一种战略。作为害虫综合治理的一部分，应用从昆虫病原真菌中提取的纳米颗粒及其天然化合物是有希望的。这些创新与其他IPM组成部分相结合，可在不同的种植制度中提供卓越的功效。这些用于生物防治的真菌也需要严格的风险评估，以防止对有益昆虫的危害和生态破坏，特别是对传粉媒介。

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引用次数: 0

A review of the current methods used to detect Phytophthora cinnamomi 肉桂疫霉检测方法综述

IF 5.7 2区生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY

Fungal Biology Reviews

Pub Date : 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100441

Nicholas Wilkins, Harriet Whiley, Kirstin Ross

Worldwide, Phytophthora cinnamomi is one of the most devastating plant pathogens. It infects almost 5000 plant species, causing death and habitat loss. There is a need for improved monitoring and management strategies to prevent the spread of this plant pathogen. The methods used for detection and identification have been established, but there are many variations depending on the species of Phytophthora, resources available, limitations of time and laboratory protocols, including previous knowledge or specialists involved. This review examined papers published from 2011 to 2025 that describe methods used to detect P. cinnamomi from environmental samples. Sixty-one papers were identified and included in this review. Collectively these papers showed that sampling approaches can include either direct sampling of soil, roots, plant tissue, and water, and indirect sampling by environmental baiting. Detection methods then can contain up to three main processes, including baiting, culture-based detection and isolation, and molecular confirmation. The sampling and detection methods identified in this review were used to develop a decision making flowchart that will help future researchers and management to choose the most appropriate methodological approach to identify P. cinnamomi from the environment. The flow chart presents methods based on laboratory time; resources available; and the type of sample collected. This information will increase the reliability of detection and improve the allocation of resources. This ultimately will improve the monitoring of P. cinnamomi to determine the spread of the pathogen, and to evaluate different management and control strategies to minimise its spread and impact on native vegetation, agriculture, forestry and horticulture.

在世界范围内，肉桂疫霉是最具破坏性的植物病原体之一。它感染了近5000种植物，造成死亡和栖息地丧失。有必要改进监测和管理策略，以防止这种植物病原体的传播。用于检测和鉴定的方法已经建立，但根据疫霉菌的种类、可用资源、时间限制和实验室方案，包括以前的知识或所涉及的专家，有许多变化。本综述审查了2011年至2025年发表的论文，这些论文描述了从环境样本中检测肉桂假杆菌的方法。本综述共收录了61篇论文。总的来说，这些论文表明，采样方法可以包括土壤、根、植物组织和水的直接采样，也可以通过环境诱饵间接采样。检测方法可包含多达三个主要过程，包括诱饵、基于培养的检测和分离以及分子确认。本综述中确定的采样和检测方法用于制定决策流程图，以帮助未来的研究人员和管理人员选择最合适的方法从环境中鉴定肉桂假单胞菌。流程图给出了基于实验室时间的方法；可用资源;以及采集样本的类型。这些信息将提高检测的可靠性，并改善资源的分配。这最终将改善对肉桂线虫的监测，以确定病原体的传播，并评估不同的管理和控制策略，以尽量减少其传播和对本地植被、农业、林业和园艺的影响。

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引用次数: 0

‘Tyger! Tyger! burning bright’ – but fungi are out of sight “双柄陶制大酒杯!双柄陶制大酒杯!“燃烧明亮”——但真菌却在视线之外

IF 5.7 2区生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY

Fungal Biology Reviews

Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100440

T.S. Suryanarayanan

Governments, nature conservation and civil society organizations worldwide are doing commendable service in protecting species and their habitats. However, they focus more on charismatic species such as tigers, elephants and whales. Microorganisms, especially the fungi, are not given the due attention despite their ecological importance. Because of their unique lifestyle and relatively less investigations on them, serious exploration efforts on fungi are bound to reveal many new species housing novel genes which could aid in managing current global crises including antibiotic resistance, fuel crisis and negative effects of climate change on crops. This is urgent since loss of habitats, invasion by exotic species, pollution, and anthropogenic changes cause extinction of fungal species as well. Apart from emphasizing these points, this article alludes to a rapid and less expensive method of collecting fungi using a crowdsourcing model and the importance of including information about traits to the cultures deposited in the culture collection centers.

世界各国政府、自然保护组织和民间社会组织正在为保护物种及其栖息地作出值得赞扬的服务。然而，他们更关注有魅力的物种，如老虎、大象和鲸鱼。微生物，特别是真菌，尽管具有重要的生态意义，但却没有得到应有的重视。由于其独特的生活方式和相对较少的研究，对真菌的认真探索势必会揭示许多具有新基因的新物种，这些新物种可能有助于管理当前的全球危机，包括抗生素耐药性，燃料危机和气候变化对作物的负面影响。由于栖息地的丧失、外来物种的入侵、污染和人为变化也导致了真菌物种的灭绝，因此这是迫在眉睫的。除了强调这些要点外，本文还提到了一种使用众包模式的快速而廉价的真菌收集方法，以及在培养收集中心存放的培养物中包含有关特征信息的重要性。

引用次数: 0

DNA, and the future of fungal taxonomy DNA和真菌分类学的未来

IF 5.7 2区生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY

Fungal Biology Reviews

Pub Date : 2025-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100432

引用次数: 0

Sphingolipids in fungi: Biosynthesis and key roles in biological processes 真菌中的鞘脂：生物合成及其在生物过程中的关键作用

IF 5.7 2区生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY

Fungal Biology Reviews

Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100430

Thomas Bergia, Sonia Rippa

Sphingolipids are complex lipids involved in the global cell physiology. They are significant components of the plasma membrane, contributing to the organization of lipids and anchoring of proteins. In all organisms, the biosynthesis pathway of sphingolipids begins in the endoplasmic reticulum and ends in the Golgi apparatus, where the biosynthesis of more complex sphingolipids occurs. In recent years, the key roles of sphingolipids in fungal biological processes and in the capacity of fungi to adapt to various environments have become of increasing interest. Sphingolipids are also promising as alternative targets to the emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogenic fungal strains. This review presents an outline of the fungal sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway, and an overview of recent advances in their biological roles.

鞘脂是参与细胞整体生理的复杂脂类。它们是质膜的重要组成部分，有助于脂质的组织和蛋白质的锚定。在所有生物体中，鞘脂的生物合成途径始于内质网，结束于高尔基体，在那里发生更复杂的鞘脂的生物合成。近年来，鞘脂在真菌生物过程和真菌适应各种环境的能力中的关键作用越来越引起人们的兴趣。鞘脂也有希望作为多药耐药致病真菌菌株出现的替代靶点。本文综述了真菌鞘脂生物合成途径的概况，并对其生物学作用的最新进展进行了综述。

引用次数: 0

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