Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-04-12DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100431
Fleur E.L. Kleijburg, Han A.B. Wösten
Schizophyllum commune is a mushroom forming basidiomycete. It is considered a versatile fungus because of its global distribution, its high genotypic and phenotypic variability, and its growth under high pressure, high cosmic radiation, as well as aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The versatility of S. commune is also evident from the fact that it normally grows as a saprophyte on a wide variety of plant waste including wood but that it also can be a pathogen of plants and animals and may be an endophyte as well. Apart from its biology, S. commune is also versatile because it is a model system for mushroom formation, mycelium materials, and cell wall architecture and composition, while it also produces molecules of interest for medical and industrial applications.
{"title":"The versatility of Schizophyllum commune in nature and application","authors":"Fleur E.L. Kleijburg, Han A.B. Wösten","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Schizophyllum commune</em> is a mushroom forming basidiomycete. It is considered a versatile fungus because of its global distribution, its high genotypic and phenotypic variability, and its growth under high pressure, high cosmic radiation, as well as aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The versatility of <em>S. commune</em> is also evident from the fact that it normally grows as a saprophyte on a wide variety of plant waste including wood but that it also can be a pathogen of plants and animals and may be an endophyte as well. Apart from its biology, <em>S. commune</em> is also versatile because it is a model system for mushroom formation, mycelium materials, and cell wall architecture and composition, while it also produces molecules of interest for medical and industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 100431"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-05-24DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100432
{"title":"DNA, and the future of fungal taxonomy","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100432","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100432"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144123492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100430
Thomas Bergia, Sonia Rippa
Sphingolipids are complex lipids involved in the global cell physiology. They are significant components of the plasma membrane, contributing to the organization of lipids and anchoring of proteins. In all organisms, the biosynthesis pathway of sphingolipids begins in the endoplasmic reticulum and ends in the Golgi apparatus, where the biosynthesis of more complex sphingolipids occurs. In recent years, the key roles of sphingolipids in fungal biological processes and in the capacity of fungi to adapt to various environments have become of increasing interest. Sphingolipids are also promising as alternative targets to the emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogenic fungal strains. This review presents an outline of the fungal sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway, and an overview of recent advances in their biological roles.
{"title":"Sphingolipids in fungi: Biosynthesis and key roles in biological processes","authors":"Thomas Bergia, Sonia Rippa","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sphingolipids are complex lipids involved in the global cell physiology. They are significant components of the plasma membrane, contributing to the organization of lipids and anchoring of proteins. In all organisms, the biosynthesis pathway of sphingolipids begins in the endoplasmic reticulum and ends in the Golgi apparatus, where the biosynthesis of more complex sphingolipids occurs. In recent years, the key roles of sphingolipids in fungal biological processes and in the capacity of fungi to adapt to various environments have become of increasing interest. Sphingolipids are also promising as alternative targets to the emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogenic fungal strains. This review presents an outline of the fungal sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway, and an overview of recent advances in their biological roles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100430"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100416
Feng M. Cai , Mounes Bakhshi , Irina S. Druzhinina
This collaborative initiative calls upon mycologists, microbiologists, and biodiversity experts to participate in the community exercise and molecularly identify a collection of 45 common fungi using a comprehensive set of primary and secondary DNA barcoding sequences. Focusing on taxonomically enriched genera of Ascomycota such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium sensu lato, Alternaria, Trichoderma, and a few others, this initiative aims to review the agreement among the mycologists, uncovering molecular identification approaches, and standardizing training methodologies for future experts. Participants are invited to contribute taxonomic assessments, with co-authorship opportunities for those analyzing at least 15 or more of the 45 phylotypes provided. The initiative seeks a minimum of one hundred identifications per strain, fostering a collaborative community effort and testing for the need to the establishment of a web platform or an automated pipeline for the verification of fungal DNA barcoding results by the expert community. Utilizing 45 nonredundant phylotypes of fungi isolated from plastic waste samples, the exercise reviews the current state of DNA barcoding technology in mycology and sets groundwork for future applications and trainings.
{"title":"Which fungus it might be? Calling for a collaborative DNA barcoding exercise for mycologists","authors":"Feng M. Cai , Mounes Bakhshi , Irina S. Druzhinina","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This collaborative initiative calls upon mycologists, microbiologists, and biodiversity experts to participate in the community exercise and molecularly identify a collection of 45 common fungi using a comprehensive set of primary and secondary DNA barcoding sequences. Focusing on taxonomically enriched genera of <em>Ascomycota</em> such as <em>Aspergillus</em>, <em>Penicillium</em>, <em>Fusarium</em> sensu lato, <em>Alternaria</em>, <em>Trichoderma</em>, and a few others, this initiative aims to review the agreement among the mycologists, uncovering molecular identification approaches, and standardizing training methodologies for future experts. Participants are invited to contribute taxonomic assessments, with co-authorship opportunities for those analyzing at least 15 or more of the 45 phylotypes provided. The initiative seeks a minimum of one hundred identifications per strain, fostering a collaborative community effort and testing for the need to the establishment of a web platform or an automated pipeline for the verification of fungal DNA barcoding results by the expert community. Utilizing 45 nonredundant phylotypes of fungi isolated from plastic waste samples, the exercise reviews the current state of DNA barcoding technology in mycology and sets groundwork for future applications and trainings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100416"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-03-02DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100427
Víctor Arribas , Concha Gil , Gloria Molero
Candida species are the leading cause of invasive fungal infections, with Candida albicans being the most common one. Consequently, the World Health Organization has included C. albicans in its fungal priority pathogens list. Following infection, phagocytes (mostly macrophages) initiate a respiratory burst, producing oxidant compounds, such as hydrogen peroxide. In response, C. albicans activates a robust oxidative stress response to catalyze the oxidant molecules produced by the immune system and counteract their oxidative effects within the cell. The oxidative stress response of C. albicans implies proteomic changes, both in abundance and in post-translational modifications, that are not fully described yet. Proteins with immediate antioxidant properties, the MAPK signaling pathways, and transcription factors are involved in the response. In this review, we discuss the role of these factors and the interactions among them in C. albicans. Many of these mechanisms act as virulence traits that favor the invasive candidiasis and can be used as potential targets for antifungal drugs.
{"title":"Deciphering the oxidative stress response in Candida albicans","authors":"Víctor Arribas , Concha Gil , Gloria Molero","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Candida</em> species are the leading cause of invasive fungal infections, with <em>Candida albicans</em> being the most common one. Consequently, the World Health Organization has included <em>C. albicans</em> in its fungal priority pathogens list. Following infection, phagocytes (mostly macrophages) initiate a respiratory burst, producing oxidant compounds, such as hydrogen peroxide. In response, <em>C. albicans</em> activates a robust oxidative stress response to catalyze the oxidant molecules produced by the immune system and counteract their oxidative effects within the cell. The oxidative stress response of <em>C. albicans</em> implies proteomic changes, both in abundance and in post-translational modifications, that are not fully described yet. Proteins with immediate antioxidant properties, the MAPK signaling pathways, and transcription factors are involved in the response. In this review, we discuss the role of these factors and the interactions among them in <em>C. albicans.</em> Many of these mechanisms act as virulence traits that favor the invasive candidiasis and can be used as potential targets for antifungal drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100427"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-04-02DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100429
Karolina Górzyńska
The relationships between grasses and Epichloë fungi are complex and multifaceted. Moreover, additional symbiotic partners are involved in these interactions and can influence grass-fungi associations. In this article, the symbiotic partners of Epichloë are reviewed, with the mycoparasitic fungus Clonostachys epichloë analyzed as a novel, previously unconsidered element of the symbiotic network.
Clonostachys epichloë fungus was first recognized as a mycoparasite of Epichloë. Further studies revealed that, in addition to its mycoparasitic activity, it also has entomopathogenic activity toward Botanophila flies involved in the sexual cycle of the Epichloë and can colonize the surface of grass seeds infected with the Epichloë endophyte, further modulating the grass-Epichloë interaction.
The holistic approach to analyzing interaction networks is crucial because the natural mycoparasite C. epichloë may be used to limit choke disease in grasses caused by Epichloë fungi. By examining the effects of C. epichloë on all elements of the interaction, as well as its impact on the relationships among these elements, we can effectively assess its usefulness as biocontrol agent of Epichloë.
{"title":"“Living together” with Epichloë – Exploring the significance of non-plant partners in the fungal symbiotic network","authors":"Karolina Górzyńska","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The relationships between grasses and <em>Epichloë</em> fungi are complex and multifaceted. Moreover, additional symbiotic partners are involved in these interactions and can influence grass-fungi associations. In this article, the symbiotic partners of <em>Epichloë</em> are reviewed, with the mycoparasitic fungus <em>Clonostachys epichloë</em> analyzed as a novel, previously unconsidered element of the symbiotic network.</div><div><em>Clonostachys epichloë</em> fungus was first recognized as a mycoparasite of <em>Epichloë.</em> Further studies revealed that, in addition to its mycoparasitic activity, it also has entomopathogenic activity toward <em>Botanophila</em> flies involved in the sexual cycle of the <em>Epichloë</em> and can colonize the surface of grass seeds infected with the <em>Epichloë</em> endophyte, further modulating the grass-<em>Epichloë</em> interaction.</div><div>The holistic approach to analyzing interaction networks is crucial because the natural mycoparasite <em>C. epichloë</em> may be used to limit choke disease in grasses caused by <em>Epichloë</em> fungi. By examining the effects of <em>C. epichloë</em> on all elements of the interaction, as well as its impact on the relationships among these elements, we can effectively assess its usefulness as biocontrol agent of <em>Epichloë.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100429"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-03-26DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100428
Facundo A. Decunta , Pedro E. Gundel , Daniel A. Bastías
The role of foliar endophytes in modulating plant interactions with herbivores has been less investigated in belowground than aboveground environments. We studied how foliar Epichloë endophytes influence plant performance in the presence of root herbivores. We hypothesize that the endophyte-mediated increase in host performance in the context of root herbivory is due to the stimulation of plant growth in response to the herbivore attack (i.e., tolerance) and the presence of antiherbivore alkaloids in belowground tissues (i.e., resistance). We conducted a quantitative analysis of published results in relation to plant-Epichloë-root herbivore interactions and quantified the overall effects of endophytes on both biomass of plants in the presence/absence of root herbivores and performance of root herbivores. To gain further insights into plant-herbivore resistance, we assessed the in planta distribution of Epichloë-derived alkaloids and the responses of these compounds to the root herbivory. Endophytes increased plant growth in both presence/absence of root herbivores. Epichloë also reduced the herbivore performance, although the effect was dependent on the plant-endophyte association and herbivore type. Epichloë-derived alkaloids were generally less concentrated in belowground compared to aboveground plant tissues. However, the belowground:aboveground ratio for loline alkaloid concentrations was higher in plants in presence than absence of root herbivores, suggesting a local induction of resistance. Our results suggest that foliar Epichloë endophytes enhance plant tolerance to root herbivory by promoting plant growth and reducing root herbivore performance. The observed resistance may be partially explained by the action of Epichloë-derived alkaloids that are present in belowground tissues.
{"title":"An appraisal of the protection conferred by foliar Epichloë endophytes against root herbivores in plants: A meta-analysis","authors":"Facundo A. Decunta , Pedro E. Gundel , Daniel A. Bastías","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The role of foliar endophytes in modulating plant interactions with herbivores has been less investigated in belowground than aboveground environments. We studied how foliar <em>Epichloë</em> endophytes influence plant performance in the presence of root herbivores. We hypothesize that the endophyte-mediated increase in host performance in the context of root herbivory is due to the stimulation of plant growth in response to the herbivore attack (i.e., tolerance) and the presence of antiherbivore alkaloids in belowground tissues (i.e., resistance). We conducted a quantitative analysis of published results in relation to plant-<em>Epichloë</em>-root herbivore interactions and quantified the overall effects of endophytes on both biomass of plants in the presence/absence of root herbivores and performance of root herbivores. To gain further insights into plant-herbivore resistance, we assessed the in planta distribution of <em>Epichloë</em>-derived alkaloids and the responses of these compounds to the root herbivory. Endophytes increased plant growth in both presence/absence of root herbivores. <em>Epichloë</em> also reduced the herbivore performance, although the effect was dependent on the plant-endophyte association and herbivore type. <em>Epichloë</em>-derived alkaloids were generally less concentrated in belowground compared to aboveground plant tissues. However, the belowground:aboveground ratio for loline alkaloid concentrations was higher in plants in presence than absence of root herbivores, suggesting a local induction of resistance. Our results suggest that foliar <em>Epichloë</em> endophytes enhance plant tolerance to root herbivory by promoting plant growth and reducing root herbivore performance. The observed resistance may be partially explained by the action of <em>Epichloë</em>-derived alkaloids that are present in belowground tissues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100428"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-02-19DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100417
Giulia Canali , Pilar Hurtado , Paolo Giordani , Christopher Ellis
The use of a functional trait approach has generally shown success in understanding how lichens are distributed, explaining their occurrence and abundance. Indeed, this success highlights the importance of understanding trait variability within and among lichen species, and at a community scale, especially where traits are related to hydration dynamics and subsequent photosynthetic activity. This review summarises what we know about lichen traits affecting hydration. We show that some lichen attributes – still the focus of attention today – were being described nearly a century ago and have since undergone refinement and redevelopment. Yet there remains a need for clear standardisation of trait measurements, and to help organise this progress we offer a distinction between core traits – whose effects are well categorised, and which have strong predictive control over measures of individual fitness and species or community response – and ancillary traits – that are worthy of investigation, but that currently have a less certain or a less clearly generalisable or transferable role in functional trait studies. Furthermore, we argue for recognition that lichens are not only poikilohydric (well cited) but also poikilothermic (less well cited), and that traits affecting hydration are closely coupled to traits (such as thallus colour) affecting their thermal properties. Thallus colour is easily quantified as a core trait and can be applied to crustose lichens so that – along with hydrophobicity – the transferability of functional traits is better achieved across lichen growth-forms, extending beyond macrolichens. Key future challenges include the scaling of lichen trait responses realised at microhabitat scales, to understand emergent effects at landscape and ecosystem scales, and we outline how new technologies are rapidly developing, to bridge this gap. Although not exhaustive, the review offers a precis of targeted background literature, helpful to lichenologists approaching trait-based ecology, or ecosystem ecologists approaching lichens.
{"title":"Lichen hydration, moisture dynamics and climate change: A synthesis of established methods and potential new directions","authors":"Giulia Canali , Pilar Hurtado , Paolo Giordani , Christopher Ellis","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of a functional trait approach has generally shown success in understanding how lichens are distributed, explaining their occurrence and abundance. Indeed, this success highlights the importance of understanding trait variability within and among lichen species, and at a community scale, especially where traits are related to hydration dynamics and subsequent photosynthetic activity. This review summarises what we know about lichen traits affecting hydration. We show that some lichen attributes – still the focus of attention today – were being described nearly a century ago and have since undergone refinement and redevelopment. Yet there remains a need for clear standardisation of trait measurements, and to help organise this progress we offer a distinction between core traits – whose effects are well categorised, and which have strong predictive control over measures of individual fitness and species or community response – and ancillary traits – that are worthy of investigation, but that currently have a less certain or a less clearly generalisable or transferable role in functional trait studies. Furthermore, we argue for recognition that lichens are not only poikilohydric (well cited) but also poikilothermic (less well cited), and that traits affecting hydration are closely coupled to traits (such as thallus colour) affecting their thermal properties. Thallus colour is easily quantified as a core trait and can be applied to crustose lichens so that – along with hydrophobicity – the transferability of functional traits is better achieved across lichen growth-forms, extending beyond macrolichens. Key future challenges include the scaling of lichen trait responses realised at microhabitat scales, to understand emergent effects at landscape and ecosystem scales, and we outline how new technologies are rapidly developing, to bridge this gap. Although not exhaustive, the review offers a precis of targeted background literature, helpful to lichenologists approaching trait-based ecology, or ecosystem ecologists approaching lichens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100417"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most devastating diseases of potatoes and tomatoes, resulting in low yields and economic losses for farmers. Trichoderma spp. are known for their antagonistic abilities against a wide range of pathogens, including P. infestans. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on Trichoderma spp., by (1) classifying the diversity of modes of action of Trichoderma species and (2) assessing the antagonistic ability of several species and strains of Trichoderma spp. against P. infestans in dual culture, through a meta-analysis. We found that many species of Trichoderma spp. have a double action against P. infestans, both (1) direct on the plant pathogen by emitting enzymes and volatile organic compounds and (2) plant-mediated by enhancing the host plant's defence potential. The meta-analysis showed that direct Trichoderma antagonistic ability against P. infestans is species and strain dependant. Among the most effective species, T. asperellum stands out with a mycelial inhibition potential of up to 90% for some strains. These findings were used to build a decision-making system, that accounts for Trichoderma-plant-Phytophthora interactions, pedoclimate, and strategies of Trichoderma spp. application on crops. The paper provides new insights into the management of P. infestans on potato and tomato crops and highlights promising biocontrol or fungicide mixtures, including several Trichoderma spp. and little-known species with promising regulatory effects on P. infestans.
{"title":"Modes of action and inhibitory activity of Trichoderma species on potato and tomato pathogenic Phytophthora infestans: A review","authors":"Quentin Cournault , Stéphanie Gibot-Leclerc , Noadya Monnier , Christian Steinberg","doi":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Late blight, caused by the oomycete <em>Phytophthora infestans</em>, is one of the most devastating diseases of potatoes and tomatoes, resulting in low yields and economic losses for farmers. <em>Trichoderma</em> spp. are known for their antagonistic abilities against a wide range of pathogens, including <em>P. infestans</em>. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on <em>Trichoderma</em> spp., by (1) classifying the diversity of modes of action of <em>Trichoderma</em> species and (2) assessing the antagonistic ability of several species and strains of <em>Trichoderma</em> spp. against <em>P. infestans</em> in dual culture, through a meta-analysis. We found that many species of <em>Trichoderma</em> spp. have a double action against <em>P. infestans</em>, both (1) direct on the plant pathogen by emitting enzymes and volatile organic compounds and (2) plant-mediated by enhancing the host plant's defence potential. The meta-analysis showed that direct <em>Trichoderma</em> antagonistic ability against <em>P. infestans</em> is species and strain dependant. Among the most effective species, <em>T. asperellum</em> stands out with a mycelial inhibition potential of up to 90% for some strains. These findings were used to build a decision-making system, that accounts for <em>Trichoderma</em>-plant-<em>Phytophthora</em> interactions, pedoclimate, and strategies of <em>Trichoderma</em> spp. application on crops. The paper provides new insights into the management of <em>P. infestans</em> on potato and tomato crops and highlights promising biocontrol or fungicide mixtures, including several <em>Trichoderma</em> spp. and little-known species with promising regulatory effects on <em>P. infestans</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12563,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Biology Reviews","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100414"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2024-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100409
Laura Rascovetzki Saciloto-de-Oliveira , Camila Innocente-Alves , Julia de Fraga Sant’Ana , Ana Luiza Marques , Augusto Schrank , Drauzio Eduardo Naretto Rangel , Lucélia Santi , Walter Orlando Beys-da-Silva
Species of the genus Metarhizium are ecologically and biotechnologically relevant as they infect and control arthropods, which are often pests of livestock and crops. Fungi from the genus Metarhizium are important alternatives to chemical pesticides that are toxic to humans and animals as well as deleterious to the environment. The differential secretion of proteins, including proteases, chitinases, lipases, and oxidoreductases, is crucial to the effectiveness of the Metarhizium infection system against a wide range of arthropod targets. Proteomic techniques, such as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and different mass spectrometry approaches, have been employed to effectively identify hundreds of proteins linked to the infection of various insects and ticks, as well as proteins with different subcellular localization. Here, we review the status of proteomics applied to the Metarhizium genus to identify proteins important for infection, covering the biocontrol of various pests and specifying the techniques, experimental approaches, and identified proteins.
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