The depth profile of the natural radionuclides namely: 40 U; 238 U and 232 Th in the soil around the consolidated Tin mine site, Bukuru-Jos of Plateau State was examined in this study. Gamma scintillation spectrometry with Nal (TI) was used for the analysis. Results revealed that the average concentration of 40 K is highest at a depth level of 20 – 25cm and lowest at 25-30cm 238 U is highest at 10 – 15cm and lowest at 25-30cm while 232 Th is also highest at the level 10-15cm and lowest at 15-20cm. The results to the large extent indicate no particular trend. KEY WORDS: Radioactivity, radionuclides, soil, scintillation, gamma. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 1-6
{"title":"Depth Profile Of Natural Radionuclides In The Soil Around The Consolidated Tin Mine Site Bukuru-Jos, Nigeria","authors":"I. Ajayi","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2420","url":null,"abstract":"The depth profile of the natural radionuclides namely: 40 U; 238 U and 232 Th in the soil around the consolidated Tin mine site, Bukuru-Jos of Plateau State was examined in this study. Gamma scintillation spectrometry with Nal (TI) was used for the analysis. Results revealed that the average concentration of 40 K is highest at a depth level of 20 – 25cm and lowest at 25-30cm 238 U is highest at 10 – 15cm and lowest at 25-30cm while 232 Th is also highest at the level 10-15cm and lowest at 15-20cm. The results to the large extent indicate no particular trend. KEY WORDS: Radioactivity, radionuclides, soil, scintillation, gamma. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 1-6","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74693567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of formalin/sea-water solution (2% and 4% formalin conc. buffered with borax) on the total lengths of preserved samples of newly hatched Macrobrachium vollenhovenii larvae was investigated. The influence of an aesthesia on larvae in 2% and 4% formal in was also studied to determine the combine influence of an aesthesia and formal in on these specimen. Shrinkage was similar in all subgroups studied (P>0.05). Prior to shrinkage, specimens showed initial increases in total length, which finally stabilized after 20 days preservation. Larger specimen exhibited lower shrinkage rates than smaller specimens (P>0.05). Shrinkage did not take place in larval stages 4 and 5. Specimens above zoea 5 exhibited a drastic size reduction on preservation. Anesthesia influenced shrinkage drastically. KEY WORDS: Shrinkage ,Larvae, M. Vollenhovenii , Formalin , Anesthesia. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 41-43
{"title":"Shrinkage Rates In Newly Hatched Larvae Of Macrobrachium vollenhovenii (Herklot's) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae)","authors":"P. J. Udo","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2426","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of formalin/sea-water solution (2% and 4% formalin conc. buffered with borax) on the total lengths of preserved samples of newly hatched Macrobrachium vollenhovenii larvae was investigated. The influence of an aesthesia on larvae in 2% and 4% formal in was also studied to determine the combine influence of an aesthesia and formal in on these specimen. Shrinkage was similar in all subgroups studied (P>0.05). Prior to shrinkage, specimens showed initial increases in total length, which finally stabilized after 20 days preservation. Larger specimen exhibited lower shrinkage rates than smaller specimens (P>0.05). Shrinkage did not take place in larval stages 4 and 5. Specimens above zoea 5 exhibited a drastic size reduction on preservation. Anesthesia influenced shrinkage drastically. KEY WORDS: Shrinkage ,Larvae, M. Vollenhovenii , Formalin , Anesthesia. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 41-43","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"41-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90098736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waste water in the accumulation pond and final discharge point of Nigerian Bottling Company PLC in Owerri, Nigeria was analyzed to determine their bacteriological and physico-chemical characteristics. Species of organisms isolated included Staphyloccus, Bacillus, Lactobacillus , and Streptococcus . Others include Klebsiella, Escherichia, proteus and serratia . However, species of Lactobacillus and proteus were isolated from the final discharge point only. Bacterial count after 72 hours was higher with a maximum count of 6x10 7 cfu/ml in the final discharge point. The waste water from both points were clear and had the same residual chlorine (1ppm) and iron (1ppm) concentration, while the accumulation pond showed more acidity with a pH of 6.6+1.2. The final discharge contained more dissolved solids (20+1.8ppm) which was double that of the accumulation pond (10+2.2ppm). It was also found that dissolved oxygen was slightly higher (6.0+.26mg/ml) in the final discharge point than accumulation pond (5.0+.33mg/ml). Results of this study were found to be within the permissible limits for effluent discharge specified by the Federal Ministry of environment in Nigeria. KEY WORDS: Waste water, bacteriological characteristics, physico-chemical characteristics, accumulation pond, final discharge point. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 51-54
{"title":"Bacteriological And Physico-Chemical Qualities Of Waste Water From A Bottling Company In Owerri, Nigeria","authors":"V. Ibekwe, O. Nwaiwu, Joy O Offorbuike","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2428","url":null,"abstract":"Waste water in the accumulation pond and final discharge point of Nigerian Bottling Company PLC in Owerri, Nigeria was analyzed to determine their bacteriological and physico-chemical characteristics. Species of organisms isolated included Staphyloccus, Bacillus, Lactobacillus , and Streptococcus . Others include Klebsiella, Escherichia, proteus and serratia . However, species of Lactobacillus and proteus were isolated from the final discharge point only. Bacterial count after 72 hours was higher with a maximum count of 6x10 7 cfu/ml in the final discharge point. The waste water from both points were clear and had the same residual chlorine (1ppm) and iron (1ppm) concentration, while the accumulation pond showed more acidity with a pH of 6.6+1.2. The final discharge contained more dissolved solids (20+1.8ppm) which was double that of the accumulation pond (10+2.2ppm). It was also found that dissolved oxygen was slightly higher (6.0+.26mg/ml) in the final discharge point than accumulation pond (5.0+.33mg/ml). Results of this study were found to be within the permissible limits for effluent discharge specified by the Federal Ministry of environment in Nigeria. KEY WORDS: Waste water, bacteriological characteristics, physico-chemical characteristics, accumulation pond, final discharge point. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 51-54","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":"51-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87132201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victor Ot Omuaro, Miabiye D Seleme, Anthony E. Soroh
Achatina marginata and Lymnaea stagnalis were each exposed to 4.15µg/g and 8.26µg/g diet of lead and chromium respectively over a period of 28 days. Comparative accumulation studies were carried out on the edible (soft) and gut tissues of both snails. The rates of accumulation of Cr by L. stagnalis were 0.025µg/g/week and 0.084µg/g/wee in the soft tissues for the lower and higher exposure concentrations respectively. The corresponding rates in the gut were 0.290µg/g/week and 0.537µg/g/week respectively. However, lower rates of accumulation of Pb were calculated for the tissues of the same species at the two exposure levels. Higher concentrations of Cr and Pb were measured in the gut tissues than the soft tissues. The rates of accumulation of Cr by A. marginata were 0.341µg/g/week and 0.518µg/g/week for the soft tissues at the lower and higher exposure concentrations respectively while the corresponding rates for the gut were 1.347µg/g/week (lower) and 1.477µg/g/week (higher). These values are 13.6 times and 6.2 times greater than those of L. stagnalis at the lower and higher concentrations of exposure respectively. A similar trend in the bioaccumulation of Pb by A. marginata rative to L. stagnalis was also observed. Bioaccumulation rates of Pb and Cr were greater in the gut than the soft tissues for both species. The moderate accumulation factors calculated for L. stagnalis and high values for A. marginata suggest that these species can be used as indicators of metal pollution in field experiments. KEY WORDS: L. stagnalis; A. marginata ; Lead; Chromium; Bio-accumulation. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 7-12
{"title":"Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil Invertebrates: Part 2: Uptake and Accumulation of Lead and Chromium by Achatina marginata (Linnaeus) and Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus)","authors":"Victor Ot Omuaro, Miabiye D Seleme, Anthony E. Soroh","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2421","url":null,"abstract":"Achatina marginata and Lymnaea stagnalis were each exposed to 4.15µg/g and 8.26µg/g diet of lead and chromium respectively over a period of 28 days. Comparative accumulation studies were carried out on the edible (soft) and gut tissues of both snails. The rates of accumulation of Cr by L. stagnalis were 0.025µg/g/week and 0.084µg/g/wee in the soft tissues for the lower and higher exposure concentrations respectively. The corresponding rates in the gut were 0.290µg/g/week and 0.537µg/g/week respectively. However, lower rates of accumulation of Pb were calculated for the tissues of the same species at the two exposure levels. Higher concentrations of Cr and Pb were measured in the gut tissues than the soft tissues. The rates of accumulation of Cr by A. marginata were 0.341µg/g/week and 0.518µg/g/week for the soft tissues at the lower and higher exposure concentrations respectively while the corresponding rates for the gut were 1.347µg/g/week (lower) and 1.477µg/g/week (higher). These values are 13.6 times and 6.2 times greater than those of L. stagnalis at the lower and higher concentrations of exposure respectively. A similar trend in the bioaccumulation of Pb by A. marginata rative to L. stagnalis was also observed. Bioaccumulation rates of Pb and Cr were greater in the gut than the soft tissues for both species. The moderate accumulation factors calculated for L. stagnalis and high values for A. marginata suggest that these species can be used as indicators of metal pollution in field experiments. KEY WORDS: L. stagnalis; A. marginata ; Lead; Chromium; Bio-accumulation. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 7-12","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"13-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89969505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poly (ethylene terephthalate) was evaluated for its acid number, ash content and melting temperature, and were found to be 2m mol COOH/Kg, 0.0037% and 260-2630C respectively. Its solution in Phenol: 1,2-dichlorobenzene solvent mixtures of 35%: 65%, 50%: 50%, 65%: 35% by weight was degraded at 143± 2oC. The effects of solvent composition and polymer concentration on poly (ethylene terephthalate) degradation in solution were investigated by dilute solution viscometric method using 0.460, 0.500 and 0.540 g/dl polymer concentrations, respectively. Results indicate that at 35%: 65%: by weight Phenol: 1,2-dichlorobenzene solvent composition, intrinsic viscosity–degradation time profile was linear with slopes of 2.50x10 -4 , 3.10 X 10 -4 and 3.33 X 10 -4 and dlg -1 min -1 for polymer concentrations of 0.460, 0.500 and 0.540 g/dl respectively. This showed that the rate of degradation increased with increase in polymer concentration. Similar results were obtained for 50% Phenol: 50% 1,2-dichlorobenzene solvent mixture but with an initial high rate of degradation within the first 60 minutes of degradation time. At 65% phenol concentration, a decrease in the rate of degradation as the polymer concentration increased was observed as evidenced by a decrease in the slopes of the linear plots from 3.06x10 -4 dlg -1 min -1 to 2.63x10 -4 dlg -1 min -1 for a decrease in polymer concentration from 0.500 g/dl to 0.460g/dl. KEY WORDS: Poly (ethylene terephthalate), Degradation, Solution Viscometry. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 59-64
{"title":"Effects Of Solvent Composition And Polymer Concentration On Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Degradation In Phenol: 1,2-Dichlorobenzene Blended Solvent","authors":"J. Otaigbe, Hc Nwokonkwo, C. Snr","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2430","url":null,"abstract":"Poly (ethylene terephthalate) was evaluated for its acid number, ash content and melting temperature, and were found to be 2m mol COOH/Kg, 0.0037% and 260-2630C respectively. Its solution in Phenol: 1,2-dichlorobenzene solvent mixtures of 35%: 65%, 50%: 50%, 65%: 35% by weight was degraded at 143± 2oC. The effects of solvent composition and polymer concentration on poly (ethylene terephthalate) degradation in solution were investigated by dilute solution viscometric method using 0.460, 0.500 and 0.540 g/dl polymer concentrations, respectively. Results indicate that at 35%: 65%: by weight Phenol: 1,2-dichlorobenzene solvent composition, intrinsic viscosity–degradation time profile was linear with slopes of 2.50x10 -4 , 3.10 X 10 -4 and 3.33 X 10 -4 and dlg -1 min -1 for polymer concentrations of 0.460, 0.500 and 0.540 g/dl respectively. \u0000This showed that the rate of degradation increased with increase in polymer concentration. Similar results were obtained for 50% Phenol: 50% 1,2-dichlorobenzene solvent mixture but with an initial high rate of degradation within the first 60 minutes of degradation time. At 65% phenol concentration, a decrease in the rate of degradation as the polymer concentration increased was observed as evidenced by a decrease in the slopes of the linear plots from 3.06x10 -4 dlg -1 min -1 to 2.63x10 -4 dlg -1 min -1 for a decrease in polymer concentration from 0.500 g/dl to 0.460g/dl. KEY WORDS: Poly (ethylene terephthalate), Degradation, Solution Viscometry. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 59-64","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"59-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86718825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the relationships between cultivation, livestock grazing and land degradation in Adamawa State. The main objective was to identify areas with major symptoms of degradation, such as rills and gullies, and determine the main causal factor(s), whether cultivation or grazing. Thus, areas of varying intensity of cultivation and livestock grazing were delineated and detailed field investigations for evidence of degradation carried out. Three maps, population density, cultivation intensity and livestock grazing blocks were produced and examined in detail to establish the role of each in land degradation and a forth map, erosion intensity produced. The results obtained show more symptoms of degradation (78.26%) in the cultivated sites. It was therefore argued that in Adamawa State there is evidence of a reversal of the tragedy of the commons' thesis, where farmlands, which are more privately and permanently owned than grazing lands, appeared more degraded. The implications of this two resources use policy formulation were highlighted. Key Words: Farmlands, grazing lands, land degradation, population growth and tragedy of the commons. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 27-31
{"title":"Agricultural Land Use And Land Degradation In Adamawa State","authors":"A. Tukur, Ba Bashir, A. Mubi","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2424","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the relationships between cultivation, livestock grazing and land degradation in Adamawa State. The main objective was to identify areas with major symptoms of degradation, such as rills and gullies, and determine the main causal factor(s), whether cultivation or grazing. Thus, areas of varying intensity of cultivation and livestock grazing were delineated and detailed field investigations for evidence of degradation carried out. Three maps, population density, cultivation intensity and livestock grazing blocks were produced and examined in detail to establish the role of each in land degradation and a forth map, erosion intensity produced. The results obtained show more symptoms of degradation (78.26%) in the cultivated sites. It was therefore argued that in Adamawa State there is evidence of a reversal of the tragedy of the commons' thesis, where farmlands, which are more privately and permanently owned than grazing lands, appeared more degraded. The implications of this two resources use policy formulation were highlighted. Key Words: Farmlands, grazing lands, land degradation, population growth and tragedy of the commons. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 27-31","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"27-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81693076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The genotoxicity of petroleum refinery wastewater was investigated with the Allium test. 10 medium – sized Allium cepa L. bulbs of the pink variety were induced to sprout roots in distilled water and variously assaulted for 48 hours with different concentrations (v/v) of wastewater from the refinery. Serial dilutions of 20%, 40%. 60%, 80% and 100% were used while distilled water served as control. After the assault, roots were harvested from each treatment sample and assayed for genotoxic effects with the acetocarmine squash technique. Results showed that the wastewater induced statistically highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) mitodepressive effects which were dose-dependent, culminating in total mitotic inhibition at 100% v/v concentration. Other aberrations including stickiness of chromosomes, erosion of chromatin, vagrant chromosomes, fragments and anaphase bridges were induced at higher concentrations (60%-80%) of wastewater. Lower concentrations (20%-40%) induced c-mitosis as the major aberration. The advantages of genotoxicity screening over general toxicity testing in environmental monitoring was highlighted. Key Words: Allium test, pollution, genotoxicity, chromosome, wastewater. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 55-58
{"title":"Genotoxicity Of Petroleum Refinery Waste Water In Nigeria","authors":"G. Obute, L. Osuji, Cordelia Kalio","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2429","url":null,"abstract":"The genotoxicity of petroleum refinery wastewater was investigated with the Allium test. 10 medium – sized Allium cepa L. bulbs of the pink variety were induced to sprout roots in distilled water and variously assaulted for 48 hours with different concentrations (v/v) of wastewater from the refinery. Serial dilutions of 20%, 40%. 60%, 80% and 100% were used while distilled water served as control. After the assault, roots were harvested from each treatment sample and assayed for genotoxic effects with the acetocarmine squash technique. Results showed that the wastewater induced statistically highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) mitodepressive effects which were dose-dependent, culminating in total mitotic inhibition at 100% v/v concentration. Other aberrations including stickiness of chromosomes, erosion of chromatin, vagrant chromosomes, fragments and anaphase bridges were induced at higher concentrations (60%-80%) of wastewater. Lower concentrations (20%-40%) induced c-mitosis as the major aberration. The advantages of genotoxicity screening over general toxicity testing in environmental monitoring was highlighted. Key Words: Allium test, pollution, genotoxicity, chromosome, wastewater. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 55-58","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"63 1","pages":"55-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75093373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eighty-eight (88) samples of the groundwater in Enugu have been studied in order to evaluate its potability. The parameters of interest are common waste-derivable chemical constituents such as nitrate (NO 3 - ), chloride (Cl - ) and sulphate (SO 4 2- ), and indicator micro-organisms, like Escherichia coli . The study showed that about twenty-two percent (22%) of the samples have concentrations of NO 3 - higher than the WHO permissible level (45mg/l) while eight out of the ten samples analyzed to test the bacteriological quality of the groundwater showed evidence of sewage contamination. The identification of E. coli in the water indicates faecal contamination. Improvement in the management of domestic wastes, such as the use of a central sewer, will preserve the aquifer, and consequently improve the quality of the groundwater. KEY WORDS: Bacteriological examination, Enugu town, groundwater, potability, shallow aquifer. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 33-39
{"title":"Potability Of Shallow Groundwater In Enugu Town, Southeastern Nigeria","authors":"O. Onwuka, K. Uma, H. Ezeigbo","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V3I1.2425","url":null,"abstract":"Eighty-eight (88) samples of the groundwater in Enugu have been studied in order to evaluate its potability. The parameters of interest are common waste-derivable chemical constituents such as nitrate (NO 3 - ), chloride (Cl - ) and sulphate (SO 4 2- ), and indicator micro-organisms, like Escherichia coli . The study showed that about twenty-two percent (22%) of the samples have concentrations of NO 3 - higher than the WHO permissible level (45mg/l) while eight out of the ten samples analyzed to test the bacteriological quality of the groundwater showed evidence of sewage contamination. The identification of E. coli in the water indicates faecal contamination. Improvement in the management of domestic wastes, such as the use of a central sewer, will preserve the aquifer, and consequently improve the quality of the groundwater. KEY WORDS: Bacteriological examination, Enugu town, groundwater, potability, shallow aquifer. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.3(1&2) 2004: 33-39","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"33-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83148069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bioaccumulation (bioconcentration) of four heavy metals cadmium, lead, zinc and nickel by three bacteria Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas as a tool for the decontamination of heavy metal impacted aquatic systems was investigated . The bacteria were obtained from the New Calabar River. Monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of the river water and sediment revealed upstream downstream increases in their levels. Ranges for riverwater parameters were temperature (23 to 270C), pH (5.34 to 5.84), alkalinity (12.0 to 18.8mg CaC03/L), dissolved oxygen (6.24to 6.92mg/L), total suspended solids (1.13 to 1.61mg/L), conductivity (2.15 to 2.39 mS/m), chloride (3.0 to 10.20mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (2.0 to 2.5mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (4.0 to 10.0mg/L). Ranges for sediment parameters were temperature (20 to 250C), pH (5.3 to 6.97), conductivity (2.55 to 4.22 mS/m), dissolved oxygen (3.2 to 4.22mg/L), chloride (3.5 to 15.3mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (5.5 to 10.5mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (20.7 to 100.6 mg/L). River water heavy metals levels were lower than sediment levels. The river water ranges were; Cu (0.01 to 0.05mg/L), Pb (0.01 to 0.02mg/L), and Zn (0.01 to 0.07 mg/L). Sediment heavy metal ranges were Cu (1.09 to 1.45 mg/L), Pb (0.03 to 0.07mg/L) Cd (nd to 0.009mg/L) and Zn (0.27 to 1.27mg/L). The percentage accumulation of heavy metals by Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas after 24h of exposure to heavy metals were Cadmium; 68.6% , 58.4% and 28.3%, Nickel; 94.5% , 85.7% and 90.8%, Lead; 91.6%, 68.1% and 52.9%, Zn; 71.6% 72.1% and 77.0% respectively. The ease of bioaccumulation of the metals by bacteria showed the following trend N1 > Zn > Pb > Cd. Cadmium was the most toxic of the metals to the bacteria. Lead and Zinc displayed similar levels of toxicity, while Nickel was the least toxic. Bioaccumulation potentials of the three bacteria indicated that Bacillus showed the highest potential this was followed by Staphylococcus while Pseudomonas showed the least potential. These results indicate that bacteria especially Bacillus may be employed in the bioremoval of heavy metals from tropical aquatic environments impacted with heavy metals. Key Words: Bioaccumulation, Bioconcentration Heavy metals, Decontamination, Bacteria. [Global Jnl Environ Sci Vol.2(2) 2003: 98-101]
{"title":"Heavy metal biosorption by three bacteria isolated from a tropical river","authors":"L. Odokuma, A. Abah","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V2I2.2414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V2I2.2414","url":null,"abstract":"Bioaccumulation (bioconcentration) of four heavy metals cadmium, lead, zinc and nickel by three bacteria Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas as a tool for the decontamination of heavy metal impacted aquatic systems was investigated . The bacteria were obtained from the New Calabar River. Monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of the river water and sediment revealed upstream downstream increases in their levels. Ranges for riverwater parameters were temperature (23 to 270C), pH (5.34 to 5.84), alkalinity (12.0 to 18.8mg CaC03/L), dissolved oxygen (6.24to 6.92mg/L), total suspended solids (1.13 to 1.61mg/L), conductivity (2.15 to 2.39 mS/m), chloride (3.0 to 10.20mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (2.0 to 2.5mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (4.0 to 10.0mg/L). Ranges for sediment parameters were temperature (20 to 250C), pH (5.3 to 6.97), conductivity (2.55 to 4.22 mS/m), dissolved oxygen (3.2 to 4.22mg/L), chloride (3.5 to 15.3mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (5.5 to 10.5mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (20.7 to 100.6 mg/L). River water heavy metals levels were lower than sediment levels. The river water ranges were; Cu (0.01 to 0.05mg/L), Pb (0.01 to 0.02mg/L), and Zn (0.01 to 0.07 mg/L). Sediment heavy metal ranges were Cu (1.09 to 1.45 mg/L), Pb (0.03 to 0.07mg/L) Cd (nd to 0.009mg/L) and Zn (0.27 to 1.27mg/L). The percentage accumulation of heavy metals by Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas after 24h of exposure to heavy metals were Cadmium; 68.6% , 58.4% and 28.3%, Nickel; 94.5% , 85.7% and 90.8%, Lead; 91.6%, 68.1% and 52.9%, Zn; 71.6% 72.1% and 77.0% respectively. The ease of bioaccumulation of the metals by bacteria showed the following trend N1 > Zn > Pb > Cd. Cadmium was the most toxic of the metals to the bacteria. Lead and Zinc displayed similar levels of toxicity, while Nickel was the least toxic. Bioaccumulation potentials of the three bacteria indicated that Bacillus showed the highest potential this was followed by Staphylococcus while Pseudomonas showed the least potential. These results indicate that bacteria especially Bacillus may be employed in the bioremoval of heavy metals from tropical aquatic environments impacted with heavy metals. \u0000\u0000Key Words: Bioaccumulation, Bioconcentration Heavy metals, Decontamination, Bacteria. \u0000[Global Jnl Environ Sci Vol.2(2) 2003: 98-101]","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":"98-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79007124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Experiments were conducted both at the heated effluents discharge point of a gas flare station in the Niger Delta region and in the laboratory to determine the thermal tolerance of the West African fiddler crab (Uca tangeri). The critical thermal maxima (CTM) was 38oC. Time required for 100% recovery vary from 3 minutes - 50 minutes at temperature ranging 33oC - 37oC after 30 mins exposure. Mortality were observed from 38oC. Elevated temperature could therefore be a lethal factor which determines the distribution of Uca tangeri around heated effluents discharge point of a gas flare station. Keywords: Thermal tolerance Uca tangeri Niger Delta [Global Jnl Environ Sci Vol.2(1) 2003: 41-45]
{"title":"Thermal tolerance of the West African fiddler crab ( Uca tangeri ) to heated effluents from gas flare sites","authors":"S. Ovuru, L. Dambo","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V2I1.2404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V2I1.2404","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments were conducted both at the heated effluents discharge point of a gas flare station in the Niger Delta region and in the laboratory to determine the thermal tolerance of the West African fiddler crab (Uca tangeri). The critical thermal maxima (CTM) was 38oC. Time required for 100% recovery vary from 3 minutes - 50 minutes at temperature ranging 33oC - 37oC after 30 mins exposure. Mortality were observed from 38oC. Elevated temperature could therefore be a lethal factor which determines the distribution of Uca tangeri around heated effluents discharge point of a gas flare station. \u0000\u0000Keywords: Thermal tolerance Uca tangeri Niger Delta \u0000[Global Jnl Environ Sci Vol.2(1) 2003: 41-45]","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"90 1","pages":"41-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85644273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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