In Maiduguri, capital of Borno State, water supply is insufficient despite the fact that the town's sources of water are a treatment plant and deep wells. There is a long dry season and short rainfall period characteristic of an arid region. This makes water very essential especially for domestic purposes. As a result of the above, water storage is a common practice among the populace. The commonest way of storing water is the construction of underground structures traditionally called ‘dams'. Water samples from randomly selected ‘dams' in a peri-urban part of the town were analysed microbiologically. The organisms isolated were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter aerogenes , and Clostridium .It was concluded that the water in these storage systems was faecally contaminated and thus pose a health risk. Keywords : water storage, structures traditionally called dams, Maiduguri, microbiological analysis, faecally contaminated water Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4(2) 2005: 160-163
{"title":"Evidence of health risk in stored domestic water in Maiduguri , North Eastern Nigeria","authors":"N. E. Nwaiwu, O. Olanrewaju","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V4I2.2459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V4I2.2459","url":null,"abstract":"In Maiduguri, capital of Borno State, water supply is insufficient despite the fact that the town's sources of water are a treatment plant and deep wells. There is a long dry season and short rainfall period characteristic of an arid region. This makes water very essential especially for domestic purposes. As a result of the above, water storage is a common practice among the populace. The commonest way of storing water is the construction of underground structures traditionally called ‘dams'. Water samples from randomly selected ‘dams' in a peri-urban part of the town were analysed microbiologically. The organisms isolated were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter aerogenes , and Clostridium .It was concluded that the water in these storage systems was faecally contaminated and thus pose a health risk. Keywords : water storage, structures traditionally called dams, Maiduguri, microbiological analysis, faecally contaminated water Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4(2) 2005: 160-163","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"181 1","pages":"160-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89000014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samples of unconsolidated surface sediments from the 2001 landslide occurrences in the Mabeta New Layout, Limbe, Cameroon were studied using sediment colour characterization as well as x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and optical microscopy (OM) techniques in order to ascertain mineral phases contained in them and postulate any influence the minerals may have had in triggering off the event. In terms of colour characterization, the hue/value/chroma of the sediments ranged from 5YR/5/3 to 5YR/4/6 to 5YR/3/4 with corresponding colour shades from reddish-brown to yellowish-red to dark reddish brown. Results of XRPD indicated that the samples consisted of the following mineral phases: anatase, annite, augite, goethite, hematite and kaolin, with the Fe-bearing minerals being dominant. Traces of maghemite were found in a few of the samples, and clinopyroxene was identified in the saprolite. The OM results confirmed those obtained for colour characterization and minerals identification. The findings of the study depict that hydrologic, tectonic and seismic factors combined with the physical properties of the mineral assemblages in triggering the landslides. These physical properties included the shapes and sizes of the mineral particles as well as mineral density. Keywords : landslides, unconsolidated sediments, saprolite, x-ray diffraction Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4(2) 2005: 115–122
研究人员利用沉积物颜色特征、x射线粉末衍射(XRPD)和光学显微镜(OM)技术，对喀麦隆Limbe Mabeta New Layout 2001年滑坡发生的松散地表沉积物样本进行了研究，以确定其中所含的矿物相，并假设矿物在引发该事件方面可能产生的任何影响。在颜色表征方面，沉积物的色调/值/色度范围为5YR/5/3至5YR/4/6至5YR/3/4，相应的颜色深浅从红棕色到黄红色到深红棕色。XRPD结果表明，样品矿物相主要为锐钛矿、锑矿、辉石、针铁矿、赤铁矿和高岭土，以含铁矿物为主。在一些样品中发现了磁铁矿的痕迹，在腐岩中发现了斜辉石。OM结果证实了颜色表征和矿物鉴定的结果。研究结果表明，水文、构造和地震等因素与矿物组合的物理性质共同作用是引发滑坡的主要因素。这些物理性质包括矿物颗粒的形状和大小以及矿物密度。关键词:滑坡，松散沉积物，腐岩，x射线衍射。环境科学Vol. 4(2) 2005: 115-122
{"title":"Environmental mineralogy of unconsolidated surface sediments associated with the 2001 landslides on volcanic cones, Mabeta New Layout, Limbe, Cameroon","authors":"G. Ekosse, V. Ngole, Y. Sendze, S. Ayonghe","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V4I2.2450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V4I2.2450","url":null,"abstract":"Samples of unconsolidated surface sediments from the 2001 landslide occurrences in the Mabeta New Layout, Limbe, Cameroon were studied using sediment colour characterization as well as x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and optical microscopy (OM) techniques in order to ascertain mineral phases contained in them and postulate any influence the minerals may have had in triggering off the event. In terms of colour characterization, the hue/value/chroma of the sediments ranged from 5YR/5/3 to 5YR/4/6 to 5YR/3/4 with corresponding colour shades from reddish-brown to yellowish-red to dark reddish brown. Results of XRPD indicated that the samples consisted of the following mineral phases: anatase, annite, augite, goethite, hematite and kaolin, with the Fe-bearing minerals being dominant. Traces of maghemite were found in a few of the samples, and clinopyroxene was identified in the saprolite. The OM results confirmed those obtained for colour characterization and minerals identification. The findings of the study depict that hydrologic, tectonic and seismic factors combined with the physical properties of the mineral assemblages in triggering the landslides. These physical properties included the shapes and sizes of the mineral particles as well as mineral density. Keywords : landslides, unconsolidated sediments, saprolite, x-ray diffraction Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4(2) 2005: 115–122","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78760095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper is designed to study the rainfall patterns and its implications in Nigeria. Rainfall data from 28 stations for the period of 1970 – 2002 were collected from the Nigeria Meteorological Station, Lagos. While the vegetation map of Nigeria between 1973 and 1995 forms the basis of biodiversity change analysis. The results among others show that rainfall decreases from 1350 mm (1941–1970) to 1276 mm (1970–2002). While there is a general decrease in rainfall in Nigeria, the coastal area is experiencing slight increase. Apart from the general southward shift in rainfall patterns, the duration has also reduced from 80-360 (1941-1970) to 40-280 (1970-2002) rainy days per year. This has created ecological destabilisation and altered the pattern of the vegetation belt especially in the northern fringes of the country. The rainfall pattern has also enhanced wind erosion/desertification, soil erosion and coastal flooding in the north, east and coastal areas of Nigeria respectively. With these impacts, the paper therefore recommends some adaptive and mitigation measures that could help to revert the current situation. Keywords : changing climate, vegetation belts, rainfall pattern and shift Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4(2) 2005: 139-145
{"title":"An analysis of rainfall patterns in Nigeria","authors":"P. Odjugo","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V4I2.2455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V4I2.2455","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is designed to study the rainfall patterns and its implications in Nigeria. Rainfall data from 28 stations for the period of 1970 – 2002 were collected from the Nigeria Meteorological Station, Lagos. While the vegetation map of Nigeria between 1973 and 1995 forms the basis of biodiversity change analysis. The results among others show that rainfall decreases from 1350 mm (1941–1970) to 1276 mm (1970–2002). While there is a general decrease in rainfall in Nigeria, the coastal area is experiencing slight increase. Apart from the general southward shift in rainfall patterns, the duration has also reduced from 80-360 (1941-1970) to 40-280 (1970-2002) rainy days per year. This has created ecological destabilisation and altered the pattern of the vegetation belt especially in the northern fringes of the country. The rainfall pattern has also enhanced wind erosion/desertification, soil erosion and coastal flooding in the north, east and coastal areas of Nigeria respectively. With these impacts, the paper therefore recommends some adaptive and mitigation measures that could help to revert the current situation. Keywords : changing climate, vegetation belts, rainfall pattern and shift Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4(2) 2005: 139-145","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"59 1","pages":"139-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85623230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A short-term ecological study was conducted to ascertain the degree of envisaged impact of petroleum pollution to biota (macrophyte) in a polluted habitat. The biosynthetic process in chlorophyll content reflects the level of the photosynthetic activities. It was envisaged that such biosynthetic process of pigment formation could become a sensitivity index to any polluted environment. To this end, this study has elucidated the importance of petroleum on photosynthetic capacity of two agroforestry species ( Leucaena leucocephala and Bauhinia monandra ). The relative accumulation of the pigments was used to evaluate the influence of petroleum on the biosynthetic process of the plant species in focus. Results have established (with the variation in the optical transmittance of the pigment) the concentration of the chlorophyll pigment in various pollution intensities. The result showed 4792 mg/g in the control for L. leucocephala . 3195 mg/g, 1118 mg/g and 958 mg/g with percentage depression of 58.6%, 68.7% and 76.5% in the respective (25, 50 and 100 ml) pollution levels. B. monandra had 1438 mg/g in the control. 1118, 958 mg/g and 479 mg/g) and (%) depression of 59.9 69.0 and 78.1 (%) respectively. The variations in the species pigment content indicate the predicament of both species and consequently their sensitivity potential to a polluted habitat. Hence such index provides a means of determining the importance of petroleum in accounting for photosynthetic rate and yield potential under environmental condition. Keywords : Leucaena leucocephala , Bauhinia monandra , chlorophyll, crude oil toxicity, oil pollution Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4(2) 2005: 127–130
{"title":"A comparative analysis of eco-toxicity of crude oil pollution on the chlorophyll biosynthesis in two agro-forestry species","authors":"N. Edwin-Wosu, Pds Kinako","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V4I2.2452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V4I2.2452","url":null,"abstract":"A short-term ecological study was conducted to ascertain the degree of envisaged impact of petroleum pollution to biota (macrophyte) in a polluted habitat. The biosynthetic process in chlorophyll content reflects the level of the photosynthetic activities. It was envisaged that such biosynthetic process of pigment formation could become a sensitivity index to any polluted environment. To this end, this study has elucidated the importance of petroleum on photosynthetic capacity of two agroforestry species ( Leucaena leucocephala and Bauhinia monandra ). The relative accumulation of the pigments was used to evaluate the influence of petroleum on the biosynthetic process of the plant species in focus. Results have established (with the variation in the optical transmittance of the pigment) the concentration of the chlorophyll pigment in various pollution intensities. The result showed 4792 mg/g in the control for L. leucocephala . 3195 mg/g, 1118 mg/g and 958 mg/g with percentage depression of 58.6%, 68.7% and 76.5% in the respective (25, 50 and 100 ml) pollution levels. B. monandra had 1438 mg/g in the control. 1118, 958 mg/g and 479 mg/g) and (%) depression of 59.9 69.0 and 78.1 (%) respectively. The variations in the species pigment content indicate the predicament of both species and consequently their sensitivity potential to a polluted habitat. Hence such index provides a means of determining the importance of petroleum in accounting for photosynthetic rate and yield potential under environmental condition. Keywords : Leucaena leucocephala , Bauhinia monandra , chlorophyll, crude oil toxicity, oil pollution Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4(2) 2005: 127–130","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"39 1","pages":"127-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73269302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rainfall data for Maiduguri, the capital of Borno State in North-East, Nigeria, covering the period from 1927 to 1983 (57 years) was extracted from published literature and used in this study. The data was subjected to statistical tests for trends, inconsistency and stability. Six separate monthly series were created for the purpose of the analysis. All the series passed the trend test, which was based on the Spearman's rank correlation test. The F- and t-tests on the series showed consistency and stability of the variance and mean, respectively. It is therefore, concluded that the rainfall data can be used for further analysis and storm sewage facility design. Keywords : rainfall, trend, stationary, homogeneous, consistent Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4(2) 2005: 155-159
{"title":"Rainfall analysis for environmental applications in Maiduguri, Nigeria","authors":"N. E. Nwaiwu, A. Bitrus","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V4I2.2458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V4I2.2458","url":null,"abstract":"Rainfall data for Maiduguri, the capital of Borno State in North-East, Nigeria, covering the period from 1927 to 1983 (57 years) was extracted from published literature and used in this study. The data was subjected to statistical tests for trends, inconsistency and stability. Six separate monthly series were created for the purpose of the analysis. All the series passed the trend test, which was based on the Spearman's rank correlation test. The F- and t-tests on the series showed consistency and stability of the variance and mean, respectively. It is therefore, concluded that the rainfall data can be used for further analysis and storm sewage facility design. Keywords : rainfall, trend, stationary, homogeneous, consistent Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 4(2) 2005: 155-159","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"48 1","pages":"155-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86217354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The electrical conductivity and salinity of some soil samples in Ibeno Local Government Area (crude oil rich area) and Etinan Local Government Area (non-crude oil rich area) have been measured. The results show a high positive correlation coefficients of r B = 0.685 and r T = 0.769 between soil electrical conductivity and salinity in both Ibeno and Etinan respectively. (r B for Ibeno and r T for Etinan). The electrical conductivity measured falls within the range of 0.613 ≤ E C ≤ 0.813 Ω -1 cm -1 for Etinan. While the measured salinity falls within the range of 0.023 ≤ E C ≤ 0.634 and 0.220 ≤ S ≤ 0.710 ds cm -1 for Ibeno and Etinan respectively. The t-test analysis reveals that there are no significant differences between the mean values of electrical conductivity and salinity in both Ibeno and Etinan Local Government Areas. KEY WORDS: Soil Electrical conductivity, Salinity, Crude Oil Area. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.4(1) 2005: 19-22
对伊贝诺地方行政区(原油富集区)和艾蒂南地方行政区(非原油富集区)部分土壤样品的电导率和盐度进行了测定。结果表明，伊贝诺和艾蒂南土壤电导率与盐分呈高度正相关，r B = 0.685, r T = 0.769。(r B代表Ibeno, r T代表Etinan)。测得的电导率在0.613≤E C≤0.813 Ω -1 cm -1范围内。Ibeno和Etinan的实测盐度分别在0.023≤E C≤0.634和0.220≤S≤0.710 ds cm -1范围内。t检验分析显示，伊贝诺和埃蒂南地方政府区域的电导率和盐度平均值没有显著差异。关键词:土壤电导率，盐度，原油区。环境科学，Vol.4(1)， 2005: 19-22
{"title":"A Comparative Study Of Soil Electrical Conductivity And Salinity In Predominant And Non-Predominant Crude Oil Areas Of Akwa Ibom State Of Nigeria","authors":"U. E. Akpan","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V4I1.2436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V4I1.2436","url":null,"abstract":"The electrical conductivity and salinity of some soil samples in Ibeno Local Government Area (crude oil rich area) and Etinan Local Government Area (non-crude oil rich area) have been measured. The results show a high positive correlation coefficients of r B = 0.685 and r T = 0.769 between soil electrical conductivity and salinity in both Ibeno and Etinan respectively. (r B for Ibeno and r T for Etinan). The electrical conductivity measured falls within the range of 0.613 ≤ E C ≤ 0.813 Ω -1 cm -1 for Etinan. While the measured salinity falls within the range of 0.023 ≤ E C ≤ 0.634 and 0.220 ≤ S ≤ 0.710 ds cm -1 for Ibeno and Etinan respectively. The t-test analysis reveals that there are no significant differences between the mean values of electrical conductivity and salinity in both Ibeno and Etinan Local Government Areas. KEY WORDS: Soil Electrical conductivity, Salinity, Crude Oil Area. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.4(1) 2005: 19-22","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"19-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87480993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent concerns of mining and smelting of nickel-copper (Ni-Cu) in Selebi Phikwe, Botswana possibly affecting the environmental physico-chemistry motivated this study. Physico-chemical analyses which included particle size distribution (PSD), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), color and descriptive petrography on samples of tailings dump and soils were performed in order to understand the significance of these properties on the surrounding physical environment. The PSD of soil samples revealed the average wt % of the 2 μ m to 50 μ m to KEY WORDS: tailings dump; soils; physico-chemistry; particle size distribution; petrography; environment Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.4(1) 2005: 31-39
{"title":"Petrographic And Physico-Chemical Characterisation Of Tailings Dump And Soils Around A Nickel-Copper Mining And Smelting Environment","authors":"G. Ekosse","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V4I1.2438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V4I1.2438","url":null,"abstract":"Recent concerns of mining and smelting of nickel-copper (Ni-Cu) in Selebi Phikwe, Botswana possibly affecting the environmental physico-chemistry motivated this study. Physico-chemical analyses which included particle size distribution (PSD), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), color and descriptive petrography on samples of tailings dump and soils were performed in order to understand the significance of these properties on the surrounding physical environment. The PSD of soil samples revealed the average wt % of the 2 μ m to 50 μ m to KEY WORDS: tailings dump; soils; physico-chemistry; particle size distribution; petrography; environment Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.4(1) 2005: 31-39","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":"31-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79185343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Woody plant species up to 0.10 m and above in height growing in and within 0.5 m from the edges of ten gully erosion areas of Abia and Imo states of Nigeria were enumerated in January and July 2000 through July 2003. Questionnaires were served to find the causal factors of each gully. The plants were enumerated and classified into their life form. The index of similarity according to Sorensen was used to determine the similarity of the sites. It was observed that a combination of factors contributed to form a gully. The gullies were caused by discharge from road culverts, 80%; run off from building, 70%; footpath, 60%; deforestation, 30% and flood 10%. A total of 49 plant families comprising 100 species were identified at the sites. The families Cyperaceae and Euphorbiaceae had the highest representation of species. The Phanerophytes, Therophytes and Chamaephytes were represented by 57.5%, 23.8% and 13.7%, respectively. A combination of grasses such as Acroceras zizanioides, Cynodon dactylon and Perotis indica and some tree species such as Antiaris toxicaria, Entandrophragma utile, Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum, Khaya ivorensis, Nauclea diderrichii and Terminalia superba were recommended for planting in and near gullies at a espacement of 1.0 x 1.0 m. The slope angle ranged from 55 to 122 degrees. The sites were similar. Variations in the species composition were not recorded within the studied period. The study revealed that some previous attempts to control gully erosion with Gmelina arborea failed because many of the trees were carried into the gullies by flood. It was concluded that the use of monoculture plant species in erosion control project should be minimized. KEY WORDS: Woody plant, erosion, gullies and enumeration. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.4(1) 2005: 77-85
{"title":"Assessing The Ecological Status Of Woody Plant Species At Eroded Sites Of Abia And Imo States, Nigeria","authors":"M. Dike","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V4I1.2445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V4I1.2445","url":null,"abstract":"Woody plant species up to 0.10 m and above in height growing in and within 0.5 m from the edges of ten gully erosion areas of Abia and Imo states of Nigeria were enumerated in January and July 2000 through July 2003. Questionnaires were served to find the causal factors of each gully. The plants were enumerated and classified into their life form. The index of similarity according to Sorensen was used to determine the similarity of the sites. It was observed that a combination of factors contributed to form a gully. The gullies were caused by discharge from road culverts, 80%; run off from building, 70%; footpath, 60%; deforestation, 30% and flood 10%. A total of 49 plant families comprising 100 species were identified at the sites. The families Cyperaceae and Euphorbiaceae had the highest representation of species. The Phanerophytes, Therophytes and Chamaephytes were represented by 57.5%, 23.8% and 13.7%, respectively. A combination of grasses such as Acroceras zizanioides, Cynodon dactylon and Perotis indica and some tree species such as Antiaris toxicaria, Entandrophragma utile, Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum, Khaya ivorensis, Nauclea diderrichii and Terminalia superba were recommended for planting in and near gullies at a espacement of 1.0 x 1.0 m. The slope angle ranged from 55 to 122 degrees. The sites were similar. Variations in the species composition were not recorded within the studied period. The study revealed that some previous attempts to control gully erosion with Gmelina arborea failed because many of the trees were carried into the gullies by flood. It was concluded that the use of monoculture plant species in erosion control project should be minimized. KEY WORDS: Woody plant, erosion, gullies and enumeration. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.4(1) 2005: 77-85","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"86 1","pages":"77-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85512610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The quantal-response of freshwater shrimp ( Desmocaris trispinosa ) to the toxicity of five azo dyes was studied. Generally, increase in percentage mortality of the organisms was obtained with increases in concentration of the toxicants and exposure time. The median lethal concentration 50 (LC 50 ) and median lethal concentration 50 (LC 50 ) values were obtained from the concentration-mortality and time-mortality probit graphs, respectively. Based on the LC 50 and LT 50 values, the dyes were ranked in order of toxicity: Mordant Black 11>Acid Orange 10>Direct Red 28>Direct Orange 31>Direct Red 23. Differences in quantal effect of the toxicants was attributed to their molecular weight, dye content and/or impaired oxygen transfer through the respiratory apparatus of the organisms due to adsorption of the dye molecules on their gill surface. Evidence of bioaccumulation of the toxicants in guts and tissues of the shrimps was obtained and its implication to human health was discussed. KEY WORDS: Toxicity, azo dyes, Desmocaris trispinosa, quantal response, bioaccumulation Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.4(1) 2005: 41-45
{"title":"Quantal Response Of Freshwater Shrimp ( Desmocaris trispinosa ) To Toxicity Of Azo Dyes","authors":"C. Ogugbue, N. Oranusi","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V4I1.2439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V4I1.2439","url":null,"abstract":"The quantal-response of freshwater shrimp ( Desmocaris trispinosa ) to the toxicity of five azo dyes was studied. Generally, increase in percentage mortality of the organisms was obtained with increases in concentration of the toxicants and exposure time. The median lethal concentration 50 (LC 50 ) and median lethal concentration 50 (LC 50 ) values were obtained from the concentration-mortality and time-mortality probit graphs, respectively. Based on the LC 50 and LT 50 values, the dyes were ranked in order of toxicity: Mordant Black 11>Acid Orange 10>Direct Red 28>Direct Orange 31>Direct Red 23. Differences in quantal effect of the toxicants was attributed to their molecular weight, dye content and/or impaired oxygen transfer through the respiratory apparatus of the organisms due to adsorption of the dye molecules on their gill surface. Evidence of bioaccumulation of the toxicants in guts and tissues of the shrimps was obtained and its implication to human health was discussed. KEY WORDS: Toxicity, azo dyes, Desmocaris trispinosa, quantal response, bioaccumulation Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.4(1) 2005: 41-45","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":"41-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87530731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Uboh, P. Ebong, O. U. Eka, E. Eyong, M. Akpanabiatu
Changes in total body weight, some anaemia-diagnostic indices (haematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and total serum protein) were determined in rats ( Wistar albino strain) after 2 weeks of 4 hours daily inhalation exposure to ungraded concentrations of kerosene and petrol fumes. The results obtained for those rats exposed to petrol and kerosene fumes showed a significant decrease (P KEY WORDS: Anaemia, Kerosene fumes, Petrol-fumes, Total body weight, Total serum protein. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.4(1) 2005: 59-63
{"title":"Effect Of Inhalation Exposure To Kerosene And Petrol-Fumes On Some Anaemia-Diagnostic Indices In Rats","authors":"F. Uboh, P. Ebong, O. U. Eka, E. Eyong, M. Akpanabiatu","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V4I1.2442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V4I1.2442","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in total body weight, some anaemia-diagnostic indices (haematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and total serum protein) were determined in rats ( Wistar albino strain) after 2 weeks of 4 hours daily inhalation exposure to ungraded concentrations of kerosene and petrol fumes. The results obtained for those rats exposed to petrol and kerosene fumes showed a significant decrease (P KEY WORDS: Anaemia, Kerosene fumes, Petrol-fumes, Total body weight, Total serum protein. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol.4(1) 2005: 59-63","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"41 1","pages":"59-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76855503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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