B. M. Wufem, A. Ibrahim, N. Gin, M. A. Shibdawa, H. Adamu, P. Agya
The distribution of heavy metals in Gubi Dam, Bauchi, Nigeria was studied covering the highest turbulent and non-turbulent flow periods. The average concentrations of iron, manganese, nickel, zinc, cobalt, chromium and cadmium were generally highest in filtrate water, whereas the concentrations of copper and lead were always highest in the suspended materials which indicate the dominant role played by suspended materials in the transport of these metals. The total metal levels are within WHO safety limits as such do not reflect impaired suitability of the water. The relative levels of the metals at the entry points and spillway reflect the source, the path and stopover of the tributaries of the dam, thus the variation in the amount of metals at each point. KEYWORDS: Distribution, Heavy metals, filtrate water, suspended matter, Gubi dam, Nigeria
{"title":"Levels of heavy metals in Gubi dam water Bauchi, Nigeria","authors":"B. M. Wufem, A. Ibrahim, N. Gin, M. A. Shibdawa, H. Adamu, P. Agya","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V8I2.53781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V8I2.53781","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution of heavy metals in Gubi Dam, Bauchi, Nigeria was studied covering the highest turbulent and non-turbulent flow periods. The average concentrations of iron, manganese, nickel, zinc, cobalt, chromium and cadmium were generally highest in filtrate water, whereas the concentrations of copper and lead were always highest in the suspended materials which indicate the dominant role played by suspended materials in the transport of these metals. The total metal levels are within WHO safety limits as such do not reflect impaired suitability of the water. The relative levels of the metals at the entry points and spillway reflect the source, the path and stopover of the tributaries of the dam, thus the variation in the amount of metals at each point. KEYWORDS: Distribution, Heavy metals, filtrate water, suspended matter, Gubi dam, Nigeria","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"29-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72783291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the influence of atmospheric pollutants on one widely used building material, the galvanized iron roofing sheets, in the highly polluted region of Niger Delta of Nigeria. The study involved the atmospheric exposure of cut pieces of galvanized iron sheets to determine the influence of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (all by-products of gas flaring) in a humid tropical environment. The pollutants were in the mean concentrations of 0.09 – 0.68mg/l (SO2), 0.01- 0.35mg/l (NO2) and 7.22 – 20.653g/m3 (aerosol). The readings of concentration of the pollutants were recorded and multiple regression analysis was performed on the data. After one year of exposure of the specimens, it was discovered that corrosion was enhanced by the presence of these pollutants. Examination of the partial coefficients of the pollutant revealed that, nitrogen dioxide (r = 0.460) and particulate matter (aerosols) (r = 0.569) were found to correlate positively with corrosion in a multi-pollutant situation. However, it was found that sulphur dioxide (r =-0.213) did not positively contribute to corrosion impact, contrary to established results from temperate regions. It is recommended that the Nigerian Government should legislate to stop gas flaring in the region. KEYWORDS: Gully erosion, threshold, Ikpa river, coastal plains, morphometry, intrinsic factors
{"title":"The effect of industrial air – borne pollutants on the durability of galvanized iron roofs in the tropical humid region of Nigeria","authors":"A. Obia","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V8I2.53790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V8I2.53790","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the influence of atmospheric pollutants on one widely used building material, the galvanized iron roofing sheets, in the highly polluted region of Niger Delta of Nigeria. The study involved the atmospheric exposure of cut pieces of galvanized iron sheets to determine the influence of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (all by-products of gas flaring) in a humid tropical environment. The pollutants were in the mean concentrations of 0.09 – 0.68mg/l (SO2), 0.01- 0.35mg/l (NO2) and 7.22 – 20.653g/m3 (aerosol). The readings of concentration of the pollutants were recorded and multiple regression analysis was performed on the data. After one year of exposure of the specimens, it was discovered that corrosion was enhanced by the presence of these pollutants. Examination of the partial coefficients of the pollutant revealed that, nitrogen dioxide (r = 0.460) and particulate matter (aerosols) (r = 0.569) were found to correlate positively with corrosion in a multi-pollutant situation. However, it was found that sulphur dioxide (r =-0.213) did not positively contribute to corrosion impact, contrary to established results from temperate regions. It is recommended that the Nigerian Government should legislate to stop gas flaring in the region. KEYWORDS: Gully erosion, threshold, Ikpa river, coastal plains, morphometry, intrinsic factors","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73932334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concentration of some heavy metals, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, and total hydrocarbon content (THC) were assessed in the surface waters of a Niger Delta mangrove creek (Buguma Creek). Samples were collected between November 2004 and October 2006 from five stations. The minimum and maximum concentrations of these heavy metals in the creek were 7.21- 228.5 mg/l for Ca, 51.18-428.3 mg/l for Mg, 0.01-6.78 mg/l for Fe, 0.010-0.43 mg/l for Zn, 0.01-0.61 for Pb, 0.01-0.11 for Cd, 0.01-1.49 mg/l for Cr, 0.01-2.73 mg/l for Ni, while Hg and the total hydrocarbon content was approximately 0.01 mg/l throughout the study period. The rank profile of metals according to their mean values was Mg > Ca > Fe > Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd > Hg in the study stations. There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the concentration of heavy metals at the study stations. The EDTA hardness depicts hard water condition. The extremely low levels of the toxic heavy metals, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Hg, and total hydrocarbon content (THC) of
{"title":"Concentration of heavy metals in a Niger Delta Mangrove Creek, Nigeria.","authors":"B. Oribhabor, A. E. Ogbeibu","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V8I2.53776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V8I2.53776","url":null,"abstract":"The concentration of some heavy metals, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, and total hydrocarbon content (THC) were assessed in the surface waters of a Niger Delta mangrove creek (Buguma Creek). Samples were collected between November 2004 and October 2006 from five stations. The minimum and maximum concentrations of these heavy metals in the creek were 7.21- 228.5 mg/l for Ca, 51.18-428.3 mg/l for Mg, 0.01-6.78 mg/l for Fe, 0.010-0.43 mg/l for Zn, 0.01-0.61 for Pb, 0.01-0.11 for Cd, 0.01-1.49 mg/l for Cr, 0.01-2.73 mg/l for Ni, while Hg and the total hydrocarbon content was approximately 0.01 mg/l throughout the study period. The rank profile of metals according to their mean values was Mg > Ca > Fe > Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd > Hg in the study stations. There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the concentration of heavy metals at the study stations. The EDTA hardness depicts hard water condition. The extremely low levels of the toxic heavy metals, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Hg, and total hydrocarbon content (THC) of","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83278630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of geomorphic threshold as applied in gully erosion studies assumes that water erosion occurs when the combined power of the rainfall energy and overland flow exceeds the resistance of surface materials to detachment and entrainment. This line of reasoning presupposes that certain environmental factors that affect runoff generation and erodibility status of soil can be used in estimating thresholds for gully initiation and sustenance. The entire 413. Km2 Ikpa River basin was covered with grids 1km2 and random number table was used to select 15% of the target population in the basin. The pair-wise correlation technique was employed to establish the threshold values of vegetation cover, organic matter content, relief, slope gradient, litter cover and bulk density for gully incision and development in the fifth order drainage basin underlain by Coastal Plains Sands in eastern Nigeria. The results of the analyses indicate that the threshold value of vegetation cover was 72.5%, while the thresholds value of depth of litter cover was 3.2cm. Other threshold values for gully initiation in the catchment area were 1 degree for slope gradient; 2.70% for organic matter; and 10metres a.s.l for relief. These threshold values were exceeded in almost all the sampled gully sites. The results of the research have implications for cropping in the study area. The convectional rain-storms that is associated with the beginning of the planting season in April/May cannot be controlled by man. Its effects can be reduced to desirable level by increasing the surface contact cover. Mulching, intercropping and the planting of cover crops can ensure adequate vegetation cover of >72.5% on valley –side slopes. Also, crop residue, dry stalks and stovers should be used to encourage the build-up of organic matter above the critical level of 2.70% during the planting season. KEYWORDS: Gully erosion, threshold, Ikpa river, coastal plains, morphometry, intrinsic factors
{"title":"Thresholds of gully erosion in the coastal plains sands of southeastern Nigeria","authors":"C. Udosen","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V8I2.53788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V8I2.53788","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of geomorphic threshold as applied in gully erosion studies assumes that water erosion occurs when the combined power of the rainfall energy and overland flow exceeds the resistance of surface materials to detachment and entrainment. This line of reasoning presupposes that certain environmental factors that affect runoff generation and erodibility status of soil can be used in estimating thresholds for gully initiation and sustenance. The entire 413. Km2 Ikpa River basin was covered with grids 1km2 and random number table was used to select 15% of the target population in the basin. The pair-wise correlation technique was employed to establish the threshold values of vegetation cover, organic matter content, relief, slope gradient, litter cover and bulk density for gully incision and development in the fifth order drainage basin underlain by Coastal Plains Sands in eastern Nigeria. The results of the analyses indicate that the threshold value of vegetation cover was 72.5%, while the thresholds value of depth of litter cover was 3.2cm. Other threshold values for gully initiation in the catchment area were 1 degree for slope gradient; 2.70% for organic matter; and 10metres a.s.l for relief. These threshold values were exceeded in almost all the sampled gully sites. The results of the research have implications for cropping in the study area. The convectional rain-storms that is associated with the beginning of the planting season in April/May cannot be controlled by man. Its effects can be reduced to desirable level by increasing the surface contact cover. Mulching, intercropping and the planting of cover crops can ensure adequate vegetation cover of >72.5% on valley –side slopes. Also, crop residue, dry stalks and stovers should be used to encourage the build-up of organic matter above the critical level of 2.70% during the planting season. KEYWORDS: Gully erosion, threshold, Ikpa river, coastal plains, morphometry, intrinsic factors","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"65-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77738797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An attempt is being made in this paper to build a GIS database for the Federal University of Technology Yola, using the ArcView GIS package. The spatial data itself was achieved by using conventional field survey methods. It was then later transferred into the computer via a scanner. The attribute data, which were collated from various departments, were entered into the computer in tabular form and linked with the spatial data. The outcome of the database was quite impressive. It has not only increased the speed of retrieving data but has allowed a unique kind of flexibility, which was practicably impossible in the past.
{"title":"Building a GIS database for a typical urban setting v(a case study of the FUT Yola main campus)","authors":"A. Musa","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V8I2.53783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V8I2.53783","url":null,"abstract":"An attempt is being made in this paper to build a GIS database for the Federal University of Technology Yola, using the ArcView GIS package. The spatial data itself was achieved by using conventional field survey methods. It was then later transferred into the computer via a scanner. The attribute data, which were collated from various departments, were entered into the computer in tabular form and linked with the spatial data. The outcome of the database was quite impressive. It has not only increased the speed of retrieving data but has allowed a unique kind of flexibility, which was practicably impossible in the past.","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87245900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is an assessment of the impact of man’s activities on the landuse and vegetation cover of Mubi region. Landsat MSS Landuse/vegetation image of 1978 and Spot XS landuse/vegetation image of 1995 were used to study the landuse/vegetation cover changes of the region between 1978 and 1995 – a period of 17 years. Ilwis 3.2a, Arcview 3.1 and Idrisi 32 were used for georeferencing, digitizing and map analysis respectively. The methods used for change detection include area calculations (trends, rates and proportion), and overlay for the nature and the location of the changes. The study revealed that 68.08% of the region’s land areas were put under man’s use in 1978, the percentage increased to 74.82% in 1995.Woodlands, the only natural vegetation cover was also found to decrease from 31.12% in 1978 to 21.60% in 1995. Land degradation was evidenced within the period because 3.58% of the land area has turned into rock outcrops as a result of natural and human activities. For instance 21.27% of the extensive/grazing agriculture land area in 1978 has turned into rock outcrop in 1995. Extensive agriculture, animal grazing, intensive agriculture and irrigation farming collectively reduced 34.10% of the woodlands area between 1978 and 1995. Finally, extensive agriculture, animal grazing, intensive agriculture, tree crop farming and irrigation agriculture were found to be the direct human activities affecting landuse and vegetal changes in the region, while woodcutting, bush burning and road construction were also found to be other possible factors. KEYWORDS: Remote Sensing, GIS, Landuse/Vegetation Cover, Human Impact, and Land degradation
{"title":"Assessment of human impacts on landuse and vegetation cover changes in Mubi region, Adamawa state, Nigeria; remote sensing and GIS approach","authors":"I. Mayomi","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V8I2.53778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V8I2.53778","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is an assessment of the impact of man’s activities on the landuse and vegetation cover of Mubi region. Landsat MSS Landuse/vegetation image of 1978 and Spot XS landuse/vegetation image of 1995 were used to study the landuse/vegetation cover changes of the region between 1978 and 1995 – a period of 17 years. Ilwis 3.2a, Arcview 3.1 and Idrisi 32 were used for georeferencing, digitizing and map analysis respectively. The methods used for change detection include area calculations (trends, rates and proportion), and overlay for the nature and the location of the changes. The study revealed that 68.08% of the region’s land areas were put under man’s use in 1978, the percentage increased to 74.82% in 1995.Woodlands, the only natural vegetation cover was also found to decrease from 31.12% in 1978 to 21.60% in 1995. Land degradation was evidenced within the period because 3.58% of the land area has turned into rock outcrops as a result of natural and human activities. For instance 21.27% of the extensive/grazing agriculture land area in 1978 has turned into rock outcrop in 1995. Extensive agriculture, animal grazing, intensive agriculture and irrigation farming collectively reduced 34.10% of the woodlands area between 1978 and 1995. Finally, extensive agriculture, animal grazing, intensive agriculture, tree crop farming and irrigation agriculture were found to be the direct human activities affecting landuse and vegetal changes in the region, while woodcutting, bush burning and road construction were also found to be other possible factors. KEYWORDS: Remote Sensing, GIS, Landuse/Vegetation Cover, Human Impact, and Land degradation","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"49 1-2","pages":"11-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91499296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study is concerned with creating an environmental resource database for Etche Local Government Area in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. The study reveals the techniques that could be employed in oil spill management. The study was aimed at identifying the different activities and socio-economic component (infrastructures) that can cause oil spill in the study area and attempt at inventorying landuse/landcover that are likely to be affected by any oil spill in the area and build a viable database for oil spill management in the area. Data were collected and imported into GIS environment for analysis using ArcInfo 3.5.1 and ArcView 3.5. Results indicate that about 47.21%, almost half of the study area is cultivated. However, three (3) different buffer zones were created. The waterbodies in the area were identified as the major oil spill distributor. Out of total area of 391.2 km2 covered by the buffer region, cultivated land occupies the highest areal extent of 35.59%, while rubber plantation has the least areal extent of about 0.64%. This confirms that cultivated land is more affected than any other landuse/landcover class in case of any spill in the area. Moreover, the study ranks waterbody as the most highly sensitive landuse/landcover category with ESI-I, with heavy mangrove forest followed by ESI-2 and ESI-3, respectively. The study has therefore demonstrated the effectiveness of GIS in the creation of a spatial database for monitoring and modeling oil spill in the area. The study also recommends that consistent ESI maps of the area should be prepared, and that such information should be made available when the need arises. KEYWORDS : Geographic Information Systems, oil spill monitoring, oil spill management, environmental sensitivity index, contingency planning
{"title":"Utilizing the tool of gis in oil spill management - a case study of Etche LGA, Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"H. Nwankwoala, C. Nwaogu","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V8I1.50820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V8I1.50820","url":null,"abstract":"This study is concerned with creating an environmental resource database for Etche Local Government Area in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. The study reveals the techniques that could be employed in oil spill management. The study was aimed at identifying the different activities and socio-economic component (infrastructures) that can cause oil spill in the study area and attempt at inventorying landuse/landcover that are likely to be affected by any oil spill in the area and build a viable database for oil spill management in the area. Data were collected and imported into GIS environment for analysis using ArcInfo 3.5.1 and ArcView 3.5. Results indicate that about 47.21%, almost half of the study area is cultivated. However, three (3) different buffer zones were created. The waterbodies in the area were identified as the major oil spill distributor. Out of total area of 391.2 km2 covered by the buffer region, cultivated land occupies the highest areal extent of 35.59%, while rubber plantation has the least areal extent of about 0.64%. This confirms that cultivated land is more affected than any other landuse/landcover class in case of any spill in the area. Moreover, the study ranks waterbody as the most highly sensitive landuse/landcover category with ESI-I, with heavy mangrove forest followed by ESI-2 and ESI-3, respectively. The study has therefore demonstrated the effectiveness of GIS in the creation of a spatial database for monitoring and modeling oil spill in the area. The study also recommends that consistent ESI maps of the area should be prepared, and that such information should be made available when the need arises. KEYWORDS : Geographic Information Systems, oil spill monitoring, oil spill management, environmental sensitivity index, contingency planning","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"19-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86105433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water samples from nine sample stations in Asata River Enugu, were analysed to determine the effects of urban wastes on the quality of the river water. Stations A- F were located in more urbanized areas of the city, while G-I were in less urbanized areas. Results of laboratory analysis show higher values of parameters( pH, turbidity, colour, conductivity, suspended solids, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand and faecal coliform) at stations A- F than at G-I. Results of physico-chemical parameters showed values within safe limits. However, all samples failed to meet bacteriological standards. A strong degree of association was found to exist between sampling station distance from waste dump and dissolved oxygen (r = 0.88) and with total suspended solids (r= - 0.73). The study indicates that the river water quality was much lower in higher density, more urbanized areas of Enugu urban where waste generation and management is a growing problem. The study identifies the need for the development of a sustainable municipal waste management strategy that will encourage source reduction, reuse and recycling of solid wastes. The strategy will lead to the enhancement of the ecological integrity of Asata River and its tributaries.
{"title":"Effects of urban wastes on the quality of Asata River in Enugu, south eastern Nigeria","authors":"G. N. Chima, C. Ogbonna, I. Nwankwo","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V8I1.50821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V8I1.50821","url":null,"abstract":"Water samples from nine sample stations in Asata River Enugu, were analysed to determine the effects of urban wastes on the quality of the river water. Stations A- F were located in more urbanized areas of the city, while G-I were in less urbanized areas. Results of laboratory analysis show higher values of parameters( pH, turbidity, colour, conductivity, suspended solids, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand and faecal coliform) at stations A- F than at G-I. Results of physico-chemical parameters showed values within safe limits. However, all samples failed to meet bacteriological standards. A strong degree of association was found to exist between sampling station distance from waste dump and dissolved oxygen (r = 0.88) and with total suspended solids (r= - 0.73). The study indicates that the river water quality was much lower in higher density, more urbanized areas of Enugu urban where waste generation and management is a growing problem. The study identifies the need for the development of a sustainable municipal waste management strategy that will encourage source reduction, reuse and recycling of solid wastes. The strategy will lead to the enhancement of the ecological integrity of Asata River and its tributaries.","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"52 1","pages":"31-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75284727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The distribution of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni and As in waters and sediments in streams and entrapped water bodies around the mining district of Enyigba was evaluated. The result of analyses show that the concentration of Cu varies from 0.006 to 0.100 mg/l in waters in streams and mine pits (surface water), with a mean of 0.02 mg/l; Zn from 0.008 to 0.023 mg/l with a mean of 0.01 mg/l. The concentration of Pb, Ni, Cd and As in all samples of surface water is lower than 0.001 mg/l. The concentration of Pb in sediments vary from 54 mg/kg to 63356 mg/kg with a mean of 4245 mg/kg; Zn from 72mg/kg to 1386.5 mg/kg with a mean of 349.68 mg/kg; Cu from 11.5 mg/kg to 808.5 mg/kg with a mean of 84.48 mg/kg; Cd from 0.5 mg/kg to 5.5 mg/kg with a mean of 3.35 mg/kg; Ni from 0.5 mg/kg to 1197 mg/kg with a mean of 282.66 mg/kg and As from 0.05 mg/kg to 1.5 mg/kg. It is established that there is no significant pollution of surface water by heavy metals analysed, based on WHO Standard of 1993. There is however significant pollution of sediments by Pb, Zn and Ni and to a smaller extent Cu. The consequences of the observed pollution include the introduction of pollutants in the downstream reaches of the streams and the Ebonyi River during the periods of high flow, the accumulation of the pollutants in the tissues of organisms that live in the sediments which may get passed to higher organisms that prey on these organisms and the eventual effect on humans, through the food chain.
{"title":"The preliminary assessment of the pollution status of streams and artificial lakes created by mining in the mining district of Enyigba, south eastern Nigeria, and their consequences","authors":"H. Ezeh, O. Anike","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V8I1.50823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V8I1.50823","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni and As in waters and sediments in streams and entrapped water bodies around the mining district of Enyigba was evaluated. The result of analyses show that the concentration of Cu varies from 0.006 to 0.100 mg/l in waters in streams and mine pits (surface water), with a mean of 0.02 mg/l; Zn from 0.008 to 0.023 mg/l with a mean of 0.01 mg/l. The concentration of Pb, Ni, Cd and As in all samples of surface water is lower than 0.001 mg/l. The concentration of Pb in sediments vary from 54 mg/kg to 63356 mg/kg with a mean of 4245 mg/kg; Zn from 72mg/kg to 1386.5 mg/kg with a mean of 349.68 mg/kg; Cu from 11.5 mg/kg to 808.5 mg/kg with a mean of 84.48 mg/kg; Cd from 0.5 mg/kg to 5.5 mg/kg with a mean of 3.35 mg/kg; Ni from 0.5 mg/kg to 1197 mg/kg with a mean of 282.66 mg/kg and As from 0.05 mg/kg to 1.5 mg/kg. It is established that there is no significant pollution of surface water by heavy metals analysed, based on WHO Standard of 1993. There is however significant pollution of sediments by Pb, Zn and Ni and to a smaller extent Cu. The consequences of the observed pollution include the introduction of pollutants in the downstream reaches of the streams and the Ebonyi River during the periods of high flow, the accumulation of the pollutants in the tissues of organisms that live in the sediments which may get passed to higher organisms that prey on these organisms and the eventual effect on humans, through the food chain.","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"152 1","pages":"41-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86251344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edible periwinkle, Tympanotonus fuscata, was collected from the Cross River estuary, allowed to acclimate to laboratory conditions for a week and then exposed to Nigerian light crude oil at different concentrations of 50ml, 100ml, and 150ml per litre of water for a period of 96 hours. Mud (80g) was added to all the 4-litre aquaria used for the experiment. The oil was thoroughly mixed with the estuarine water by stirring vigorously. During the 4-days experimental period, most of the specimens suffered suffocation and became moribund and mortality recorded. Within the first 24 hours mortality was absent in the 50ml and 100ml concentrations, although most specimens moved out of the medium by creeping up the aquaria. Specimens in the control seemed lively and unaffected by oiling throughout the duration of the experiment. Mortalities were as high as 117 out of 180 individuals during the entire experimental period, with higher concentrations recording higher mortalities. There was steady increase in mortality from 4 individuals in the first 24 hours to 12 individuals after 72 hours in the 150ml/l concentration. The LC50 values were obtained by graphical interpolation. It is concluded that the soluble fraction of the Nigerian light crude oil could be detrimental to shellfish even at a concentration as low as 1000ml/l of the estuarine water. KEYWORDS: Crude Oil, Water Soluble Fraction, Tympanotonus fuscata, Cross River estuary, Nigeria.
{"title":"Effects of crude oil on the gastropod, tympanotomus fuscata in the Cross River Estuary, south-east Nigeria","authors":"I. Ewa-Oboho, G. A. Otogo","doi":"10.4314/GJES.V8I1.50817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJES.V8I1.50817","url":null,"abstract":"Edible periwinkle, Tympanotonus fuscata, was collected from the Cross River estuary, allowed to acclimate to laboratory conditions for a week and then exposed to Nigerian light crude oil at different concentrations of 50ml, 100ml, and 150ml per litre of water for a period of 96 hours. Mud (80g) was added to all the 4-litre aquaria used for the experiment. The oil was thoroughly mixed with the estuarine water by stirring vigorously. During the 4-days experimental period, most of the specimens suffered suffocation and became moribund and mortality recorded. Within the first 24 hours mortality was absent in the 50ml and 100ml concentrations, although most specimens moved out of the medium by creeping up the aquaria. Specimens in the control seemed lively and unaffected by oiling throughout the duration of the experiment. Mortalities were as high as 117 out of 180 individuals during the entire experimental period, with higher concentrations recording higher mortalities. There was steady increase in mortality from 4 individuals in the first 24 hours to 12 individuals after 72 hours in the 150ml/l concentration. The LC50 values were obtained by graphical interpolation. It is concluded that the soluble fraction of the Nigerian light crude oil could be detrimental to shellfish even at a concentration as low as 1000ml/l of the estuarine water. KEYWORDS: Crude Oil, Water Soluble Fraction, Tympanotonus fuscata, Cross River estuary, Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":12569,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Environmental Sciences","volume":"60 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80563490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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