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Role of microRNAs in pituitary gonadotrope cells 微小核糖核酸在垂体促性腺激素细胞中的作用
IF 2.7 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114557
He Zou , Peimin Wang , Jinglin Zhang

The gonadotrope cells within the pituitary control vital processes of reproduction by producing follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Both external stimuli and internal regulatory factors contribute to the regulation of gonadotrope development and function. In recent years, growing evidences indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, play critical roles in multiple processes of gonadotrope development and function, including the syntheses of α or β subunits of FSH and LH, the secretion of LH, the regulation of GnRH signaling, and the maintenance of gonadotrope cell kinetics. Here, we review recent advances of miRNAs’ expression, functions and mechanisms approached by using miRNA knockout mouse models, in silico analysis and the in vitro cultures of primary pituitary cells and gonadotrope-derived cell lines. By summarizing and discussing different roles of miRNAs in gonadotropes, this minireview helps to gain insights into the complex molecular network in gonadotropes and reproduction.

垂体内的促性腺激素细胞通过分泌促卵泡激素(FSH)和促黄体生成素(LH)来控制重要的生殖过程。外部刺激和内部调节因素都有助于调节促性腺激素的发育和功能。近年来,越来越多的证据表明,转录后调控基因表达的微RNA(miRNA)在性腺发育和功能的多个过程中发挥着关键作用,包括FSH和LH的α或β亚基的合成、LH的分泌、GnRH信号的调控以及性腺细胞动力学的维持。在此,我们通过使用 miRNA 基因敲除小鼠模型、硅学分析以及原代垂体细胞和促性腺激素衍生细胞系的体外培养,回顾了 miRNA 的表达、功能和机制的最新进展。通过总结和讨论 miRNAs 在促性腺激素中的不同作用,本微综述有助于深入了解促性腺激素和生殖中复杂的分子网络。
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引用次数: 0
Androgen and glucocorticoid profiles throughout extended uniparental paternal care in the eastern hellbender salamander (Cryptobranchus a. alleganiensis) 东部地狱蝾螈(Cryptobranchus a. alleganiensis)的雄激素和糖皮质激素在整个延长的单亲父代照料过程中的分布。
IF 2.7 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114547
Brian F. Case , Jordy Groffen , Thomas M. Galligan , Catherine M. Bodinof Jachowski , John J. Hallagan , Sherry B. Hildreth , Valentina Alaasam , W. Keith Ray , Richard F. Helm , William A. Hopkins

The behavioral endocrinology associated with reproduction and uniparental male care has been studied in teleosts, but little is known about hormonal correlates of uniparental male care in other ectotherms. To address this gap, we are the first to document the seasonal steroid endocrinology of uniparental male hellbender salamanders during the transition from pre-breeding to nest initiation, and through the subsequent eight months of paternal care. In doing so, we investigated the correlates of nest fate and clutch size, exploring hellbenders’ alignment with several endocrinological patterns observed in uniparental male fish. Understanding the endocrinology of hellbender paternal care is also vital from a conservation perspective because high rates of nest failure were recently identified as a factor causing population declines in this imperiled species. We corroborated previous findings demonstrating testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to be the primary androgens in hellbender reproduction, and that cortisol circulates as the most abundant glucocorticoid. However, we were unable to identify a prolactin or a “prolactin-like” peptide in circulation prior to or during parental care. We observed ∼ 80 % declines in both primary androgens during the transition from pre-breeding to nest initiation, and again as paternal care progressed past its first month. In the days immediately following nest initiation, testosterone and DHT trended higher in successful individuals, but did not differ with males’ clutch size. We did not observe meaningful seasonality in baseline glucocorticoids associated with breeding or nesting. In contrast, stress-induced glucocorticoids were highest at pre-breeding and through the first two months of care, before declining during the latter-most periods of care as larvae approach emergence from the nest. Neither baseline nor stress-induced glucocorticoids varied significantly with either nest fate or clutch size. Both stress-induced cortisol and corticosterone were positively correlated with total length, a proxy for age in adult hellbenders. This is consistent with age-related patterns in some vertebrates, but the first such pattern observed in a wild amphibian population. Generally, we found that nesting hellbenders adhere to some but not all of the endocrinological patterns observed in uniparental male teleosts prior to and during parental care.

与繁殖和单亲雄性照料相关的行为内分泌学已在远足类动物中得到研究,但对其他外温动物中单亲雄性照料的激素相关性却知之甚少。为了填补这一空白,我们首次记录了单亲雄性地狱蝾螈在从繁殖前到筑巢期间以及随后八个月的父性照料期间的季节性类固醇内分泌学。在此过程中,我们研究了巢的命运和窝的大小的相关性,探索了地狱蝾螈与在单亲雄性鱼类中观察到的几种内分泌模式的一致性。从保护的角度来看,了解地狱双鱼父性护理的内分泌学也是至关重要的,因为筑巢失败率高最近被认为是导致这一濒危物种种群数量下降的一个因素。我们证实了之前的研究结果,即睾酮和双氢睾酮(DHT)是地狱蛙繁殖过程中的主要雄激素,而皮质醇是循环中含量最高的糖皮质激素。然而,我们无法在亲鱼照料之前或期间的血液循环中发现催乳素或 "催乳素样 "肽。我们观察到,在从繁殖前到筑巢的过渡时期,两种初级雄激素的含量都下降了80%,而随着父代照料时间的延长,降幅也超过了第一个月。在刚开始筑巢后的几天里,成功个体的睾酮和DHT呈上升趋势,但与雄性个体的窝大小没有差异。我们没有观察到与繁殖或筑巢相关的基线糖皮质激素有明显的季节性。相反,应激诱导的糖皮质激素在繁殖前和照料的头两个月最高,然后在照料的后期随着幼虫接近出巢而下降。基线糖皮质激素和应激诱导的糖皮质激素均不随巢穴命运或窝的大小而显著变化。应激诱导的皮质醇和皮质酮都与总长度呈正相关,总长度是成年地狱双鱼年龄的代表。这与某些脊椎动物的年龄相关模式一致,但这是首次在野生两栖动物种群中观察到这种模式。总体而言,我们发现筑巢的地狱双鱼在育儿前和育儿期间遵循了在单亲雄性远足类动物中观察到的一些内分泌模式,但并非全部。
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引用次数: 0
Roles of natural products on myokine expression and secretion in skeletal muscle atrophy 天然产品对骨骼肌萎缩中肌动蛋白表达和分泌的作用
IF 2.7 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114550
Liu Zhaoyu , Ye Xiaomeng , Li Na, Shang Jiamin, Du Guanhua, Yang Xiuying

Skeletal muscles serve both in movement and as endocrine organs. Myokines secreted by skeletal muscles activate biological functions within muscles and throughout the body via autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine pathways. Skeletal muscle atrophy can influence myokine expression and secretion, while myokines can impact the structure and function of skeletal muscles. Regulating the expression and secretion of myokines through the pharmacological approach is a strategy for alleviating skeletal muscle atrophy. Natural products possess complex structures and chemical properties. Previous studies have demonstrated that various natural products exert beneficial effects on skeletal muscle atrophy. This article reviewed the regulatory effects of natural products on myokines and summarized the research progress on skeletal muscle atrophy associated with myokine regulation. The focus is on how small-molecule natural products affect the regulation of interleukin 6 (IL-6), irisin, myostatin, IGF-1, and FGF-21 expression. We contend that the development of small-molecule natural products targeting the regulation of myokines holds promise in combating skeletal muscle atrophy.

骨骼肌既是运动器官,也是内分泌器官。骨骼肌分泌的肌动素通过自分泌、旁分泌和/或内分泌途径激活肌肉内部和全身的生物功能。骨骼肌萎缩会影响肌动蛋白的表达和分泌,而肌动蛋白则会影响骨骼肌的结构和功能。通过药理学方法调节肌动素的表达和分泌是缓解骨骼肌萎缩的一种策略。天然产品具有复杂的结构和化学特性。以往的研究表明,各种天然产物对骨骼肌萎缩具有有益的影响。本文回顾了天然产物对肌动蛋白的调节作用,并总结了与肌动蛋白调节相关的骨骼肌萎缩研究进展。重点是小分子天然产物如何影响白细胞介素6(IL-6)、鸢尾素、肌生成素和IGF-1的表达调控。我们认为,开发针对肌肉因子调控的小分子天然产品有望防治骨骼肌萎缩。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of molting on the expression of ecdysteroid responsive genes in the crustacean molting gland (Y-organ) 蜕皮对甲壳动物蜕皮腺(Y-器官)中蜕皮激素反应基因表达的影响。
IF 2.7 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114548
Samiha A.M. Benrabaa , Sharon A. Chang , Ernest S. Chang , Donald L. Mykles

Ecdysteroid molting hormones coordinate arthropod growth and development. Binding of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) to ecdysteroid receptor EcR/RXR activates a cascade of nuclear receptor transcription factors that mediate tissue responses to hormone. Insect ecdysteroid responsive and Forkhead box class O (FOXO) transcription factor gene sequences were used to extract orthologs from blackback land crab (Gecarcinus lateralis) Y-organ (YO) transcriptome: Gl-Ecdysone Receptor (EcR), Gl-Broad Complex (Br-C), Gl-E74, Gl-Hormone Receptor 3 (HR3), Gl-Hormone Receptor 4 (HR4), Gl-FOXO, and Gl-Fushi tarazu factor-1 (Ftz-f1). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction quantified mRNA levels in tissues from intermolt animals and in YO of animals induced to molt by multiple limb autotomy (MLA) or eyestalk ablation (ESA). Gl-EcR, Gl-Retinoid X Receptor (RXR), Gl-Br-C, Gl-HR3, Gl-HR4, Gl-E74, Gl-E75, Gl-Ftz-f1, and Gl-FOXO were expressed in all 10 tissues, with Gl-Br-C, Gl-E74, Gl-E75, and Gl-HR4 mRNA levels in the YO lower than those in most of the other tissues. In MLA animals, molting had no effect on Gl-Br-C, Gl-E74, and Gl-Ftz-f1 mRNA levels and little effect on Gl-EcR, Gl-E75, and Gl-HR4 mRNA levels. Gl-HR3 and Gl-FOXO mRNA levels were increased during premolt stages, while Gl-RXR mRNA level was highest during intermolt and premolt stages and lowest at postmolt stage. In ESA animals, YO mRNA levels were not correlated with hemolymph ecdysteroid titers. ESA had no effect on Gl-EcR, Gl-E74, Gl-HR3, Gl-HR4, Gl-Ftz-f1, and Gl-FOXO mRNA levels, while Gl-RXR, Gl-Br-C, and Gl-E75 mRNA levels were decreased at 3 days post-ESA. These data suggest that transcriptional up-regulation of Gl-FOXO and Gl-HR3 contributes to increased YO ecdysteroidogenesis during premolt. By contrast, transcriptional regulation of ecdysteroid responsive genes and ecdysteroidogenesis were uncoupled in the YO of ESA animals.

蜕皮激素协调节肢动物的生长和发育。20-羟基蜕皮激素(20E)与蜕皮激素受体 EcR/RXR 结合会激活一连串核受体转录因子,从而介导组织对激素的反应。利用昆虫蜕皮激素响应基因和叉头盒O类(FOXO)转录因子基因序列从黑背陆蟹(Gecarcinus lateralis)Y器官(YO)转录组中提取直向同源物:这些基因包括:Gl-Ecdysone Receptor (EcR)、Gl-Broad Complex (Br-C)、Gl-E74、Gl-Hormone Receptor 3 (HR3)、Gl-Hormone Receptor 4 (HR4)、Gl-FOXO 和 Gl-Fushi tarazu factor-1 (Ftz-f1)。定量聚合酶链反应量化了蜕皮间期动物组织和通过多肢自体切除术(MLA)或眼茎消融术(ESA)诱导蜕皮的动物YO的mRNA水平。Gl-EcR、Gl-Retinoid X受体(RXR)、Gl-Br-C、Gl-HR3、Gl-HR4、Gl-E74、Gl-E75、Gl-Ftz-f1和Gl-FOXO在所有10种组织中均有表达,其中YO中的Gl-Br-C、Gl-E74、Gl-E75和Gl-HR4 mRNA水平低于其他大多数组织。在MLA动物中,蜕皮对Gl-Br-C、Gl-E74和Gl-Ftz-f1 mRNA水平没有影响,对Gl-EcR、Gl-E75和Gl-HR4 mRNA水平影响很小。Gl-HR3和Gl-FOXO mRNA水平在蜕皮前阶段升高,而Gl-RXR mRNA水平在蜕皮间期和蜕皮前阶段最高,在蜕皮后阶段最低。在ESA动物中,YO mRNA水平与血淋巴蜕皮激素滴度无关。ESA对Gl-EcR、Gl-E74、Gl-HR3、Gl-HR4、Gl-Ftz-f1和Gl-FOXO mRNA水平没有影响,而Gl-RXR、Gl-Br-C和Gl-E75 mRNA水平在ESA后3天有所下降。这些数据表明,Gl-FOXO和Gl-HR3的转录上调有助于增加YO蜕皮前的蜕皮激素生成。相比之下,在ESA动物的YO中,蜕皮激素反应基因的转录调控与蜕皮激素的生成并不耦合。
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引用次数: 0
Reproductive behaviour and fertilized spawns in cultured Solea senegalensis broodstock co-housed with wild breeders during their juvenile stages 与野生繁殖者共同饲养的塞内加尔鳎幼鱼的繁殖行为和受精卵。
IF 2.7 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114546
Wendy Ángela González-López, Sandra Ramos-Júdez, Neil J. Duncan

The reproductive failure of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) cultured males (reared entirely in captivity from egg through to adult) that do not participate in reproductive behaviours to fertilise spawns, results in a problem to achieve reproductive control in captivity. However, cohabitation with wild males has led to an increase in the involvement of cultured males in reproductive behaviour, although their contribution to fertilised spawning is still lower than that of wild breeders. This study aimed to examine the effect of different social conditions, on the reproductive behaviour and spawning success of cultured breeders over three reproductive seasons. Before starting this study, different social learning opportunities were provided to the breeders from the juvenile to the pubertal stages of the individuals. Behaviour and spawning were evaluated in four experimental groups of cultured breeders: two groups (W1 and W2) that prior to this study were reared during the juvenile stage with wild breeders that fertilized spawns, a Culture breeder group (CB) that was previously reared with cultured breeders that spawned unfertile eggs, and a negative control group (CN) that was reared in isolation from adult fish.

During the three reproductive seasons, spawning was obtained from all groups. Generally, the first year had the highest egg production and the third year the lowest. However, fertilised eggs were only obtained from W1 in the first year. A total of eight fertilised spawns were collected with a fertilisation rate of 28.02 ± 13.80 % and a hatching rate of 15.04 ± 10.40 %. The mean number of larvae obtained per spawn was 7,683 ± 5,947 and the total number of larvae from all eight spawns was 61,468. The paternity analysis assigned 64.3 % of larvae to a single couple of breeders, while 34.3 % of larvae were not assigned to any single family, but inconclusively to more than three parents. The highest locomotor activity was observed in W1, while no significant differences were observed in the number of movements within W2, CB and CN. In all groups, during the peak of locomotor activity (19h00-20h00), the main reproductive behaviours observed were Rest the Head and Follow, while the Guardian behaviour was low and Coupled behaviour was only observed in W1. Over time, the reproductive behaviours decreased, except for Follow. The social learning opportunities provided by cohabitation with wild fish during juvenile stages prior to spawning in W1, increased activity and fertilised spawning. However, the number of successful spawns was low and over time stopped in association with a decrease in reproductive behaviour. This suggests that other mechanisms of behavioural learning could be involved in reproductive success, such as reproductive dominance, environmental conditions or hormonal interactions that could affect physiological processes in the reproduction of ca

塞内加尔鳎(Solea senegalensis)养殖雄鱼(从卵到成鱼完全在人工饲养条件下饲养)不参与生殖行为,不为产卵受精,导致人工饲养条件下的生殖控制出现问题。然而,与野生雄性同居后,养殖雄性参与繁殖行为的程度有所提高,尽管它们对受精产卵的贡献仍低于野生繁殖者。本研究旨在考察不同社会条件对养殖种鱼在三个繁殖季节的繁殖行为和产卵成功率的影响。研究开始前,从幼鱼到青春期阶段,为养殖种鱼提供了不同的社会学习机会。对四组养殖种鱼的行为和产卵情况进行了评估:两组(W1 和 W2)在本研究之前是在幼鱼阶段与野生种鱼一起饲养的,它们产下的卵都是受精卵;养殖种鱼组(CB)之前是与养殖种鱼一起饲养的,它们产下的卵都是不孕卵;阴性对照组(CN)是与成鱼隔离饲养的。在三个繁殖季节,所有组都能产卵。一般来说,第一年的产卵量最高,第三年最低。不过,只有 W1 在第一年获得了受精卵。共收集到 8 个受精卵,受精率为 28.02 ± 13.80 %,孵化率为 15.04 ± 10.40 %。每次产卵的平均幼虫数量为 7,683 ± 5,947 尾,8 次产卵的总幼虫数量为 61,468 尾。通过亲子鉴定,64.3%的幼虫归属于一对繁殖者,34.3%的幼虫未归属于任何单一家庭,但不确定归属于三个以上的亲本。W1的运动活动量最大,而W2、CB和CN的运动次数没有明显差异。在所有组别中,在运动活动高峰期(19:00-20:00),观察到的主要繁殖行为是 "休息 "和 "跟随",而 "守护 "行为较少,只有在 W1 中观察到 "耦合 "行为。随着时间的推移,除 "跟随 "外,其他繁殖行为都有所减少。W1 在产卵前的幼鱼阶段与野生鱼类同居提供了社会学习机会,增加了活动和受精产卵。然而,成功产卵的数量很少,而且随着时间的推移,随着生殖行为的减少而停止。这表明,其他行为学习机制也可能参与繁殖成功,如繁殖优势、环境条件或荷尔蒙相互作用,这些都可能影响圈养繁殖者的繁殖生理过程。
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引用次数: 0
Killer whale fecal samples: How to get the most out of a single extraction 虎鲸粪便样本:如何最大限度地利用一次提取。
IF 2.7 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114544
V. Melica, S.J. Thornton

Fecal samples are a non-invasive and relatively accessible matrix for investigating physiological processes in resident killer whale (Orcinus orca) populations. The high lipid content of the diet (primarily salmonids) leads to lower density fecal material and slower dispersion, facilitating sample collection. As fecal discharge is relatively infrequent and the volume of sample is variable, maximizing analytical options is an important consideration. Here we present an extraction methodology to measure hormones and lipid content from the same fecal aliquot. Lipid extractions are commonly conducted using chloroform and methanol from Folch or Bligh and Dyer (B&D), while alcohol is the primary solvent for hormone extraction. We evaluated the possibility of using the methanol layer from lipid extractions to assess fecal steroid hormone levels. Folch and B&D methanol residues were assayed form metabolites of progesterone (PMs) and corticosterone (GCs), and results were compared to aliquots extracted in 70 % ethanol. Hormone concentrations measured in the methanol layer from Folch and B&D extractions were 55 % to 79 % lower than concentrations in 70 % ethanol. We developed mathematical corrections, using linear regression models fitted to Folch or B&D methanol vs 70 % ethanol hormone concentrations (p < 0.01). Fecal concentrations of PMs and GCs from methanol extractions were biologically validated and are significantly higher in confirmed pregnant females compared to non-pregnant individuals (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that lipid extraction protocols may be used for the analysis of multiple biomarkers, maximizing the use of small-volume samples.

粪便样本是研究虎鲸(虎鲸)种群生理过程的一种非侵入性且相对容易获取的基质。虎鲸的食物(主要是鲑鱼)脂质含量较高,导致排泄物密度较低,分散速度较慢,有利于样本采集。由于排泄物的排出频率相对较低,样本量也不固定,因此最大限度地提高分析选择是一个重要的考虑因素。在此,我们介绍一种提取方法,用于测量同一粪便等分样品中的激素和脂质含量。脂质提取通常使用 Folch 或 Bligh and Dyer(B&D)公司生产的氯仿和甲醇,而酒精是提取激素的主要溶剂。我们评估了使用脂质提取的甲醇层来评估粪便类固醇激素水平的可能性。我们对 Folch 和 B&D 甲醇残留物中的孕酮(PMs)和皮质酮(GCs)代谢物进行了检测,并将结果与用 70% 乙醇提取的等分样品进行了比较。从 Folch 和 B&D 提取液中测得的甲醇层中的激素浓度比 70% 乙醇中的浓度低 55% 到 79%。我们利用线性回归模型对 Folch 或 B&D 甲醇与 70% 乙醇中的激素浓度进行了数学修正(p
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引用次数: 0
Corticosterone release in very young siblicidal seabird chicks (Rissa tridactyla) is sensitive to environmental variability and responds rapidly and robustly to external challenges 雏海鸟(Rissa tridactyla)体内皮质酮的释放对环境变化非常敏感,并能对外界挑战做出快速而有力的反应。
IF 2.7 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114545
Z.M. Benowitz-Fredericks , A.P. Will , S.N. Pete , S. Whelan , A.S Kitaysky

In birds, patterns of development of the adrenocortical response to stressors vary among individuals, types of stressors, and species. Since there are benefits and costs of exposure to elevated glucocorticoids, this variation is presumably a product of selection such that animals modulate glucocorticoid secretion in contexts where doing so increases their fitness. In this study, we evaluated hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) activity in first-hatched free-living seabird nestlings that engage in intense sibling competition and facultative siblicide (black-legged kittiwakes, Rissa tridactyla). We sampled 5 day old chicks (of the ∼45 day nestling period), a critical early age when food availability drives establishment of important parent-offspring and intra-brood dynamics. We experimentally supplemented parents with food (“supplemented”) and measured chick baseline corticosterone secretion and capacity to rapidly increase corticosterone in response to an acute challenge (handling and 15 min of restraint in a bag). We also used topical administration of corticosterone to evaluate the ability of chicks to downregulate physiologically relevant corticosterone levels on a short time scale (minutes). We found that 5 day old chicks are not hypo-responsive but release corticosterone in proportion to the magnitude of the challenge, showing differences in baseline between parental feeding treatments (supplemented vs non-supplemented), moderate increases in response to handling, and a larger response to restraint (comparable to adults) that also differed between chicks from supplemented and control nests. Topical application of exogenous corticosterone increased circulating levels nearly to restraint-induced levels and induced downregulation of HPA responsiveness to the acute challenge of handling. Parental supplemental feeding did not affect absorbance/clearance or negative feedback. Thus, while endogenous secretion of corticosterone in young chicks is sensitive to environmental context, other aspects of the HPA function, such as rapid negative feedback and/or the ability to clear acute elevations in corticosterone, are not. We conclude that 5 day old kittiwake chicks are capable of robust adrenocortical responses to novel challenges, and are sensitive to parental food availability, which may be transduced behaviorally, nutritionally, or via maternal effects. Questions remain about the function of such rapid, large acute stress-induced increases in corticosterone in very young chicks.

在鸟类中,肾上腺皮质对应激源的反应模式因个体、应激源类型和物种而异。由于暴露于糖皮质激素升高的环境中既有益处也有代价,这种差异可能是选择的产物,即动物在糖皮质激素分泌增加的情况下会调节糖皮质激素的分泌。在这项研究中,我们评估了自由生活的海鸟(黑腿海燕,Rissa tridactlya)初孵雏鸟的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)活动。我们采集了 5 天大的雏鸟样本(雏鸟筑巢期为 45 天),这是一个关键的早期阶段,食物的可获得性会推动亲代之间和雏鸟内部重要动态关系的建立。我们在实验中为亲鸟补充食物("补充"),并测量雏鸟的基线皮质酮分泌量以及在应对急性挑战(搬运并在袋中束缚 15 分钟)时快速增加皮质酮的能力。我们还采用局部注射皮质酮的方法来评估雏鸡在短期内(几分钟)下调生理相关皮质酮水平的能力。我们发现,5日龄雏鸡的皮质酮释放量与挑战的程度成正比,并不是低反应,而是显示出父母喂养处理(补充与不补充)之间的基线差异,对处理的反应适度增加,对限制的反应较大(与成年雏鸡相当),补充雏鸡与对照雏鸡之间也存在差异。外源性皮质酮的局部应用可使循环水平提高到几乎达到束缚诱导的水平,并诱导下调HPA对急性束缚挑战的反应。亲本补充喂养不会影响吸收/清除率或负反馈。因此,虽然幼雏体内皮质酮的内源性分泌对环境背景很敏感,但 HPA 功能的其他方面,如快速负反馈和/或清除皮质酮急性升高的能力却不敏感。我们的结论是,5 日龄的小鹦鹉螺能够对新的挑战做出强有力的肾上腺皮质反应,并对父母的食物供应敏感,这可能是通过行为、营养或母体效应传递的。对于这种由急性应激引起的皮质酮快速、大量增加在非常年幼的雏鸟中的功能,仍然存在疑问。
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引用次数: 0
Genome-wide analysis of two different regions of brain reveals the molecular changes of fertility related genes in rln3a-/- mutants in male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) 对大脑两个不同区域的全基因组分析揭示了雄性尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)rln3a-/-突变体中生育力相关基因的分子变化。
IF 2.7 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114543
Tengfei Wu , You Wu , Yanlong Li , Yiyun Du , Saining Feng , Deshou Wang , Linyan Zhou

Relaxin3 (rln3) has been associated with various emotional and cognitive processes, including stress, anxiety, learning, memory, motivational behavior, and circadian rhythm. Notably, previous report revealed that Rln3a played an indispensable role in testicular development and male fertility in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. We found that Rln3a is expressed exclusively in the diencephalon* (Di*) of the brain. Deficiency of Rln3a resulted in a significant increase in serum dopamine level and an upregulation of gene expression of gnrh1 and kisspeptin2. To further elucidate the role of Rln3a in fish fertility, we collected two different regions of Di* and hypothalamus (Hyp) tissues for subsequent RNA-seq analysis of both wild-type (rln3a+/+) and rln3a-/- male tilapia. Upon the transcriptomic data, 1136 and 755 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the Di* and Hyp tissues, respectively. In Di*, the up-regulated genes were enriched in circadian rhythm, chemical carcinogenesis, while the down-regulated genes were enriched in type II diabetes mellitus, dopaminergic synapse, and other pathways. In Hyp, the up-regulated genes were enriched in circadian rhythm, pyrimidine metabolism, while the down-regulated genes were enriched in type I diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thyroid disease, and other pathways. Subsequently, the results of both qRT-PCR and FISH assays highlighted a pronounced up-regulation of core circadian rhythm genes, cry1b and per3, whereas genes such as clocka, clockb, and arntl exhibited down-regulation. Furthermore, the genes associated with dopamine biosynthesis were significantly increased in the Hyp. In summary, the mutation of rln3a in male tilapia resulted in notable changes in circadian rhythm and disease-linked signaling pathways in the Di* and Hyp. These changes might account for the fertility defects observed in rln3a-/- male mutants in tilapia.

松弛素3(Relaxin3,rln3)与各种情绪和认知过程有关,包括压力、焦虑、学习、记忆、动机行为和昼夜节律。值得注意的是,先前的报告显示,Rln3a 在尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)的睾丸发育和雄性生育能力中发挥着不可或缺的作用。然而,其潜在的分子机制在很大程度上仍然未知。我们发现,Rln3a只在大脑的间脑*(Di*)中表达。缺乏 Rln3a 会导致血清多巴胺水平显著升高,并上调 gnrh1 和 kisspeptin2 的基因表达。为了进一步阐明Rln3a在调节鱼类生育能力中的作用,我们收集了两个不同区域的Di*和下丘脑(Hyp)组织,随后对野生型(rln3a+/+)和rln3a-/-雄性罗非鱼进行了RNA-seq分析。根据转录组数据,在 Di* 和 Hyp 组织中分别发现了 1136 个和 755 个差异表达基因(DEGs)。在Di*中,上调基因主要集中在昼夜节律、化学致癌等方面,而下调基因则主要集中在II型糖尿病、多巴胺能突触等通路。在 Hyp 中,上调基因富集于昼夜节律、嘧啶代谢,下调基因富集于 I 型糖尿病、自身免疫性甲状腺疾病和其他通路。随后,qRT-PCR 和 FISH 检测结果表明,核心昼夜节律基因 cry1b 和 per3 明显上调,而 clocka、clockb 和 arntl 等基因则出现下调。此外,Hyp中与多巴胺生物合成相关的基因也明显增加。总之,雄性罗非鱼中 rln3a 的突变导致 Di* 和 Hyp 中昼夜节律和与疾病相关的信号通路发生明显变化。这些变化可能是在罗非鱼rln3a-/-雄性突变体中观察到的生育缺陷的原因。
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引用次数: 0
Functional characterization of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone receptors in cloudy catshark, Scyliorhinus torazame 云纹猫鲨卵泡刺激素和黄体生成素受体的功能特征。
IF 2.7 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114542
Shogo Arimura , Marty Kwok Shing Wong , Ryotaro Inoue , Mai Kawano , Koya Shimoyama , Chika Fujimori , Kotaro Tokunaga , Wataru Takagi , Susumu Hyodo

The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) in cloudy catshark were cloned, and recombinant FSHR and LHR were expressed for characterization. Ventral lobe extract (VLE) from the pituitary contains homologous FSH and LH, and it stimulated the cAMP signaling of FSHR and LHR dose-dependently. Two transcript variants of LHR (LHR-L with exon 10 and LHR-S without) were identified, and LHR-S was the dominant form with higher basal cAMP activity without VLE stimulation. Among various developmental stages of follicles, FSHR expression was mainly associated with the pre-vitellogenic and early white follicles. When follicles were recruited into vitellogenesis, the expression of FSHR decreased while of LHR was upregulated reciprocally, suggesting that LHR may also be responsible for the control of vitellogenesis in chondrichthyans. The expression of LHR-L was upregulated among maturing follicles before ovulation, indicating LHR-L could have a specific role in receiving the LH surge signal for final maturation. Plasma LH-like activity was transiently increased prior to the progesterone (P4)-surge and testosterone-drop at the beginning of P4-phase, supporting a pituitary control of follicle-maturation via LH signaling in chondrichthyans. The expression of follicular LHR was downregulated during the P4-phase when LH-like activity was high, indicating that the LH-dependent downregulation of LHR is conserved in chondrichthyans as it is in other vertebrate lineages. (213 words)

克隆了云纹猫鼬的卵泡刺激素受体(FSHR)和黄体生成素受体(LHR),并表达了重组的FSHR和LHR。垂体腹叶提取物(VLE)含有同源的FSH和LH,可剂量依赖性地刺激FSHR和LHR的cAMP信号转导。研究发现了两种LHR转录本变体(带外显子10的LHR-L和不带外显子10的LHR-S),其中LHR-S是显性变体,在没有VLE刺激的情况下具有更高的基础cAMP活性。在卵泡的不同发育阶段中,FSHR的表达主要与卵泡生成前期和早期白卵泡有关。当卵泡进入卵黄发生期时,FSHR的表达下降,而LHR的表达则上调,这表明LHR可能也是控制软骨鱼类卵黄发生的因子。在排卵前,成熟卵泡中LHR-L的表达上调,表明LHR-L可能在接收LH激增信号以实现最终成熟方面发挥了特殊作用。血浆LH样活性在孕酮(P4)激增和P4期开始时睾酮下降之前短暂增加,支持软骨鱼类通过LH信号控制卵泡成熟。当LH样活性较高时,卵泡LHR的表达在P4期被下调,这表明LH依赖性的LHR下调在软骨鱼类中与在其他脊椎动物中一样是保守的。(213个字)。
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引用次数: 0
Down-regulating the stress axis: Living in the present while preparing for the future 下调压力轴活在当下,准备未来
IF 2.7 3区 医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114541
Vincent A. Viblanc , Sylvia Pardonnet , Anouch Tamian , Laura K. McCaw , F. Stephen Dobson , Rudy Boonstra

The measurement of glucocorticoid (GC) hormones provides us with a window into the stress physiology of vertebrates and the adaptative responses they use to cope with predictable and unpredictable changes in the environment. Baseline GCs inform us about the metabolic demands they are subject to at that point in their yearly life-history stage, whereas GC changes (often increases) in response to acute challenges inform us on their capacity to cope with more immediate environmental challenges. However, baseline GC levels and the kinetics of GC responses to acute stressors can vary substantially among and within species, depending on individual characteristics (age, sex, condition, life-history stage). In addition, a thorough understanding of the stress status of an animal requires moving beyond the measurement of GCs alone by focusing on downstream measures of metabolic activation, such as oxidative stress. Here, we evaluated the changes in blood cortisol and oxidative stress markers in wild adult Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus), following a 30-min capture-handling stress performed in mid-late June. Measurements were taken when males were post-reproductive and preparing for hibernation and adult females were weaning litters. We found three key results. First, the time-course of GC increase was markedly slower (by an order of magnitude) than what is currently reported in the literature for most species of mammals, birds and reptiles. Second, there were marked differences in the male and female response, linked to differences in life-history stage: females close to weaning had abolished GC responses, whereas post-reproductive males did not. Third, there were mild to moderate increases in oxidative damage and decreases in oxidative defenses in response to our short-term challenge, consistent with the idea that short-term acute metabolic activation may carry physiological costs. However, these changes were not correlated to the changes in GCs, a novel result suggesting a disconnect between the hormonal stress response and oxidative damage.

糖皮质激素(GC)的测量为我们提供了一个窗口,让我们了解脊椎动物的应激生理以及它们用来应对环境中可预测和不可预测变化的适应性反应。基线 GCs 能让我们了解它们在一年的生命史阶段中的新陈代谢需求,而 GC 在应对急性挑战时的变化(通常是增加)则能让我们了解它们应对更直接的环境挑战的能力。然而,由于个体特征(年龄、性别、状况、生命史阶段)的不同,物种之间和物种内部的基线 GC 水平以及 GC 对急性应激源的反应动力学会有很大差异。此外,要全面了解动物的应激状态,就不能仅仅测量 GCs,还需要关注代谢激活的下游指标,如氧化应激。在这里,我们评估了野生成年哥伦布地松鼠(Urocitellus columbianus)在六月中下旬接受 30 分钟捕捉处理应激后血液皮质醇和氧化应激标记物的变化。测量是在雄性松鼠繁殖后准备冬眠和成年雌性松鼠断奶时进行的。我们发现了三个关键结果。首先,与目前大多数哺乳动物、鸟类和爬行动物物种的文献报道相比,GC 增加的时间过程明显较慢(慢了一个数量级)。其次,雄性和雌性的反应存在明显差异,这与生命史阶段的不同有关:即将断奶的雌性对 GC 的反应消失了,而生殖后的雄性则没有。第三,在我们的短期挑战中,氧化损伤轻度至中度增加,氧化防御能力下降,这与短期急性代谢激活可能带来生理代价的观点一致。然而,这些变化与 GCs 的变化无关,这一新颖的结果表明激素应激反应与氧化损伤之间存在脱节。
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引用次数: 0
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General and comparative endocrinology
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