This study examines the effect of common ownership on supply chain management. From our model analysis, the following results were obtained. First, under specific economic environments, manufacturer encroachment improves retailer payoff. Second, under specific economic environments, consumer surplus and total surplus are decreased by manufacturer encroachment. Generally, when many channels exist, desirable results are achieved for consumers because they can purchase products from their preferred channels. However, our results demonstrate that common ownership engenders better results in cases with fewer channels than in cases with more channels. Therefore, our results suggest that consumers should not simply enjoy many channels: they should also devote attention to the behavior of supply chain parties who have a common owner. Additionally, we demonstrate that increasing the share of ownership by the manufacturer improves the total surplus under a non-encroachment case.
{"title":"Manufacturer Encroachment in a Product Market and Common Ownership between Supply Chain Parties","authors":"Jumpei Hamamura","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3927240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3927240","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the effect of common ownership on supply chain management. From our model analysis, the following results were obtained. First, under specific economic environments, manufacturer encroachment improves retailer payoff. Second, under specific economic environments, consumer surplus and total surplus are decreased by manufacturer encroachment. Generally, when many channels exist, desirable results are achieved for consumers because they can purchase products from their preferred channels. However, our results demonstrate that common ownership engenders better results in cases with fewer channels than in cases with more channels. Therefore, our results suggest that consumers should not simply enjoy many channels: they should also devote attention to the behavior of supply chain parties who have a common owner. Additionally, we demonstrate that increasing the share of ownership by the manufacturer improves the total surplus under a non-encroachment case.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75676790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marathi Abstract: प्राचिन काळापासूनच शेती हा भारतीय लोकांचा प्रमूख व्यवसाय राहिलेला आहे. आज 65% लोकसंख्या शेतीवर विविध बाबतीत अवलंबून आहे. एके काळी भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्थेचा कणा समजली जाणारी कृषीचा कणा आज वाकत चाललेला आहे. याला मुख्य कारण म्हणजे सरकारी व्यवस्थेचे कृषीवरिल दुर्लक्ष आणि नव्याने सुरू झालेली जागतिकीकरणाची प्रक्रीया होय. अजपावेतो ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था टिकून आहे ती कृषी या एकाच घटकावर त्यातही आता जागतिकीकरणाच्या प्रक्रीयेची झड पोहचून ही अर्थव्यवस्था विस्कळी होण्याच्या वाटेवर आहे. 1 जानेवारी 1995 रोजी जागतिक व्यापार संघटनेच्या करारावर सह्या करून भारताने शेती क्षेत्राला जागतिकीकरणाच्या प्रक्रीयेत समावून घेतले. या बाबतीत 16 डिसेंबर 1999 रोजी भारत आणि अमेरिका दरम्यान गुप्त करार होवून भारताला आपल्या संरक्षित 715 कृषी वस्तूवरिल संख्यात्मक निर्बंध ही दुर करावे लागले. गॅट करार, डंकेल प्रस्ताव, विश्व व्यापार संघटना, आंतरराष्ट्रीय नाणेनिधी, जागतिक बँक या जागतिक संस्थांच्या माध्यमातून जागतिकीकरणाची संकल्पना साकार झालेली आहे. English Abstract: By signing the WTO Agreement on January 1, 1995, India incorporated the agricultural sector into the process of globalization. In this regard, a secret agreement was reached between India and the United States on December 16, 1999, and India had to lift the numerical restrictions on its protected 715 agricultural commodities. The concept of globalization has been realized through the GATT Agreement, the Dunkel Proposal, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Bank. Since the rules of TRIPS apply to living things, patents can be proposed for genes, cells, seeds, plants, and animals. According to the "Structural Adjustment Program" launched by the World Trade Organization (WTO), the policy pursued by the Government of India is detrimental to rural agriculture. In 1920.21, the per capita cultivable area has decreased from 1.11 acres to only 0.32 acres per capita, while the share of the non-agricultural area has increased from 196.6 lakh hectares to 244.8 hectares. This has a clear effect on the overall agricultural production.
{"title":"WTO आणि ग्रामीण विकासात कृषी (Agriculture in the WTO and Rural Development)","authors":"Dr. Rakshit Bagde","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3901752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3901752","url":null,"abstract":"Marathi Abstract: प्राचिन काळापासूनच शेती हा भारतीय लोकांचा प्रमूख व्यवसाय राहिलेला आहे. आज 65% लोकसंख्या शेतीवर विविध बाबतीत अवलंबून आहे. एके काळी भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्थेचा कणा समजली जाणारी कृषीचा कणा आज वाकत चाललेला आहे. याला मुख्य कारण म्हणजे सरकारी व्यवस्थेचे कृषीवरिल दुर्लक्ष आणि नव्याने सुरू झालेली जागतिकीकरणाची प्रक्रीया होय. अजपावेतो ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था टिकून आहे ती कृषी या एकाच घटकावर त्यातही आता जागतिकीकरणाच्या प्रक्रीयेची झड पोहचून ही अर्थव्यवस्था विस्कळी होण्याच्या वाटेवर आहे. 1 जानेवारी 1995 रोजी जागतिक व्यापार संघटनेच्या करारावर सह्या करून भारताने शेती क्षेत्राला जागतिकीकरणाच्या प्रक्रीयेत समावून घेतले. या बाबतीत 16 डिसेंबर 1999 रोजी भारत आणि अमेरिका दरम्यान गुप्त करार होवून भारताला आपल्या संरक्षित 715 कृषी वस्तूवरिल संख्यात्मक निर्बंध ही दुर करावे लागले. गॅट करार, डंकेल प्रस्ताव, विश्व व्यापार संघटना, आंतरराष्ट्रीय नाणेनिधी, जागतिक बँक या जागतिक संस्थांच्या माध्यमातून जागतिकीकरणाची संकल्पना साकार झालेली आहे. English Abstract: By signing the WTO Agreement on January 1, 1995, India incorporated the agricultural sector into the process of globalization. In this regard, a secret agreement was reached between India and the United States on December 16, 1999, and India had to lift the numerical restrictions on its protected 715 agricultural commodities. The concept of globalization has been realized through the GATT Agreement, the Dunkel Proposal, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Bank. Since the rules of TRIPS apply to living things, patents can be proposed for genes, cells, seeds, plants, and animals. According to the \"Structural Adjustment Program\" launched by the World Trade Organization (WTO), the policy pursued by the Government of India is detrimental to rural agriculture. In 1920.21, the per capita cultivable area has decreased from 1.11 acres to only 0.32 acres per capita, while the share of the non-agricultural area has increased from 196.6 lakh hectares to 244.8 hectares. This has a clear effect on the overall agricultural production.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86394735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The global production as a system of creating values is eventually forming a vast web of value chains. It explains the transitional structures of world trade and development of the world economy. It is truly a new wave of globalisation, and we term it as the global value chains (GVCs), creating the nexus among firms, workers and consumers around the globe. The emergence of this new scenario raises some crucial questions. It asks how an economy's businesses, producers and employees are connecting to the global economy. How are they capturing the gains out of it regarding different dimensions of economic development? Indeed, this GVC approach is very crucial for understanding the organisation of the global industries and firms. It requires analysing the statics and dynamics of different economic players involved in this complex global production network. Its widespread notion deals with diverse global, regional, and local issues from the top-down to bottom-up, building scope for policy analysis. In this context, this study will attempt to quantify the extent and impacts of India's engagement in GVCs, based on available data. It will also strive to propose a comprehensive strategic framework to identify the objectives of India's GVC participation and development with some suitable economic strategies to achieve them.
{"title":"Mechanics of Global Value Chains: India's Perspective","authors":"S. Dutta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3874419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3874419","url":null,"abstract":"The global production as a system of creating values is eventually forming a vast web of value chains. It explains the transitional structures of world trade and development of the world economy. It is truly a new wave of globalisation, and we term it as the global value chains (GVCs), creating the nexus among firms, workers and consumers around the globe. The emergence of this new scenario raises some crucial questions. It asks how an economy's businesses, producers and employees are connecting to the global economy. How are they capturing the gains out of it regarding different dimensions of economic development? Indeed, this GVC approach is very crucial for understanding the organisation of the global industries and firms. It requires analysing the statics and dynamics of different economic players involved in this complex global production network. Its widespread notion deals with diverse global, regional, and local issues from the top-down to bottom-up, building scope for policy analysis. In this context, this study will attempt to quantify the extent and impacts of India's engagement in GVCs, based on available data. It will also strive to propose a comprehensive strategic framework to identify the objectives of India's GVC participation and development with some suitable economic strategies to achieve them.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76983080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In manufacturing, a product is composed of several parts getting from different manufacturers. However, some counterfeit parts may come into the supply chain. If we are applying technologies that are against fraud to each part of a product, the cost will be increased. Combination of block chain and Internet of Things can give a solution. Each part of a product is tied with a unique Product Information Code (PIC). Moreover, an unchanging over time is linked with this PIC code. The recognition of each part can then be saved in a block chain, which is tamper-proof. For an example, the product can be authenticated through a block chain database. We propose a smart contract based verification to ensure data source of supply chain using Block-chain of Things (BcoT) system. It can also be used to reduce the cost of after-sale of an item. Since it does not allow third parties in all stages of the supply chain, it fastens the speed and reduces the danger in supply chain management.
{"title":"A Block-Chain of Things (BcoT) Based System for Detecting Counterfeit Products in Supply Chain Management","authors":"Jayaprasanna M.C., S. S.","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3852852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3852852","url":null,"abstract":"In manufacturing, a product is composed of several parts getting from different manufacturers. However, some counterfeit parts may come into the supply chain. If we are applying technologies that are against fraud to each part of a product, the cost will be increased. Combination of block chain and Internet of Things can give a solution. Each part of a product is tied with a unique Product Information Code (PIC). Moreover, an unchanging over time is linked with this PIC code. The recognition of each part can then be saved in a block chain, which is tamper-proof. For an example, the product can be authenticated through a block chain database. We propose a smart contract based verification to ensure data source of supply chain using Block-chain of Things (BcoT) system. It can also be used to reduce the cost of after-sale of an item. Since it does not allow third parties in all stages of the supply chain, it fastens the speed and reduces the danger in supply chain management.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77098917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the inflation hedging ability of various commodity futures using Markov-switching vector error correction models (MS-VECM). We find that total commodity futures fail to provide a hedge against inflation over the sample period between January 1983 and December 2021. However, industrial metals and precious metals are able to hedge against inflation. Other sub-indexes, including energy, agriculture, and livestock, do not have a significant inflation hedging ability. The inflation hedging capacity of industrial metals exhibits substantial variation over time, with most of the inflation hedging power occurring during the relatively longer and more common regimes covering the Great Moderation, the post-subprime crisis, and the periods after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. We further evaluate the inflation hedge ability of commodity futures by including stocks and bonds in the model. Our results suggest that industrial metals are more reliable inflation hedges.
{"title":"Are commodity futures a hedge against inflation? A Markov-switching approach","authors":"Chunbo Liu, Xuan Zhang, Zhiping Zhou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3864686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3864686","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the inflation hedging ability of various commodity futures using Markov-switching vector error correction models (MS-VECM). We find that total commodity futures fail to provide a hedge against inflation over the sample period between January 1983 and December 2021. However, industrial metals and precious metals are able to hedge against inflation. Other sub-indexes, including energy, agriculture, and livestock, do not have a significant inflation hedging ability. The inflation hedging capacity of industrial metals exhibits substantial variation over time, with most of the inflation hedging power occurring during the relatively longer and more common regimes covering the Great Moderation, the post-subprime crisis, and the periods after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. We further evaluate the inflation hedge ability of commodity futures by including stocks and bonds in the model. Our results suggest that industrial metals are more reliable inflation hedges.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75391183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Problem definition: In practice, trade credit (TC) is often offered in a contract that stipulates a single, fixed interest, rather than an interest menu contingent on the loan amount. We examine why a supplier uses such a single-interest contract and why a buyer who can access perfect external capital (EC) with contingent interest may use TC, when the supplier does not share the buyer’s demand risk. Methodology/results: We solve a dynamic game between a supplier and two buyers, who have access to EC and compete in a Cournot game in the product market. We show that the single-interest contract incentivizes a buyer to order more. Thus, such a contract benefits the supplier and makes TC a strategic device for buyers to commit to competing aggressively. Opposite to well-known results, we show that buyers may benefit from using strategic TC, because their access to EC gives them strong pricing power that yields sufficiently low wholesale price. The entire supply chain also benefits because the over-ordering distortion under TC mitigates the under-ordering problem caused by double marginalization. Managerial implications: Our analysis implies that, to weaken buyers’ pricing power and improve profit, the supplier should offer cheap TC—for example, in net terms to—financially resourceful buyers and expensive TC—for example, with early payment discount—to financially constrained buyers, as observed in practice. We find strategic TC to yield increasingly more benefit for the supplier as its production cost decreases and may allow the buyer to maximize its payoff at an intermediate consumers’ willingness-to-pay that leads to strong pricing power and low wholesale price.
{"title":"Strategic Trade Credit in a Supply Chain With Buyer Competition","authors":"Jie Ning","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3474543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3474543","url":null,"abstract":"Problem definition: In practice, trade credit (TC) is often offered in a contract that stipulates a single, fixed interest, rather than an interest menu contingent on the loan amount. We examine why a supplier uses such a single-interest contract and why a buyer who can access perfect external capital (EC) with contingent interest may use TC, when the supplier does not share the buyer’s demand risk. Methodology/results: We solve a dynamic game between a supplier and two buyers, who have access to EC and compete in a Cournot game in the product market. We show that the single-interest contract incentivizes a buyer to order more. Thus, such a contract benefits the supplier and makes TC a strategic device for buyers to commit to competing aggressively. Opposite to well-known results, we show that buyers may benefit from using strategic TC, because their access to EC gives them strong pricing power that yields sufficiently low wholesale price. The entire supply chain also benefits because the over-ordering distortion under TC mitigates the under-ordering problem caused by double marginalization. Managerial implications: Our analysis implies that, to weaken buyers’ pricing power and improve profit, the supplier should offer cheap TC—for example, in net terms to—financially resourceful buyers and expensive TC—for example, with early payment discount—to financially constrained buyers, as observed in practice. We find strategic TC to yield increasingly more benefit for the supplier as its production cost decreases and may allow the buyer to maximize its payoff at an intermediate consumers’ willingness-to-pay that leads to strong pricing power and low wholesale price.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79203398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What are the attributes of the best performing supply chains? According to Lee (2004), the best supply chains are agile, adaptable, and ensure the interests of all participating companies stay aligned, i.e., The Triple-A framework. Fifteen years later, we find global supply chains exposed, with an increasing frequency and alarming severity, to low probability disruptive shocks. We revisit the question of the current attributes of best performing supply chains in a highly uncertain and risk fraught world. Using the lessons of the last twenty years, we propose a new framework, the “Triple A & R” framework, as the foundational concept for defining excellence capabilities in global supply chains. Supply chains have to enhance agility with robustness, for real time excellent performance across a wide-range of risk scenarios. Adaptability has to go beyond adjustment to trends and require the building of resilience to recover from current shocks and proactively mitigate future such shocks. We need to rethink and pursue re-alignment of incentives for a “new normal” with changing consumer preferences, new value propositions and innovative business models. We review relevant literature that supported the implementation of Triple-A practices in the best chains, and highlight the challenges faced by them in the last twenty years. We offer an array of interesting research directions to flesh out “Triple A & R” concepts and develop practices for its effective implementation.
{"title":"Revisit of AAA Excellence of Global Value Chains: Robustness, Resilience and Realignment","authors":"Morris A. Cohen, Panos Kouvelis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3726254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3726254","url":null,"abstract":"What are the attributes of the best performing supply chains? According to Lee (2004), the best supply chains are agile, adaptable, and ensure the interests of all participating companies stay aligned, i.e., The Triple-A framework. Fifteen years later, we find global supply chains exposed, with an increasing frequency and alarming severity, to low probability disruptive shocks. We revisit the question of the current attributes of best performing supply chains in a highly uncertain and risk fraught world. Using the lessons of the last twenty years, we propose a new framework, the “Triple A & R” framework, as the foundational concept for defining excellence capabilities in global supply chains. Supply chains have to enhance agility with robustness, for real time excellent performance across a wide-range of risk scenarios. Adaptability has to go beyond adjustment to trends and require the building of resilience to recover from current shocks and proactively mitigate future such shocks. We need to rethink and pursue re-alignment of incentives for a “new normal” with changing consumer preferences, new value propositions and innovative business models. We review relevant literature that supported the implementation of Triple-A practices in the best chains, and highlight the challenges faced by them in the last twenty years. We offer an array of interesting research directions to flesh out “Triple A & R” concepts and develop practices for its effective implementation.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84980452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID 19 pandemic has had wide-ranging and severe effects on global economies. Stock markets as usual were the first to react, with drop rates as much as the global financial crises of 2008. This study uses daily data to model the dynamic impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on the first affected countries’ stock market indices and the global commodity markets. The panel least squares Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) estimation results confirm the negative short-termed impact of the virus spread rate on the returns of the stock market indices. The spread rate is also significant to explain changes related to the prices of platinum, silver, West Texas Intermediate (WTI), and Brent crude oil.
{"title":"First to React Is Last to Forgive: Evidence from the Stock Market Impact of COVID 19","authors":"S. Hassan, John Michael Riveros Gavilanes","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3661746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3661746","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID 19 pandemic has had wide-ranging and severe effects on global economies. Stock markets as usual were the first to react, with drop rates as much as the global financial crises of 2008. This study uses daily data to model the dynamic impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on the first affected countries’ stock market indices and the global commodity markets. The panel least squares Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) estimation results confirm the negative short-termed impact of the virus spread rate on the returns of the stock market indices. The spread rate is also significant to explain changes related to the prices of platinum, silver, West Texas Intermediate (WTI), and Brent crude oil.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"394 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80267145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Procurement programs often aim to rely on a diverse pool of suppliers, besides achieving cost effectiveness. We propose complementing a share auction for dual sourcing with affirmative action to create an endogenous set-aside for a high-cost supplier. In our model more intensive affirmative action strengthens the targeted provider. This has the potential to level the playing field, inducing more competitive procurement overall. Our main result provides a condition under which the endogenous set-aside not only guarantees a very substantial share for the high-cost supplier, but also reduces the buyer's provision cost compared to a standard auction. This result is robust to providers' probabilistic beliefs about each other, and how affirmative action programs are implemented. We also illustrate how our approach can help to reduce the severity and likelihood of health product shortages, such as those occurred during the recent COVID-19 outbreak.
{"title":"Affirmative Action and Dual Sourcing: Towards Supplier Diversity before the Time of Cholera","authors":"José Alcalde, M. Dahm","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3572009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3572009","url":null,"abstract":"Procurement programs often aim to rely on a diverse pool of suppliers, besides achieving cost effectiveness. We propose complementing a share auction for dual sourcing with affirmative action to create an endogenous set-aside for a high-cost supplier. In our model more intensive affirmative action strengthens the targeted provider. This has the potential to level the playing field, inducing more competitive procurement overall. Our main result provides a condition under which the endogenous set-aside not only guarantees a very substantial share for the high-cost supplier, but also reduces the buyer's provision cost compared to a standard auction. This result is robust to providers' probabilistic beliefs about each other, and how affirmative action programs are implemented. We also illustrate how our approach can help to reduce the severity and likelihood of health product shortages, such as those occurred during the recent COVID-19 outbreak.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84475156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We extend our validated system dynamics models that we deployed 11 years ago during the credit crisis to model the production lockdown caused by the Covid-19 crisis. We estimate the supply chain dynamics that we may see unfold over the next few months. Our results suggest that inventory dynamics may be very large, caused by dramatic drops in demand. Regardless of how the market recovery will evolve, we demonstrate the criticality of monitoring cumulative supply chain inventory and market demand. For companies upstream in the supply chain, the impact of the inventory evolution is much stronger than the exact details of the market recovery. Our work and results are indicative, and definitive insights can only be obtained in hindsight. In view of the importance of sharing our insights, and given that our structural results are very robust to errors in market demand estimation, we have decided to write this paper now. We solicit your feedback; please do get in touch.
{"title":"Exiting a COVID-19 Lockdown: The Bumpy Road Ahead for Many Supply Chains","authors":"J. Fransoo, Maximiliano Udenio","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3590153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3590153","url":null,"abstract":"We extend our validated system dynamics models that we deployed 11 years ago during the credit crisis to model the production lockdown caused by the Covid-19 crisis. We estimate the supply chain dynamics that we may see unfold over the next few months. Our results suggest that inventory dynamics may be very large, caused by dramatic drops in demand. Regardless of how the market recovery will evolve, we demonstrate the criticality of monitoring cumulative supply chain inventory and market demand. For companies upstream in the supply chain, the impact of the inventory evolution is much stronger than the exact details of the market recovery. \u0000 \u0000Our work and results are indicative, and definitive insights can only be obtained in hindsight. In view of the importance of sharing our insights, and given that our structural results are very robust to errors in market demand estimation, we have decided to write this paper now. We solicit your feedback; please do get in touch.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80037108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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