The purpose of the present research is the study of the association amidst the practices of electronic procurement and its impact on supply chain performance. We analyzed four prime practices of e-procurement that known as electronic design, electronic sourcing, electronic negotiation, and electronic evaluation. Data was collected from 239 respondents doing jobs related to supply chain management using the Likert scale Questionnaire that was adopted from (Chang, Tsai, & Hsu, 2013) The data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling as well as Confirmatory Factor analysis. The results suggested that electronic design and electronic evaluation shown a positive and significant impact on supply chain performance whereas, electronic negotiation and electronic sourcing didn’t show a significant impact on supply chain performance. Hence, the findings imply that compare to electronic sourcing and electronic negotiation, electronic design, and electronic evaluation has more effect on supply chain performance. The administration must focus more on electronic design and electronic evaluation than electronic sourcing and electronic negotiation. Furthermore, the study advocates integration among supply chain members is equally important as to focus on joint learning practice because it leads to augment the supply chain performance. In addition, the study advocates that electronic procurement is at the side of the input of the supply chain system, therefore, it is more valuable for the industry to develop an innovative and effective process that satisfies all the needs of the organizational supply chain.
{"title":"The Impact of E-Procurement Practices on Supply Chain Performance: A Case of B2B Procurement in Pakistani Industry","authors":"M. Faheem, D. Siddiqui","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3510616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3510616","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the present research is the study of the association amidst the practices of electronic procurement and its impact on supply chain performance. We analyzed four prime practices of e-procurement that known as electronic design, electronic sourcing, electronic negotiation, and electronic evaluation. Data was collected from 239 respondents doing jobs related to supply chain management using the Likert scale Questionnaire that was adopted from (Chang, Tsai, & Hsu, 2013) The data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling as well as Confirmatory Factor analysis. The results suggested that electronic design and electronic evaluation shown a positive and significant impact on supply chain performance whereas, electronic negotiation and electronic sourcing didn’t show a significant impact on supply chain performance. Hence, the findings imply that compare to electronic sourcing and electronic negotiation, electronic design, and electronic evaluation has more effect on supply chain performance. The administration must focus more on electronic design and electronic evaluation than electronic sourcing and electronic negotiation. Furthermore, the study advocates integration among supply chain members is equally important as to focus on joint learning practice because it leads to augment the supply chain performance. In addition, the study advocates that electronic procurement is at the side of the input of the supply chain system, therefore, it is more valuable for the industry to develop an innovative and effective process that satisfies all the needs of the organizational supply chain.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72956092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Professor Alain Ndedi, Dr Julien Grégoire Onguene Ateba, Dr Sylvain Obono Mvogo
French Abstract: L’objectif de cette communication est de démontrer que laReverselogistics (Logistique inverse ou logistique de retour) dans les Industries Agro-alimentaires(IAA) peut contribuer au développement durable du Cameroun. La reverse logisticsdans les IAAest au centre de l’approvisionnement des entreprises en matières premières non biodégradables dans la Supply Chain. La livraison retour des entreprisespar cesfluxpermet de produire et créer rapidement des revenus et par conséquent, le Cameroun y tire de la croissance économique, améliorant le bien-être des populations actuelles tout en préservant celui des générations futures. Cette démonstration est faite à partir de l’analyse de l’impact de ces flux sur les entreprises sur le long terme. Il ressort des résultats empiriques, que la Reverse logistics dans les IAA ne contribue pas assez au développement durable à cause de l’absence de gouvernance environnementale. Autrement dit, un laxisme notoire du respect des lois, de la réglementation et des normes dans les institutions publiques en charge de l’environnement.
English Abstract: The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that Reverse logistics (Reverse Logistics or Return Logistics) in the Agrifood Industries (IAA) can contribute to the sustainable development of Cameroon. Reverse logistics in the IAA is at the center of supplying companies with non-biodegradable raw materials in the Supply Chain. The return delivery of the companies by these flows makes it possible to produce and quickly create incomes and consequently, Cameroon draws there from economic growth, improving the well-being of the current populations while preserving that of the future generations. This demonstration is made from an analysis of the long-term impact of these flows on businesses. Empirical results show that Reverse Logistics in LPNs does not contribute enough to sustainable development because of the lack of environmental governance. In other words, a notorious laxity in respecting laws, regulations and standards in public institutions in charge of the environment.
{"title":"Reverse Logistics dans les Industries Agro-alimentaires: Une alternative au développement durable au Cameroun (Reverse Logistics in the Food Industry: An Alternative to Sustainable Development in Cameroon)","authors":"Professor Alain Ndedi, Dr Julien Grégoire Onguene Ateba, Dr Sylvain Obono Mvogo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3508793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3508793","url":null,"abstract":"<b>French Abstract:</b> L’objectif de cette communication est de démontrer que laReverselogistics (Logistique inverse ou logistique de retour) dans les Industries Agro-alimentaires(IAA) peut contribuer au développement durable du Cameroun. La reverse logisticsdans les IAAest au centre de l’approvisionnement des entreprises en matières premières non biodégradables dans la Supply Chain. La livraison retour des entreprisespar cesfluxpermet de produire et créer rapidement des revenus et par conséquent, le Cameroun y tire de la croissance économique, améliorant le bien-être des populations actuelles tout en préservant celui des générations futures. Cette démonstration est faite à partir de l’analyse de l’impact de ces flux sur les entreprises sur le long terme. Il ressort des résultats empiriques, que la Reverse logistics dans les IAA ne contribue pas assez au développement durable à cause de l’absence de gouvernance environnementale. Autrement dit, un laxisme notoire du respect des lois, de la réglementation et des normes dans les institutions publiques en charge de l’environnement.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that Reverse logistics (Reverse Logistics or Return Logistics) in the Agrifood Industries (IAA) can contribute to the sustainable development of Cameroon. Reverse logistics in the IAA is at the center of supplying companies with non-biodegradable raw materials in the Supply Chain. The return delivery of the companies by these flows makes it possible to produce and quickly create incomes and consequently, Cameroon draws there from economic growth, improving the well-being of the current populations while preserving that of the future generations. This demonstration is made from an analysis of the long-term impact of these flows on businesses. Empirical results show that Reverse Logistics in LPNs does not contribute enough to sustainable development because of the lack of environmental governance. In other words, a notorious laxity in respecting laws, regulations and standards in public institutions in charge of the environment.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89735281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines how firms adapt to climate-change risks resulting from their supply-chain networks. Combining a large sample of global supplier-customer relationships with granular data on local temperatures and flooding incidents, we first document that the occurrence of climate shocks at affected supplier firms has both a large direct and indirect negative effect on earnings and revenues of suppliers and their customers. Second, we show that customers are 10% to 20% more likely to terminate existing supplier-relationships when realized climate shocks at the supplier firms exceed ex-ante expected climate shocks. Further, customers subsequently switch to suppliers with lower heatwave and flooding exposure. Our results indicate that climate change affects the formation of global production networks.
{"title":"Climate Change and Adaptation in Global Supply-Chain Networks","authors":"Nora M. C. Pankratz, Christopher M. Schiller","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3475416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3475416","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how firms adapt to climate-change risks resulting from their supply-chain networks. Combining a large sample of global supplier-customer relationships with granular data on local temperatures and flooding incidents, we first document that the occurrence of climate shocks at affected supplier firms has both a large direct and indirect negative effect on earnings and revenues of suppliers and their customers. Second, we show that customers are 10% to 20% more likely to terminate existing supplier-relationships when realized climate shocks at the supplier firms exceed ex-ante expected climate shocks. Further, customers subsequently switch to suppliers with lower heatwave and flooding exposure. Our results indicate that climate change affects the formation of global production networks.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77709275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The World Trade Organization Trade Facilitation Agreement that entered into force in 2017 encourages the migration of trade processes from paper to electronic form and the modernisation of trade management systems. The foundations for current progress in trade facilitation were laid during decades of work by the World Customs Organization and other standard setting bodies to promote the use of standards in trade processes. Trade facilitation efforts are taking place within a broader push toward the digital transformation of business generally, and the growing importance of platforms as a business model and network governance mechanism. There is a risk that collective action problems arising within domestic and global markets will fragment the emerging digital architecture of global markets into many separate “national single window” systems. Platforms succeed by discovering how to organize cross-subsidies among different groups of stakeholders. If a global trade platform operator were to emerge, that might mitigate the risk of fragmentation of the emerging global trade architecture but give rise to different risks.
{"title":"Trade Facilitation, Digital Transformation and the Emergence of Global Trade Platforms","authors":"J. Winn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3412370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3412370","url":null,"abstract":"The World Trade Organization Trade Facilitation Agreement that entered into force in 2017 encourages the migration of trade processes from paper to electronic form and the modernisation of trade management systems. The foundations for current progress in trade facilitation were laid during decades of work by the World Customs Organization and other standard setting bodies to promote the use of standards in trade processes. Trade facilitation efforts are taking place within a broader push toward the digital transformation of business generally, and the growing importance of platforms as a business model and network governance mechanism. There is a risk that collective action problems arising within domestic and global markets will fragment the emerging digital architecture of global markets into many separate “national single window” systems. Platforms succeed by discovering how to organize cross-subsidies among different groups of stakeholders. If a global trade platform operator were to emerge, that might mitigate the risk of fragmentation of the emerging global trade architecture but give rise to different risks.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82085790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper conceptualizes digital procurement readiness as a dyadic construct and introduces the supply chain practice view (SCPV) as a theoretical lens that can help guide future research on digital procurement. We build on a literature review and on dyadic, explanatory case studies to provide a nuanced understanding of how the digital readiness of supply chain partners—on both sides of the dyad—needs to co-evolve for the implementation of digital procurement practices. Specifically, we outline how the SCPV can serve as both a holistic and a supply chain-specific framework for future research on the following: 1) the antecedents that help explain why supply chain partners adopt inter-organizational digital procurement practices, and 2) the relational performance outcomes derived from their use. For managers, this study implies the need to explicitly consider interactions with and influences of supply chain partners in their quest to rapidly and effectively digitalize procurement.
{"title":"You’ll Never Walk Alone: Why We Need a Supply Chain Practice View on Digital Procurement","authors":"Tobias Kosmol, Felix Reimann, Lutz Kaufmann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3423299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3423299","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper conceptualizes digital procurement readiness as a dyadic construct and introduces the supply chain practice view (SCPV) as a theoretical lens that can help guide future research on digital procurement. We build on a literature review and on dyadic, explanatory case studies to provide a nuanced understanding of how the digital readiness of supply chain partners—on both sides of the dyad—needs to co-evolve for the implementation of digital procurement practices. Specifically, we outline how the SCPV can serve as both a holistic and a supply chain-specific framework for future research on the following: 1) the antecedents that help explain why supply chain partners adopt inter-organizational digital procurement practices, and 2) the relational performance outcomes derived from their use. For managers, this study implies the need to explicitly consider interactions with and influences of supply chain partners in their quest to rapidly and effectively digitalize procurement.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84920585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paper Hard Landing of Soft Commodities in 2019 : demystifies prevailing condition in soft commodity market and what will be way forward in 2019. (The Domino Effect or The Paradox of Plenty???)
{"title":"Hard Landing of Soft Commodities in 2019 (The Domino Effect or The Paradox of Plenty???) (Presentation Slides)","authors":"Ali Muhammad Lakdawala","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3631699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3631699","url":null,"abstract":"Paper Hard Landing of Soft Commodities in 2019 : demystifies prevailing condition in soft commodity market and what will be way forward in 2019. \u0000 \u0000(The Domino Effect or The Paradox of Plenty???)","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84769346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, we revive an old debate in the law and economics literature: the relative role of public and private (market-based) sanctions in deterring misconduct. We offer a novel framework, which accounts for public sanctions and a more direct measure of private sanctions, harnessing recent developments in opinion mining. We use the intensity and the sentiment of media exposure of misconduct as a measure of reputational effect and thus an approximation of the private sanction. As a demonstration, we combine event study techniques, sentiment analysis, and classic econometrics on a sample of 339 listed cartel member firms, prosecuted by the European Commission between 1992 and 2015. We offer evidence that in the context of cartels, public and private sanctions act as substitutes.
{"title":"Public and Reputational Sanctions: The Case of Cartels","authors":"Franco Mariuzzo, Peter L. Ormosi, Zherou Majied","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3315305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3315305","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we revive an old debate in the law and economics literature: the relative role of public and private (market-based) sanctions in deterring misconduct. We offer a novel framework, which accounts for public sanctions and a more direct measure of private sanctions, harnessing recent developments in opinion mining. We use the intensity and the sentiment of media exposure of misconduct as a measure of reputational effect and thus an approximation of the private sanction. As a demonstration, we combine event study techniques, sentiment analysis, and classic econometrics on a sample of 339 listed cartel member firms, prosecuted by the European Commission between 1992 and 2015. We offer evidence that in the context of cartels, public and private sanctions act as substitutes.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82749637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Present study is conducted to investigate the impact of top management commitment on supply chain responsiveness with mediating role of organizational factors, mutual understanding, and flow of information, relationship and decision making.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A sample of 120 respondents is collected from various construction projects. In survey process adopted questionnaire is used to investigate the hypotheses. The study used descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and correlation analysis.
Findings: Based on SEM and CFA it is supported that responsiveness of supply chain is directly and significantly affected by top management commitment and indirectly affected by mediators including information sharing and mutual trust. Yet results did not support indirect effect of organizational factors and relationship & decision making. Results of the study implies that the effectiveness of supply chain could be quantified and adopted by industry professionals for comparing the effectiveness of SCM for a bench marking purpose.
{"title":"The Factors Impacting the Success of Supply Chain Management in the Construction Industry of Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Sher Gabol, D. Siddiqui","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3382200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3382200","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Present study is conducted to investigate the impact of top management commitment on supply chain responsiveness with mediating role of organizational factors, mutual understanding, and flow of information, relationship and decision making.<br><br>Design/Methodology/Approach: A sample of 120 respondents is collected from various construction projects. In survey process adopted questionnaire is used to investigate the hypotheses. The study used descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and correlation analysis.<br><br>Findings: Based on SEM and CFA it is supported that responsiveness of supply chain is directly and significantly affected by top management commitment and indirectly affected by mediators including information sharing and mutual trust. Yet results did not support indirect effect of organizational factors and relationship & decision making. Results of the study implies that the effectiveness of supply chain could be quantified and adopted by industry professionals for comparing the effectiveness of SCM for a bench marking purpose.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"365 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76523964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies the effect of forward contracts on the stability of collusion among firms, competing in supply functions on the spot market. A forward market can increase the range of discount factors which allow to sustain collusion. On the contrary, collusion is destabilised when a potential deviator sells a significant amount forward. Results do not depend on the type (financial or physical) of contract fulfilment and are robust to different levels of demand uncertainty. As a policy implication, the study finds that liquid and anonymous forward markets are incompatible with collusion.
{"title":"Forward Trading and Collusion in Supply Functions","authors":"N. Wölfing","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3336525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3336525","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the effect of forward contracts on the stability of collusion among firms, competing in supply functions on the spot market. A forward market can increase the range of discount factors which allow to sustain collusion. On the contrary, collusion is destabilised when a potential deviator sells a significant amount forward. Results do not depend on the type (financial or physical) of contract fulfilment and are robust to different levels of demand uncertainty. As a policy implication, the study finds that liquid and anonymous forward markets are incompatible with collusion.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90807872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Profit and loss distributions of trading strategies with position limits and transactions costs are divided on industry gain and traders interest and determined for a single futures contract. Open interest and volume are expressed for a multiset of strategies with constraints. These strategies are more complicated than Dyck and Motzkin paths. A generating polynomial for the number of integer partitions with labeled parts in a multiset and two algorithms are presented. Weibull, Gamma, Kumaraswamy distributions for sample statistics of skewness and excess kurtosis of tick volumes are discussed.
{"title":"Profit and Loss Distributions on a Market of Single Futures Contract","authors":"V. Salov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3305964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3305964","url":null,"abstract":"Profit and loss distributions of trading strategies with position limits and transactions costs are divided on industry gain and traders interest and determined for a single futures contract. Open interest and volume are expressed for a multiset of strategies with constraints. These strategies are more complicated than Dyck and Motzkin paths. A generating polynomial for the number of integer partitions with labeled parts in a multiset and two algorithms are presented. Weibull, Gamma, Kumaraswamy distributions for sample statistics of skewness and excess kurtosis of tick volumes are discussed.","PeriodicalId":12584,"journal":{"name":"Global Commodity Issues eJournal","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76693319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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