Pub Date : 2017-03-13DOI: 10.13133/2037-3651_70.277_4
A. Bendinelli
Utilizzando un grande dataset rappresentante del mercato del lavoro italiano, l'articolo valuta le recenti riforme strutturali in Italia, in particolare il cosiddetto Jobs Act e uno schema su larga scala di sussidi all'occupazione. Usando tecniche di differenza nella differenza, l'autore mostra che le riforme hanno avuto un impatto positivo sul numero di contratti di lavoro a tempo indeterminato "standard" come parte dei nuovi contratti di lavoro. Tuttavia, non sara possibile sbrogliare l'impatto delle varie riforme prima di diversi anni. Using a large dataset representative of the Italian labour market, the article evaluates the recent structural reforms in Italy, especially the so-called Jobs Act and a large-scale scheme of employment subsidies. Using difference-in-difference techniques, the author shows that the reforms had a positive impact on the number of "standard" open-ended employment contracts as a share of new employment contracts. However, disentangling the impact of the various reforms will not be possible before several years. JEL: J08, J21, D04
{"title":"Incentivi Al Lavoro Permanente E Contratto a Tutele Crescenti: Un Approccio Controfattuale Alla Stima Dell’Impatto Sulle Assunzioni a Tempo Indeterminato Nel 2015 (Bonuses to Permanent Employment and the New Italian Employment Contract)","authors":"A. Bendinelli","doi":"10.13133/2037-3651_70.277_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13133/2037-3651_70.277_4","url":null,"abstract":"Utilizzando un grande dataset rappresentante del mercato del lavoro italiano, l'articolo valuta le recenti riforme strutturali in Italia, in particolare il cosiddetto Jobs Act e uno schema su larga scala di sussidi all'occupazione. Usando tecniche di differenza nella differenza, l'autore mostra che le riforme hanno avuto un impatto positivo sul numero di contratti di lavoro a tempo indeterminato \"standard\" come parte dei nuovi contratti di lavoro. Tuttavia, non sara possibile sbrogliare l'impatto delle varie riforme prima di diversi anni. Using a large dataset representative of the Italian labour market, the article evaluates the recent structural reforms in Italy, especially the so-called Jobs Act and a large-scale scheme of employment subsidies. Using difference-in-difference techniques, the author shows that the reforms had a positive impact on the number of \"standard\" open-ended employment contracts as a share of new employment contracts. However, disentangling the impact of the various reforms will not be possible before several years. JEL: J08, J21, D04","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"266 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116242772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Integration of immigrants is at the forefront of policy concerns in many countries. This paper starts by documenting that in most European countries immigrants face significant labour market disadvantages relative to natives. Then it discusses how public policies may affect immigrants’ integration. First, we review the evidence on the effectiveness of language and introduction courses. Then, we discuss how different aspects of the migration policy framework may determine immigrants’ integration patterns. In particular, based on a review of the recent literature, we highlight the role of visa length and of predictability about migration duration in shaping migrants’ decisions on investments in country-specific human and social capital. Further, we discuss implications for refugee migration and also review the role of citizenship acquisition rules. The paper ends with an outlook of the consequences for sending countries.
{"title":"Integration of Immigrants in Host Countries - What We Know and What Works","authors":"T. Frattini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3085936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3085936","url":null,"abstract":"Integration of immigrants is at the forefront of policy concerns in many countries. This paper starts by documenting that in most European countries immigrants face significant labour market disadvantages relative to natives. Then it discusses how public policies may affect immigrants’ integration. First, we review the evidence on the effectiveness of language and introduction courses. Then, we discuss how different aspects of the migration policy framework may determine immigrants’ integration patterns. In particular, based on a review of the recent literature, we highlight the role of visa length and of predictability about migration duration in shaping migrants’ decisions on investments in country-specific human and social capital. Further, we discuss implications for refugee migration and also review the role of citizenship acquisition rules. The paper ends with an outlook of the consequences for sending countries.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122576630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Italy's 2015 Annual Competition Law, if finally approved, provides for phasing out retail electricity price regulation, as well as the implementation of full retail liberalisation, from 1 July 2018. This is a significant reform, not just because it is consistent with the broader market design for electricity. Indeed, retail liberalisation is a qualifying element of the full integration of the European Union's electricity market. The full opening of retail markets provides a great opportunity for innovation, both on the demand side and on the supply side. This article investigates the theoretical background, and presents some empirical evidence, on the competition–innovation nexus in retail electricity markets.
{"title":"Competition and Innovation in Retail Electricity Markets: Evidence from Italy","authors":"C. Stagnaro","doi":"10.1111/ecaf.12216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12216","url":null,"abstract":"Italy's 2015 Annual Competition Law, if finally approved, provides for phasing out retail electricity price regulation, as well as the implementation of full retail liberalisation, from 1 July 2018. This is a significant reform, not just because it is consistent with the broader market design for electricity. Indeed, retail liberalisation is a qualifying element of the full integration of the European Union's electricity market. The full opening of retail markets provides a great opportunity for innovation, both on the demand side and on the supply side. This article investigates the theoretical background, and presents some empirical evidence, on the competition–innovation nexus in retail electricity markets.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117769064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Claure, A. Leyton, Christian Valencia, Vanessa Sánchez, J. Dávalos
Economic theory suggests that minimum wages may lead to unemployment; nevertheless, empirical evidence in developed economies stays ambiguous. Evidence from developing countries is even more heterogenous due to the low law enforcement and weaker labor market institutions. Thus, our aim is to assess the impact of minimum wage increases on labor market outcomes in Bolivia, a country characterized by weak law compliance and high informality. Our identification strategy exploits differences in exposure to minimum wage increases across subsets of population for the period 2006-2013. Our results show positive and significant effects over real wages for men with no effects on employment, informalization or hours worked. Furthermore, we find evidence of gender discrimination since women are prone to suffer unemployment and informalization while not benefiting from higher real wages as men do.
{"title":"Evidence of the Impacts of Minimum Wages on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Bolivia","authors":"M. Claure, A. Leyton, Christian Valencia, Vanessa Sánchez, J. Dávalos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3163670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3163670","url":null,"abstract":"Economic theory suggests that minimum wages may lead to unemployment; nevertheless, empirical evidence in developed economies stays ambiguous. Evidence from developing countries is even more heterogenous due to the low law enforcement and weaker labor market institutions. Thus, our aim is to assess the impact of minimum wage increases on labor market outcomes in Bolivia, a country characterized by weak law compliance and high informality. Our identification strategy exploits differences in exposure to minimum wage increases across subsets of population for the period 2006-2013. Our results show positive and significant effects over real wages for men with no effects on employment, informalization or hours worked. Furthermore, we find evidence of gender discrimination since women are prone to suffer unemployment and informalization while not benefiting from higher real wages as men do.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132767149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Meena, Krishna M. Singh, R. Singh, Anjani Kumar, Abhay Kumar, V. Chahal
The study was undertaken to analyse the extent, diversity, inequality and determinants of income of rural households in Jharkhand-one of the most poverty stricken state of India. The study is based on the high frequency primary data collected from 160 rural households by resident investigators under the ICAR-ICRISAT collaborative project on “Tracking Changes in Rural Poverty in Household and Village Economies in South Asiaâ€. Both descriptive and quantitative methodologies were used to analyse the above issues. Tabular analysis was used to assess the level of income among different categories of rural households. While Herfindahl-Hirschman Index was used to assess the diversity of income sources, income inequality was measured by Ginni Ratio and Lorenz curve. Further, the linear regression model was used to identify the determinants of income of rural households in tribal dominated areas of the state. The study depicted a wide variation in the level of income among different categories of households with high and pervasive income inequality among them. Though the income inequality did not exhibit a consistent relationship with farm size, the extent of inequality was found highest among labour households. Education, adoption of high yielding varieties and access to non-farm income opportunities emerged as the significant determinants of income. These findings explicitly call for sustained efforts to create rural non-farm employment opportunities, promote adoption of modern agricultural technologies and enhance education among rural households in the study area.
{"title":"Inequality and Determinants of Income among Rural Households in Tribal Dominated Areas of Jharkhand","authors":"M. Meena, Krishna M. Singh, R. Singh, Anjani Kumar, Abhay Kumar, V. Chahal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2907252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2907252","url":null,"abstract":"The study was undertaken to analyse the extent, diversity, inequality and determinants of income of rural households in Jharkhand-one of the most poverty stricken state of India. The study is based on the high frequency primary data collected from 160 rural households by resident investigators under the ICAR-ICRISAT collaborative project on “Tracking Changes in Rural Poverty in Household and Village Economies in South Asiaâ€. Both descriptive and quantitative methodologies were used to analyse the above issues. Tabular analysis was used to assess the level of income among different categories of rural households. While Herfindahl-Hirschman Index was used to assess the diversity of income sources, income inequality was measured by Ginni Ratio and Lorenz curve. Further, the linear regression model was used to identify the determinants of income of rural households in tribal dominated areas of the state. The study depicted a wide variation in the level of income among different categories of households with high and pervasive income inequality among them. Though the income inequality did not exhibit a consistent relationship with farm size, the extent of inequality was found highest among labour households. Education, adoption of high yielding varieties and access to non-farm income opportunities emerged as the significant determinants of income. These findings explicitly call for sustained efforts to create rural non-farm employment opportunities, promote adoption of modern agricultural technologies and enhance education among rural households in the study area.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125776795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We characterize the second-best allocation in a Mirrleesian optimal tax model where agents differ in multiple dimensions and the planner can tax multiple goods non-linearly. We develop a new method that allows us to solve the partial differential equations that describe the optimum regardless of the dimensionality of the problem. We derive four theoretical properties of the optimum. First, the optimal tax system is described by a multidimensional version of Diamond’s (1998) and Saez’ (2001) ABC-formula. Second, the Atkinson-Stiglitz theorem does not generalize to settings where the planner screens in multiple dimensions. Third, the optimal marginal tax rate on each good depends on the consumption level of multiple goods. Fourth, a no-distortion at the top/bottom result continues to hold. A calibrated simulation on taxation of couples shows a strong positive relationship between an individual’s optimal marginal tax rate and the income earned by his spouse.
{"title":"As Easy as ABC? Multidimensional Screening in Public Finance","authors":"S. Renes, F. Zoutman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2918716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2918716","url":null,"abstract":"We characterize the second-best allocation in a Mirrleesian optimal tax model where agents differ in multiple dimensions and the planner can tax multiple goods non-linearly. We develop a new method that allows us to solve the partial differential equations that describe the optimum regardless of the dimensionality of the problem. We derive four theoretical properties of the optimum. First, the optimal tax system is described by a multidimensional version of Diamond’s (1998) and Saez’ (2001) ABC-formula. Second, the Atkinson-Stiglitz theorem does not generalize to settings where the planner screens in multiple dimensions. Third, the optimal marginal tax rate on each good depends on the consumption level of multiple goods. Fourth, a no-distortion at the top/bottom result continues to hold. A calibrated simulation on taxation of couples shows a strong positive relationship between an individual’s optimal marginal tax rate and the income earned by his spouse.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134460688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Buyer’s intentions are varied which can get impacted with visual contacts, stimulus interaction and perceptual interfaces. The current study has attempted to analyse the moderating role of disposable income on the relationship of visual merchandise and impulse buying behaviour of consumers. This has also intended to explore the relationships between Visual Marketing and Impulse Buying Behaviour. Being descriptive in nature the study has incorporated multiple regression and correlation analysis to test the presumptions. The statistical inferences have supported the presumptions which have further suggested the managerial implications.
{"title":"Examining the Moderating Role of Disposable Income on the Relationship of Consumer's Impulse Buying Behaviour and Visual Merchandizing: A Study on Fashion Merchandizing in Thailand","authors":"G. Sengupta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2885777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2885777","url":null,"abstract":"Buyer’s intentions are varied which can get impacted with visual contacts, stimulus interaction and perceptual interfaces. The current study has attempted to analyse the moderating role of disposable income on the relationship of visual merchandise and impulse buying behaviour of consumers. This has also intended to explore the relationships between Visual Marketing and Impulse Buying Behaviour. Being descriptive in nature the study has incorporated multiple regression and correlation analysis to test the presumptions. The statistical inferences have supported the presumptions which have further suggested the managerial implications.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115489158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powerful currents have reshaped the structure of families over the last century. There has been (i) a dramatic drop in fertility and greater parental investment in children; (ii) a rise in married female labor-force participation; (iii) a decline in marriage and a rise in divorce; (iv) a higher degree of assortative mating; (v) more children living with a single mother; (vi) shifts in social norms governing premarital sex and married women's roles in the labor market. Macroeconomic models explaining these aggregate trends are surveyed. The relentless flow of technological progress and its role in shaping family life are stressed.
{"title":"Family Economics Writ Large","authors":"Jeremy Greenwood, Nezih Guner, G. Vandenbroucke","doi":"10.20955/wp.2016.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20955/wp.2016.026","url":null,"abstract":"Powerful currents have reshaped the structure of families over the last century. There has been (i) a dramatic drop in fertility and greater parental investment in children; (ii) a rise in married female labor-force participation; (iii) a decline in marriage and a rise in divorce; (iv) a higher degree of assortative mating; (v) more children living with a single mother; (vi) shifts in social norms governing premarital sex and married women's roles in the labor market. Macroeconomic models explaining these aggregate trends are surveyed. The relentless flow of technological progress and its role in shaping family life are stressed.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"5 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120844422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper rescues Spence from destroying his own theory: his conclusion of (workers preferring) no signaling. This paper proves that Spence’s theory is nothing but a labor supply one. As such worker will increase labor and schooling quantity when wage rate is higher, not cost. This paper proves that signaling helps widen the wage gap between efficient and inefficient workers, but advocates against such discrimination. This paper also corrects Spence’s bad assumption: his wrong perception about cost.
{"title":"Saving Spence from Destroying His Own Signaling Theory","authors":"Hak Choi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2848801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2848801","url":null,"abstract":"This paper rescues Spence from destroying his own theory: his conclusion of (workers preferring) no signaling. This paper proves that Spence’s theory is nothing but a labor supply one. As such worker will increase labor and schooling quantity when wage rate is higher, not cost. This paper proves that signaling helps widen the wage gap between efficient and inefficient workers, but advocates against such discrimination. This paper also corrects Spence’s bad assumption: his wrong perception about cost.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116630069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Why do politicians advocate trade protections to save domestic jobs when neoclassical trade models suggest that small open economies should implement free trade? The novel insight of this paper is that trade protections can be rationalized as a second-best policy that improves the domestic welfare when the equilibrium unemployment is different from the constrain-efficient unemployment. To understand the puzzle, I incorporate a Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides frictional labor market into the standard Heckscher-Ohlin model of international trade. The model offers four main findings. First, when the relative price of the labor (capital)-intensive good increases, equilibrium unemployment decreases (increases). Second, a labor market in a competitive equilibrium is constrained-efficient when the Hosios condition is satisfied. Third, a capital-abundant country with inefficiently high unemployment may experience welfare losses from trade. Conditional on having the same observed trade share, a labor-abundant country with inefficiently high unemployment have extra welfare gains from international trade. Finally and importantly, when the labor market in a small open economy generates inefficiently high equilibrium unemployment, the optimal trade policy is to raise the domestic price of its labor-intensive goods (an import tariff in a capital-abundant country and an export subsidy in a labor-abundant country). Free trade is optimal only when a labor market is initially efficient. The model predictions are supported by patterns of tariffs in WTO member countries.
{"title":"Optimal Trade Policy, Equilibrium Unemployment and Labor Market Inefficiency","authors":"Wisarut Suwanprasert","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2713397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2713397","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Why do politicians advocate trade protections to save domestic jobs when neoclassical trade models suggest that small open economies should implement free trade? The novel insight of this paper is that trade protections can be rationalized as a second-best policy that improves the domestic welfare when the equilibrium unemployment is different from the constrain-efficient unemployment. To understand the puzzle, I incorporate a Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides frictional labor market into the standard Heckscher-Ohlin model of international trade. The model offers four main findings. First, when the relative price of the labor (capital)-intensive good increases, equilibrium unemployment decreases (increases). Second, a labor market in a competitive equilibrium is constrained-efficient when the Hosios condition is satisfied. Third, a capital-abundant country with inefficiently high unemployment may experience welfare losses from trade. Conditional on having the same observed trade share, a labor-abundant country with inefficiently high unemployment have extra welfare gains from international trade. Finally and importantly, when the labor market in a small open economy generates inefficiently high equilibrium unemployment, the optimal trade policy is to raise the domestic price of its labor-intensive goods (an import tariff in a capital-abundant country and an export subsidy in a labor-abundant country). Free trade is optimal only when a labor market is initially efficient. The model predictions are supported by patterns of tariffs in WTO member countries.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129147577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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