This paper describes J2095, a proposed "Recommended Practice" now being developed by the CD-ROM Boot Task Group of the Society of Automotive Engineers' IVHS Division. J2095 would enable CD-ROMS containing map data and other geocoded data to be run in any manufacturer's navigation hardware. Upon bootup, the hardware searches for its executable file among the multiple executables on the disk. Because publishers could make their products available for several vehicles, the accepted practice would have the salutary effect of opening cars up to a common base of data. At the same time, J2095 permits each manufacturer to design its own unique user interface. Manufacturers will also retain control over which independently produced data and software, if any, they will allow to run in the vehicles they produce.
{"title":"J2095: A proposed recommended practice for CDROM bootup in navigation systems","authors":"M. Sheldrick, J. Buxton","doi":"10.4271/912762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912762","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes J2095, a proposed \"Recommended Practice\" now being developed by the CD-ROM Boot Task Group of the Society of Automotive Engineers' IVHS Division. J2095 would enable CD-ROMS containing map data and other geocoded data to be run in any manufacturer's navigation hardware. Upon bootup, the hardware searches for its executable file among the multiple executables on the disk. Because publishers could make their products available for several vehicles, the accepted practice would have the salutary effect of opening cars up to a common base of data. At the same time, J2095 permits each manufacturer to design its own unique user interface. Manufacturers will also retain control over which independently produced data and software, if any, they will allow to run in the vehicles they produce.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125404110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We were requested to predict the future specifications of the electronic materials, electronic packages and micro processors for high performance computer systems going as far out as the year 2000 and beyond. These were to be based on the emerging requirements of the end users. Literature and conferences yielded very little quantitative data. As a result, we understood to design and develop a deterministic and macroscopic model based on physics, math, VLSI design, architecture and integration level considerations. The resulting model transcended the electronic world from system performance to microprocessor description to packaging specifications and required material's specifications. Based on this model, it is likely, that the world will see an integration of 100 million transistors on a single chip providing clock frequencies approaching 213 MHz and CPU power near about 238 MIPS. Transportation is a major business for Alcoa. We have used our model to examine what architectural directions the Mobile 2000 would take for satisfying its command and control, navigational, entertainment, communication, engine, transmission and body/cockpit control and management systems. A scenario is developed based on the current and emerging requirements for the above functions leading to the automobile of the year 2000. This is then translated to yield control and system requirements which then are converted to the total computational requirements. The requirements are used to define the future system specifications based on our model's predictions. Alternative architectures are then presented. Cautions and caveats are discussed based on our experience on several large scale Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) networks', design development and implementation. It is imperative to bring the large scale systems thinking to Mobile 2000's automation and support systems so that the classical pitfalls of cost, performance, lack of planning, ad hoc and proliferation of incompatible systems does not take place in this exciting arena.
{"title":"Impact of emerging semiconductor technology on transportation vehicles in the year 2000","authors":"S. Bansal","doi":"10.4271/912779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912779","url":null,"abstract":"We were requested to predict the future specifications of the electronic materials, electronic packages and micro processors for high performance computer systems going as far out as the year 2000 and beyond. These were to be based on the emerging requirements of the end users. Literature and conferences yielded very little quantitative data. As a result, we understood to design and develop a deterministic and macroscopic model based on physics, math, VLSI design, architecture and integration level considerations. The resulting model transcended the electronic world from system performance to microprocessor description to packaging specifications and required material's specifications. Based on this model, it is likely, that the world will see an integration of 100 million transistors on a single chip providing clock frequencies approaching 213 MHz and CPU power near about 238 MIPS. Transportation is a major business for Alcoa. We have used our model to examine what architectural directions the Mobile 2000 would take for satisfying its command and control, navigational, entertainment, communication, engine, transmission and body/cockpit control and management systems. A scenario is developed based on the current and emerging requirements for the above functions leading to the automobile of the year 2000. This is then translated to yield control and system requirements which then are converted to the total computational requirements. The requirements are used to define the future system specifications based on our model's predictions. Alternative architectures are then presented. Cautions and caveats are discussed based on our experience on several large scale Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) networks', design development and implementation. It is imperative to bring the large scale systems thinking to Mobile 2000's automation and support systems so that the classical pitfalls of cost, performance, lack of planning, ad hoc and proliferation of incompatible systems does not take place in this exciting arena.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"469 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116082431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Road Transport Informatics (RTI) systems for improving the vehicular traffic situation are often aimed at increasing capacities and reducing travel times on urban roads. Such measures may well have severe disbenefits for vulnerable road users in that they are likely to increase vehicle speeds. A small increase in average vehicle speed would result in quite large increases in fatalities and injuries to vulnerable road users. It would also have the effect of making walking and cycling more difficult - for example pedestrians would face increased crossing delays. There remains the alternative of designing RTI systems specifically to enhance the mobility and safety of vulnerable road users. Yet even here there are a number of difficulties. In particular, it is difficult to conceive of applying systems to confront the problem directly, e.g by equipping cars with vulnerable road user (VRU) detection devices or to equip VRUs with devices that provide advice in difficult situations. The in-car devices have the problem of predicting VRU behaviour (for example, when a pedestrian standing at the kerbs actually going to cross) and the VRU-carried devices are unlikely to be used on a wide scale in the foreseeable future. It therefore seems more fruitful to use RTI in a more indirect manner to enhance VRU safety and mobility.
{"title":"Can road transport informatics help vulnerable road users?","authors":"O. Carsten","doi":"10.4271/912855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912855","url":null,"abstract":"Road Transport Informatics (RTI) systems for improving the vehicular traffic situation are often aimed at increasing capacities and reducing travel times on urban roads. Such measures may well have severe disbenefits for vulnerable road users in that they are likely to increase vehicle speeds. A small increase in average vehicle speed would result in quite large increases in fatalities and injuries to vulnerable road users. It would also have the effect of making walking and cycling more difficult - for example pedestrians would face increased crossing delays. There remains the alternative of designing RTI systems specifically to enhance the mobility and safety of vulnerable road users. Yet even here there are a number of difficulties. In particular, it is difficult to conceive of applying systems to confront the problem directly, e.g by equipping cars with vulnerable road user (VRU) detection devices or to equip VRUs with devices that provide advice in difficult situations. The in-car devices have the problem of predicting VRU behaviour (for example, when a pedestrian standing at the kerbs actually going to cross) and the VRU-carried devices are unlikely to be used on a wide scale in the foreseeable future. It therefore seems more fruitful to use RTI in a more indirect manner to enhance VRU safety and mobility.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122974694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many traffic simulation models have been developed over the years; however, most existing models are not well-suited for evaluating Intelligent Vehicle/Highway Systems (IVHS) concepts. This paper describes a new model, the Vehicular Traffic Analysis Capability (VTAC), specifically designed to model Advanced Traffic Management and Advanced Traveler Information systems. The model was developed using object-oriented analysis and design principles, and implemented in a relatively new, object-oriented, simulation language. VTAC is believed to be the first traffic model developed using the object-oriented paradigm. The principles used in the new model's design and the preliminary results obtained to-date are described. The model can currently model arterial networks, and sufficient progress has been made to demonstrate the utility of the object-oriented approach to traffic modeling.
{"title":"An object-oriented traffic simulation with IVHS applications","authors":"M. McGurrin, P.T.R. Wang","doi":"10.4271/912797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912797","url":null,"abstract":"Many traffic simulation models have been developed over the years; however, most existing models are not well-suited for evaluating Intelligent Vehicle/Highway Systems (IVHS) concepts. This paper describes a new model, the Vehicular Traffic Analysis Capability (VTAC), specifically designed to model Advanced Traffic Management and Advanced Traveler Information systems. The model was developed using object-oriented analysis and design principles, and implemented in a relatively new, object-oriented, simulation language. VTAC is believed to be the first traffic model developed using the object-oriented paradigm. The principles used in the new model's design and the preliminary results obtained to-date are described. The model can currently model arterial networks, and sufficient progress has been made to demonstrate the utility of the object-oriented approach to traffic modeling.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114189005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Practically all systems falling into the category of "IVHS" have a need for computerized spatial data, whether they be in-car navigation devices, dispatching or fleet management services or route guidance systems. System developers are faced with having to build customized spatial databases as an additional cost and headache beyond hardware, software and marketing challenges. Despite the wide range of functions that various types of IVHS systems perform, there is a large amount of overlap in database content required to support these systems. The author proposes an elemental definition of a generic database supporting most IVHS functions. Several Federal agencies provide pieces of a generic IVHS spatial data infrastructure. The paper reviews these database resources from the standpoints of basic needs of various IVHS components, missions of database providers and of various IVHS and mapping committees and study groups. Models for provision of an IVHS database infrastructure are outlined.
{"title":"National spatial data infrastructure for IVHS in the USA","authors":"D. Cooke","doi":"10.4271/912750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912750","url":null,"abstract":"Practically all systems falling into the category of \"IVHS\" have a need for computerized spatial data, whether they be in-car navigation devices, dispatching or fleet management services or route guidance systems. System developers are faced with having to build customized spatial databases as an additional cost and headache beyond hardware, software and marketing challenges. Despite the wide range of functions that various types of IVHS systems perform, there is a large amount of overlap in database content required to support these systems. The author proposes an elemental definition of a generic database supporting most IVHS functions. Several Federal agencies provide pieces of a generic IVHS spatial data infrastructure. The paper reviews these database resources from the standpoints of basic needs of various IVHS components, missions of database providers and of various IVHS and mapping committees and study groups. Models for provision of an IVHS database infrastructure are outlined.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116622161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes network modelling of travel guidance impacts using combined dynamic distribution and assignment (CDDA) in which a subset of area motorists are provided real-time directives as to destination, route, and departure time decisions. Examples illustrate potential magnitudes of system-wide impacts, including travel time and fuel consumption, achieved by different percentages of motorists given directives aimed at improving user equilibrium conditions. Travel guidance regarding modal choice is not included in this paper, although that extension is similar to other network models. Results are given for a Pittsburgh network in which freeway lanes are partially blocked during rush hour due to a truck accident. Indications are that significant reductions in system-wide impacts can be achieved by guiding a subset of area motorists to specific travel choices based on real-time information. Future research issues are types, amounts, and locations of real-time data needed to provide reliable travel guidance, and the relative impacts of in-vehicle versus point-of-departure travel guidance systems.
{"title":"Dynamic network modelling of travel guidance impacts","authors":"B. Janson","doi":"10.4271/912834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912834","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes network modelling of travel guidance impacts using combined dynamic distribution and assignment (CDDA) in which a subset of area motorists are provided real-time directives as to destination, route, and departure time decisions. Examples illustrate potential magnitudes of system-wide impacts, including travel time and fuel consumption, achieved by different percentages of motorists given directives aimed at improving user equilibrium conditions. Travel guidance regarding modal choice is not included in this paper, although that extension is similar to other network models. Results are given for a Pittsburgh network in which freeway lanes are partially blocked during rush hour due to a truck accident. Indications are that significant reductions in system-wide impacts can be achieved by guiding a subset of area motorists to specific travel choices based on real-time information. Future research issues are types, amounts, and locations of real-time data needed to provide reliable travel guidance, and the relative impacts of in-vehicle versus point-of-departure travel guidance systems.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128380900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recently developed navigation systems discussed in this paper include location detection using map-matching, map display, and improved man-machine interface functions, and are contained in a stand-alone system installed in passenger cars. The newest system uses a fiber optic gyroscope as a rotation rate sensor, and improved map-matching method to get high accuracy. As to driving guide information, the system can display road information from road side radio beacons, and can play CD-ROM discs based on CDCRAFT which is proposed in Japan as a common standard of CD format and application program for navigation systems.
{"title":"Sumitomo electric's navigation systems for private automobiles","authors":"H. Ikeda, Y. Kobayashi, S. Kawamura, H. Nobuta","doi":"10.4271/912789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912789","url":null,"abstract":"The recently developed navigation systems discussed in this paper include location detection using map-matching, map display, and improved man-machine interface functions, and are contained in a stand-alone system installed in passenger cars. The newest system uses a fiber optic gyroscope as a rotation rate sensor, and improved map-matching method to get high accuracy. As to driving guide information, the system can display road information from road side radio beacons, and can play CD-ROM discs based on CDCRAFT which is proposed in Japan as a common standard of CD format and application program for navigation systems.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"15 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129250475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to present an analytic procedure for testing the feasibility of using signal pre-emption as a tool for transit demand management. Signal pre-emption is designed to reduce delays, thus resulting in reduced cycle time, reduced fleet size and reduced operating cost. Further, reduced travel time is likely to make the transit system more attractive, thus generating more rider-ship and higher revenue. A software PREEMPT was developed that can estimate driving times based upon higher speeds and can calculate the fleet size, operating costs, revenue, and revised demand. Using the data base from a recently completed UMTA sponsored study, 3 transit sectors in the Detroit area were analyzed for base condition and various pre-emption scenarios, and the results are presented in this paper.
{"title":"Signal preemption as a priority treatment tool for transit demand management","authors":"S. Khasnabis, G. Reddy, B. B. Chaudry","doi":"10.4271/912865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912865","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to present an analytic procedure for testing the feasibility of using signal pre-emption as a tool for transit demand management. Signal pre-emption is designed to reduce delays, thus resulting in reduced cycle time, reduced fleet size and reduced operating cost. Further, reduced travel time is likely to make the transit system more attractive, thus generating more rider-ship and higher revenue. A software PREEMPT was developed that can estimate driving times based upon higher speeds and can calculate the fleet size, operating costs, revenue, and revised demand. Using the data base from a recently completed UMTA sponsored study, 3 transit sectors in the Detroit area were analyzed for base condition and various pre-emption scenarios, and the results are presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114110637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes an autonomously controlled vehicles which is equipped with two sensing modes, one employing cameras and the other ultrasonic detectors.In either mode the vehicle can move smoothly, along a white line on the road(camera mode) or along a guard rail(ultrasonic mode), avoiding obstacles on straightaways and turning corners at intersections. In the camera mode, the vehicle can travel at 60km/h along a straight road.
{"title":"The development of autonomously controlled vehicle, PVS","authors":"M. Taniguchi, A. Hosaka, K. Kurami, A. Takei","doi":"10.4271/912870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912870","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an autonomously controlled vehicles which is equipped with two sensing modes, one employing cameras and the other ultrasonic detectors.In either mode the vehicle can move smoothly, along a white line on the road(camera mode) or along a guard rail(ultrasonic mode), avoiding obstacles on straightaways and turning corners at intersections. In the camera mode, the vehicle can travel at 60km/h along a straight road.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115934151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) represents the application of information technology to improve the effectiveness of the existing road transportation system resulting in increased safety and better traffic management [1,2]. In-Vehicle Safety Advisory and Warning System (IVSAWS) Program is a Federal Highway Admisistration project to develop a system that provides drivers with advance notification of roadway hazards. IVSAWS units will provide supplemental warnings in order to ameliorate hazardous scenarios (e.g., railroad grade crossings, slow moving vehicles) which are particularly hazardous and have remained hazardous despite traditional crash reduction techniques such as additional mechanical signing. Program aspects include hazard scenario identification, system architecture design, driver alert warning subsystem design, communication subsystem design, and proof of concept field testing. Highway safety data has been examined to determine which scenarios IVSAWS could benefit. Human factors issues and system cost goals determined system architecture. This paper discusses system architecture design to date. Development and evaluation of the driver interface is proceeding using simulators at General Motors Simulation Lab.
{"title":"Development of a functional specification for an in-vehicle safety advisory and warning system (IVSAWS)","authors":"G. Mayhew, J. Erlichman, K. Shirley, F. Streff","doi":"10.4271/912864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/912864","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) represents the application of information technology to improve the effectiveness of the existing road transportation system resulting in increased safety and better traffic management [1,2]. In-Vehicle Safety Advisory and Warning System (IVSAWS) Program is a Federal Highway Admisistration project to develop a system that provides drivers with advance notification of roadway hazards. IVSAWS units will provide supplemental warnings in order to ameliorate hazardous scenarios (e.g., railroad grade crossings, slow moving vehicles) which are particularly hazardous and have remained hazardous despite traditional crash reduction techniques such as additional mechanical signing. Program aspects include hazard scenario identification, system architecture design, driver alert warning subsystem design, communication subsystem design, and proof of concept field testing. Highway safety data has been examined to determine which scenarios IVSAWS could benefit. Human factors issues and system cost goals determined system architecture. This paper discusses system architecture design to date. Development and evaluation of the driver interface is proceeding using simulators at General Motors Simulation Lab.","PeriodicalId":126255,"journal":{"name":"Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131360698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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