Pub Date : 2020-07-31DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1799787
Rasmus Munksgaard, D. Décary‐Hétu, Aili Malm, A. Nouvian
ABSTRACT The size of the global market for illicit tobacco products is estimated to be between USD$8.6 and USD$11.6 billion yearly. In addition to an estimated cost of USD$40.5 billion in lost tax revenue the illicit tobacco market further increases the accessibility of a harmful substance for minors and provides a revenue stream for both organised crime and violent political groups. In this paper, we examine how tobacco products are distributed globally through illicit online platform economies known as cryptomarkets. Using data from the cryptomarket Empire, we find tobacco products remain a small niche market exclusively shipping from the EU and that shipping patterns suggest the emergence of new supply routes for end-consumers within Western Europe originating from the UK. We find that the market for tobacco on cryptomarkets remains minimal, as in previous research, compared to the market for drugs.
{"title":"Distributing tobacco in the dark: assessing the regional structure and shipping patterns of illicit tobacco in cryptomarkets","authors":"Rasmus Munksgaard, D. Décary‐Hétu, Aili Malm, A. Nouvian","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2020.1799787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2020.1799787","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The size of the global market for illicit tobacco products is estimated to be between USD$8.6 and USD$11.6 billion yearly. In addition to an estimated cost of USD$40.5 billion in lost tax revenue the illicit tobacco market further increases the accessibility of a harmful substance for minors and provides a revenue stream for both organised crime and violent political groups. In this paper, we examine how tobacco products are distributed globally through illicit online platform economies known as cryptomarkets. Using data from the cryptomarket Empire, we find tobacco products remain a small niche market exclusively shipping from the EU and that shipping patterns suggest the emergence of new supply routes for end-consumers within Western Europe originating from the UK. We find that the market for tobacco on cryptomarkets remains minimal, as in previous research, compared to the market for drugs.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"22 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2020.1799787","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43451191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-20DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1743935
M. Weulen Kranenbarg
With Industry of Anonymity, Jonathan Lusthaus has written a thorough scientific book which reads like a novel and keeps you interested till the end. The empirical work on which this book is based i...
Jonathan Lusthaus写了一本彻底的科学书籍，读起来像一本小说，让你一直感兴趣直到最后。本书所依据的实证研究是……
{"title":"An impressive view on profit driven cybercrime: a review of J. Lusthaus’ industry of anonymity","authors":"M. Weulen Kranenbarg","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2020.1743935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2020.1743935","url":null,"abstract":"With Industry of Anonymity, Jonathan Lusthaus has written a thorough scientific book which reads like a novel and keeps you interested till the end. The empirical work on which this book is based i...","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"21 1","pages":"327 - 331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2020.1743935","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46964105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-19DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1719836
Rashid Gabdulhakov
ABSTRACT This article applies Haggerty and Ericson’s surveillant assemblage concept to the recent wave of social media user arrests in Russia. In doing so, it addresses the legislative frameworks applied to online self-expression, depicts the nuances of legal charges pressed against select social media users, assesses the role of formal law enforcement and vigilant citizens recruited to extend the state’s watchful gaze, and elaborates on citizen counter-forces resisting the tightening state control over the digital domain. The article argues that Russia’s internet users appear to be trolled by the ruling elite through the use of obscure legal frameworks and the stampede of actors and practices where select individuals face legal charges for their activities on social media, while other users face no consequences for the same engagements. Such unpredictability stimulates self-censorship, making the system effective by virtue of its dysfunctionality. Methodologically, the study relies on desk research and field interviews.
{"title":"(Con)trolling the Web: Social Media User Arrests, State-Supported Vigilantism and Citizen Counter-Forces in Russia","authors":"Rashid Gabdulhakov","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2020.1719836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2020.1719836","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article applies Haggerty and Ericson’s surveillant assemblage concept to the recent wave of social media user arrests in Russia. In doing so, it addresses the legislative frameworks applied to online self-expression, depicts the nuances of legal charges pressed against select social media users, assesses the role of formal law enforcement and vigilant citizens recruited to extend the state’s watchful gaze, and elaborates on citizen counter-forces resisting the tightening state control over the digital domain. The article argues that Russia’s internet users appear to be trolled by the ruling elite through the use of obscure legal frameworks and the stampede of actors and practices where select individuals face legal charges for their activities on social media, while other users face no consequences for the same engagements. Such unpredictability stimulates self-censorship, making the system effective by virtue of its dysfunctionality. Methodologically, the study relies on desk research and field interviews.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"21 1","pages":"283 - 305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2020.1719836","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47171016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-17DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1724786
Alberto Aziani, Marco Dugato, Cecilia Meneghini
ABSTRACT This paper introduces and discusses a methodology for estimating the scale of illicit consumption of cigarettes at a national level. After reviewing current data gathering approaches and estimates, the paper delineates a methodology to estimate the consumption of each type of illicit cigarette (i.e., counterfeits, illicit whites, smuggled/trafficked genuine cigarettes). The proposed methodology is tested through estimating the size and characteristics of the illicit cigarette market in 27 Member States of the European Union in 2016. The results, which underline the heterogeneity in the quality and in the quantity of the illicit consumption of cigarettes in Europe, are presented along with considerations about the strengths and limitations of the proposed methodology in relation to extant approaches.
{"title":"A methodology for estimating the illicit consumption of cigarettes at the country level","authors":"Alberto Aziani, Marco Dugato, Cecilia Meneghini","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2020.1724786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2020.1724786","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper introduces and discusses a methodology for estimating the scale of illicit consumption of cigarettes at a national level. After reviewing current data gathering approaches and estimates, the paper delineates a methodology to estimate the consumption of each type of illicit cigarette (i.e., counterfeits, illicit whites, smuggled/trafficked genuine cigarettes). The proposed methodology is tested through estimating the size and characteristics of the illicit cigarette market in 27 Member States of the European Union in 2016. The results, which underline the heterogeneity in the quality and in the quantity of the illicit consumption of cigarettes in Europe, are presented along with considerations about the strengths and limitations of the proposed methodology in relation to extant approaches.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"21 1","pages":"154 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2020.1724786","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44687468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-11DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1719837
Daniela Andreatta, Serena Favarin
ABSTRACT Despite the growing interest in illicit waste trafficking (IWT), studies that empirically address the issue are still few. Mostly, they fail to present in-depth analysis of the different stages of IWT and to suggest crime prevention strategies. This study conducts a crime script analysis of five cross-border judicial cases from Italy to other countries. This method makes it possible to shed light on the characteristics of the different stages of transnational IWT in terms of actors, modi operandi, and crime opportunities. From the results of the script analysis, the study proposes possible solutions for IWT through the application of the situational crime prevention framework. The results show the existence of opportunities at all stages of the waste cycle, modi operandi that are common among different cases, and several actors who intervene and create an illegal network. Situational crime prevention measures can provide useful suggestions for reducing the most frequent opportunities.
{"title":"Features of transnational illicit waste trafficking and crime prevention strategies to tackle it","authors":"Daniela Andreatta, Serena Favarin","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2020.1719837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2020.1719837","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite the growing interest in illicit waste trafficking (IWT), studies that empirically address the issue are still few. Mostly, they fail to present in-depth analysis of the different stages of IWT and to suggest crime prevention strategies. This study conducts a crime script analysis of five cross-border judicial cases from Italy to other countries. This method makes it possible to shed light on the characteristics of the different stages of transnational IWT in terms of actors, modi operandi, and crime opportunities. From the results of the script analysis, the study proposes possible solutions for IWT through the application of the situational crime prevention framework. The results show the existence of opportunities at all stages of the waste cycle, modi operandi that are common among different cases, and several actors who intervene and create an illegal network. Situational crime prevention measures can provide useful suggestions for reducing the most frequent opportunities.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"21 1","pages":"130 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2020.1719837","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41929088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-27DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1715219
Carlos Vilalta, Robert Muggah, Gustavo Fondevila
ABSTRACT Focused on Mexico City, this article offers a seminal examination of the relationship between block layout and intentional homicide. The authors applied multilevel random-intercept negative binomial models to assess the contribution of block layout characteristics to homicide counts while controlling for other factors related to the physical environment and socioeconomic disadvantage. The assessment finds that container-type city blocks registered the highest likelihood of homicide incidence. It also shows that blocks with metro stations also had a statistically higher likelihood of homicide incidence. By contrast, building-type blocks exhibited the lowest likelihood of recording a homicide. Ultimately, the physical environment model provided a better fit to the data than the socioeconomic disadvantage model. The main conclusion is that homicide incidence in Mexico City may be more a function of block layout than socioeconomic composition. One implication is that urban planning may have more potent crime prevention effects than widely believed.
{"title":"Homicide as a function of city block layout: Mexico City as case study","authors":"Carlos Vilalta, Robert Muggah, Gustavo Fondevila","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2020.1715219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2020.1715219","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Focused on Mexico City, this article offers a seminal examination of the relationship between block layout and intentional homicide. The authors applied multilevel random-intercept negative binomial models to assess the contribution of block layout characteristics to homicide counts while controlling for other factors related to the physical environment and socioeconomic disadvantage. The assessment finds that container-type city blocks registered the highest likelihood of homicide incidence. It also shows that blocks with metro stations also had a statistically higher likelihood of homicide incidence. By contrast, building-type blocks exhibited the lowest likelihood of recording a homicide. Ultimately, the physical environment model provided a better fit to the data than the socioeconomic disadvantage model. The main conclusion is that homicide incidence in Mexico City may be more a function of block layout than socioeconomic composition. One implication is that urban planning may have more potent crime prevention effects than widely believed.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"21 1","pages":"111 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2020.1715219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60250407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-14DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1676738
Gilles Favarel-garrigues
ABSTRACT The rise of a reactionary political agenda in favour of traditional values led to the launching of an anti-paedophile campaign in Russia in the early 2010s. Taken on by ‘moral entrepreneurs’ well known by the general public for their familialist ideology and homophobic speeches, the issue of paedophilia was used to justify the adoption of legislative measures reinforcing a clampdown on child abuse and punishing those who disseminate propaganda about ‘non-traditional’ sexual relations to minors. This political agenda fuelled the emergence in Russian cities of self-proclaimed and competing ‘rule enforcers’, who began acting like vigilantes, setting traps for presumed paedophiles, purportedly in order to defend children. Contributing to a man-hunt atmosphere, these volunteers mix features of classical and digital vigilantism. However, they use digital tools not only to gather evidence or to publicise the identity of an alleged offender, but also to make a profit.
{"title":"Digital vigilantism and anti-paedophile activism in Russia. Between civic involvement in law enforcement, moral policing and business venture","authors":"Gilles Favarel-garrigues","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2019.1676738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2019.1676738","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The rise of a reactionary political agenda in favour of traditional values led to the launching of an anti-paedophile campaign in Russia in the early 2010s. Taken on by ‘moral entrepreneurs’ well known by the general public for their familialist ideology and homophobic speeches, the issue of paedophilia was used to justify the adoption of legislative measures reinforcing a clampdown on child abuse and punishing those who disseminate propaganda about ‘non-traditional’ sexual relations to minors. This political agenda fuelled the emergence in Russian cities of self-proclaimed and competing ‘rule enforcers’, who began acting like vigilantes, setting traps for presumed paedophiles, purportedly in order to defend children. Contributing to a man-hunt atmosphere, these volunteers mix features of classical and digital vigilantism. However, they use digital tools not only to gather evidence or to publicise the identity of an alleged offender, but also to make a profit.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"21 1","pages":"306 - 326"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2019.1676738","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45714650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1645653
T. Diviák, J. Dijkstra, T. Snijders
ABSTRACT Using data on 32 actors and ties among them drawn from available court files, we combine analytical sociology with statistical models for networks in order to analyse a case of a counterfeit alcohol distribution network from the Czech Republic. We formulate a theory of action and identify relational mechanisms which could explain how the structure of the network emerged and describe. We use the exponential random graph model to test these mechanisms. The analysis reveals that the two actors capable of manufacturing the poisonous mixture were considerably though not optimally proximate to others enabling fast distribution of the mixture. Our model results that the structure was formed by mechanisms of triadic closure, negative tendency to concentrate ties, and tie translation of pre-existing ties into operational ties. We conclude with the discussion of the implications our approach for the study of criminal networks.
{"title":"Poisonous connections: a case study on a Czech counterfeit alcohol distribution network","authors":"T. Diviák, J. Dijkstra, T. Snijders","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2019.1645653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2019.1645653","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using data on 32 actors and ties among them drawn from available court files, we combine analytical sociology with statistical models for networks in order to analyse a case of a counterfeit alcohol distribution network from the Czech Republic. We formulate a theory of action and identify relational mechanisms which could explain how the structure of the network emerged and describe. We use the exponential random graph model to test these mechanisms. The analysis reveals that the two actors capable of manufacturing the poisonous mixture were considerably though not optimally proximate to others enabling fast distribution of the mixture. Our model results that the structure was formed by mechanisms of triadic closure, negative tendency to concentrate ties, and tie translation of pre-existing ties into operational ties. We conclude with the discussion of the implications our approach for the study of criminal networks.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"21 1","pages":"51 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2019.1645653","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46904133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1716520
David Bright, Russell Brewer
Research using social network analysis to study illicit networks has blossomed since publication of a seminal article by Sparrow. Nonetheless, it took about ten years before Sparrow’s call to arms gained traction, with some scepticism from the wider social science academy about the utility of social network analysis as a viable tool. Since those early days, we have witnessed a burgeoning interest in the field of illicit networks, and in particular, the use of social network analysis as an effective tool for criminologists and crime analysts. This interest has spawned a robust body of research that has pushed the field forward, through various technical reports, academic journal articles, books and conferences. The Illicit Networks Workshop (INW), in particular, has become a tentpole event where illicit network researchers and analysts converge to share their latest research in an effort to advance the field. In 2020, the workshop will be in its thirteenth year, and boasts an international membership, having been hosted by institutions in Australia, Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States. This special issue brings together a sampling of the presentations from the 10th INW hosted in Adelaide, Australia in 2017and represents some of the latest developments in the field. The special issue presents four articles that utilise innovative methods to explore a variety of different illicit networks, including organised criminal groups, gangs, and the trafficking in counterfeit alcohol. The first article by Nakamura, Tita and Krackhardt explores the role of local structural conditions that can facilitate or hinder violence between enemies, by focusing on gun violence among street gangs. They find that balanced structures tend to involve less violence but that a gang will initiate violence in attempts to reinforce a dominant position. The paper demonstrates that a network perspective can reveal important characteristics of the dynamics of inter-gang violence. Next, Hughes, Chalmers and Bright explore interrelationships between drug trafficking and other forms of organised criminal activity. They demonstrate that almost one quarter of drug trafficking cases involved concurrent serious or organised crime charges such as firearms offences and corruption. The paper represents an innovative use of social network analysis to explore interconnections across a range of criminal activities undertaken by organised criminal groups. Diviak, Dijkstra and Snijders then present an analysis of a counterfeit alcohol distribution network using exponential random graph models (ERGMs). They found that the network structure was characterised by triadic closure, a negative tendency to concentrate ties, and the translation of pre-existing ties into operational ties. The results demonstrate the utility of social network analysis to not only describe the structure of organised criminal groups, but to reveal important characteristics of the social dynamics through
{"title":"Innovations in research on illicit networks","authors":"David Bright, Russell Brewer","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2020.1716520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2020.1716520","url":null,"abstract":"Research using social network analysis to study illicit networks has blossomed since publication of a seminal article by Sparrow. Nonetheless, it took about ten years before Sparrow’s call to arms gained traction, with some scepticism from the wider social science academy about the utility of social network analysis as a viable tool. Since those early days, we have witnessed a burgeoning interest in the field of illicit networks, and in particular, the use of social network analysis as an effective tool for criminologists and crime analysts. This interest has spawned a robust body of research that has pushed the field forward, through various technical reports, academic journal articles, books and conferences. The Illicit Networks Workshop (INW), in particular, has become a tentpole event where illicit network researchers and analysts converge to share their latest research in an effort to advance the field. In 2020, the workshop will be in its thirteenth year, and boasts an international membership, having been hosted by institutions in Australia, Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States. This special issue brings together a sampling of the presentations from the 10th INW hosted in Adelaide, Australia in 2017and represents some of the latest developments in the field. The special issue presents four articles that utilise innovative methods to explore a variety of different illicit networks, including organised criminal groups, gangs, and the trafficking in counterfeit alcohol. The first article by Nakamura, Tita and Krackhardt explores the role of local structural conditions that can facilitate or hinder violence between enemies, by focusing on gun violence among street gangs. They find that balanced structures tend to involve less violence but that a gang will initiate violence in attempts to reinforce a dominant position. The paper demonstrates that a network perspective can reveal important characteristics of the dynamics of inter-gang violence. Next, Hughes, Chalmers and Bright explore interrelationships between drug trafficking and other forms of organised criminal activity. They demonstrate that almost one quarter of drug trafficking cases involved concurrent serious or organised crime charges such as firearms offences and corruption. The paper represents an innovative use of social network analysis to explore interconnections across a range of criminal activities undertaken by organised criminal groups. Diviak, Dijkstra and Snijders then present an analysis of a counterfeit alcohol distribution network using exponential random graph models (ERGMs). They found that the network structure was characterised by triadic closure, a negative tendency to concentrate ties, and the translation of pre-existing ties into operational ties. The results demonstrate the utility of social network analysis to not only describe the structure of organised criminal groups, but to reveal important characteristics of the social dynamics through ","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"21 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17440572.2020.1716520","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44314056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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