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Steep uphill cycling using repeated transitions between seated and standing positions results in a lower blood-lactate concentration than continuous use of either seated or standing position. 与连续使用坐姿或站姿相比,使用坐姿和站姿反复转换的陡峭上坡自行车运动会导致较低的血液乳酸盐浓度。
IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-20 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1395415
Magnus Carlsson, Oliver Lindblom, Tomas Carlsson

This study investigated whether repeated transitions between seated and standing positions has a different physiological response compared to continuous use of either seated position or standing position during steep uphill cycling among elite cyclists. Ten elite male cyclists completed three 5-min treadmill cycling tests at an inclination of 6.8° with constant individual-based speed resulting in a work intensity close to the aerobic threshold. During the first and third test, the participants used standing position (ST test) and seated position (SE test) or vice versa, whereas in the second test, they made repeated transitions between standing and seated positions every 10 s (RT test). The last 2 min of each test was used to measure the mean values of oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and respiratory exchange ratio, which were used to calculate the metabolic rate (MR) and gross efficiency (GE). Additionally, the blood-lactate concentration before and after (Lapost) each test was determined. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the effect of cycling position on the physiological response. No significant differences between tests were observed for the variables related to aerobic energy expenditure (i.e., V̇O2, MR and GE), whereas the RT test was associated with a significantly lower Lapost compared to the ST and SE tests. Steep uphill cycling, at an intensity close to the aerobic threshold, with repeated transitions between standing and seated positions, did not have a higher oxygen consumption; instead, the blood-lactate concentration was lower during the RT test compared to that under continuous use of either seated or standing position.

本研究调查了精英自行车运动员在陡峭的上坡骑行过程中,与连续使用坐姿或站姿相比,在坐姿和站姿之间反复转换是否会产生不同的生理反应。十名精英男子自行车运动员在倾斜度为 6.8°的跑步机上完成了三项 5 分钟的自行车测试,测试速度以个人速度为基础保持不变,测试强度接近有氧阈值。在第一项和第三项测试中,参赛者采用站姿(ST 测试)和坐姿(SE 测试),反之亦然;而在第二项测试中,他们每隔 10 秒钟在站姿和坐姿之间反复转换(RT 测试)。每次测试的最后 2 分钟用于测量摄氧量(V鄄O2)和呼吸交换比的平均值,用于计算代谢率(MR)和总效率(GE)。此外,还测定了每次测试前后(Lapost)的血液乳酸盐浓度。采用单因素重复测量方差分析来确定骑车姿势对生理反应的影响。与有氧能量消耗相关的变量(即 V̇O2、MR 和 GE)在不同测试之间未发现明显差异,而与 ST 和 SE 测试相比,RT 测试的 Lapost 明显较低。以接近有氧阈值的强度进行陡峭的上坡骑行,并在站姿和坐姿之间反复转换,并没有产生更高的耗氧量;相反,与连续使用坐姿或站姿相比,RT 测试期间的血液乳酸盐浓度更低。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum: Cardiac function and autonomic cardiac function during a multi-stage cycling event: a brief report. 更正:多阶段自行车赛中的心脏功能和自律神经功能:简要报告。
IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-20 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1494555
Vincent Menard, Anna Barrero, Thibault Lachard, Lucien Robinault, Lingxia Li, Frederic Schnell, François Carré, Solène Le Douairon Lahaye

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1356577.].

[此处更正了文章 DOI:10.3389/fspor.2024.1356577]。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison between standard hematological parameters and blood doping biomarkers in dried blood spots within the athlete population of Swiss Sport Integrity. 瑞士体育诚信组织运动员干血斑中标准血液学参数与血液兴奋剂生物标志物的比较。
IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-19 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1452079
Jessica Almeida Oliveira, Francesco Loria, Céline Schobinger, Tiia Kuuranne, Claudia Mumenthaler, Nicolas Leuenberger

Introduction: The study demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating RNA biomarkers, specifically 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS2) and carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1), to improve the hematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) in routine antidoping context.

Objective: The aim was to investigate the implementation of reticulocyte (RET) related biomarkers, specifically ALAS2 and CA1, using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) on dried blood spots (DBS) from elite athletes. Hemoglobin changes over time in DBS samples was measured as well. Combining hemoglobin and messenger RNA (mRNA) analyses allowed to monitor alterations of the established marker, "DBS OFF-score".

Methodology: Ten athletes were selected for sampling by the Swiss national antidoping organization, Swiss Sports Integrity (SSI). Samples were collected, transported and analyzed for ABP following the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) procedures and spotted onto Protein Saver DBS cards.

Results: Most athletes exhibited stable biomarker levels, except for one individual involved in ski mountaineering, who demonstrated a sustained increase in ALAS2 compared to the individual baseline. This elevation could be due to blood withdrawal or other factors, such as doping with substances outside the targeted test menu.

Conclusion: In this study, RNA-biomarkers were successfully analyzed in routine blood samples, and the project demonstrated promising results for the implementation of ALAS2 and CA1 in routine analysis to complement the ABP.

简介该研究证明了将 RNA 生物标记物(特别是 5-氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶(ALAS2)和碳酸酐酶 1(CA1))纳入运动员生物护照(ABP)血液学模块以改进常规反兴奋剂工作的可行性:目的:采用定量反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)技术,对精英运动员干血斑(DBS)中网状细胞(RET)相关生物标志物(特别是 ALAS2 和 CA1)的实施情况进行研究。此外,还测量了 DBS 样本中血红蛋白随时间的变化。结合血红蛋白和信使核糖核酸(mRNA)分析,可监测既定标志物 "DBS OFF-score "的变化:瑞士国家反兴奋剂组织 "瑞士体育诚信"(SSI)选取了 10 名运动员进行采样。按照世界反兴奋剂机构(WADA)的程序对样本进行采集、运输和 ABP 分析,并在 Protein Saver DBS 卡上进行标记:结果:大多数运动员的生物标志物水平稳定,只有一名参加滑雪登山的运动员的 ALAS2 与个人基线相比持续升高。这种升高可能是由于抽血或其他因素造成的,如在目标检测菜单之外使用兴奋剂:本研究成功分析了常规血液样本中的 RNA 生物标记物,该项目为在常规分析中使用 ALAS2 和 CA1 补充 ABP 提供了可喜的成果。
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引用次数: 0
Dual career policy at federal universities in Brazil: analysis of academic and sporting support. 巴西联邦大学的双职业政策:学术和体育支持分析。
IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-19 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1453749
Junior Vagner Pereira da Silva

Internationally, the implementation of holistic programs aimed at academic, financial and retirement preparation support for student-athletes who find themselves in dual careers, such as university students, has been widespread and intensified. However, little is known about the subject in the Brazilian national context, because although there are related studies, they are punctual and related to specific universities. In view of the above, this study aimed to investigate public policy aimed at student-athletes at Brazilian federal universities. This is an exploratory, qualitative, cross-sectional and documentary study, using the websites, internal regulations and public notices of 69 Brazilian federal universities for the year 2023, using the content analysis technique. The results indicate that 72.05% offer some kind of support to DC based on the holistic model, 66.17% of which is academic and 60.29% sports. Among the academic support, the flexibility of assessments (57.35%) and the differentiated treatment of absences (51.47%) were close. The sporting support is centered on partial payment of competition costs (60.29%) and athlete grants are restricted to 20.58% of universities. It can be concluded that Brazil's federal universities have policies that include support actions that integrate the holistic model (academic), with incipient coverage of scholarships (sports), but do not effectively follow the holistic model.

在国际上,旨在为从事双重职业(如大学生)的学生运动员提供学业、经济和退役准备支持的综合计划已得到广泛实施和加强。然而,在巴西国内,人们对这一主题知之甚少,因为尽管有相关研究,但这些研究都是准时进行的,而且与特定的大学有关。有鉴于此,本研究旨在调查巴西联邦大学针对学生运动员的公共政策。这是一项探索性、定性、横断面和文献研究,采用内容分析法,利用巴西 69 所联邦大学 2023 年的网站、内部规章和公告进行研究。结果表明,72.05%的大学根据整体模式为区委提供某种支持,其中 66.17%为学术支持,60.29%为体育支持。在学业支持中,评估的灵活性(57.35%)和缺勤的区别对待(51.47%)比较接近。体育方面的支持主要是支付部分比赛费用(60.29%),运动员补助仅限于 20.58%的大学。可以得出的结论是,巴西联邦大学的政策包括整合整体模式(学术)的支持行动,奖学金(体育)的覆盖范围刚刚开始,但并没有有效地遵循整体模式。
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引用次数: 0
Dietary intake, energy availability, and power in men collegiate gymnasts. 男子大学生体操运动员的饮食摄入、能量供应和力量。
IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-18 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1448197
Nicholas M Kuhlman, Margaret T Jones, Andrew R Jagim, Meghan K Magee, Luke Wilcox, Jennifer B Fields

Introduction: The purpose was to examine the prevalence of low energy availability (LEA), explore dietary behaviors in men collegiate gymnasts (n = 14), and investigate the relationships between energy availability (EA), body composition, and plyometric performance.

Methods: Body composition was measured using air displacement plethysmography. Lower- and upper-body peak power (PWRpeak) and modified reactive strength index (RSImod) were calculated from countermovement jump (CMJ) and plyometric push-up (PP) assessments. Energy expenditure was tracked over 3 days, while daily energy and macronutrient intake were recorded. EA was calculated and used to categorize athletes into LEA and non-LEA groups. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine relationships between EA, body composition, and performance metrics.

Results: 85.7% of athletes (n = 12) exhibited LEA (20.98 ± 5.2 kcals/kg FFM), with non-LEA athletes (n = 2) marginally surpassing the <30 kcal/kg of fat-free mass (FFM) threshold (30.58 ± 0.2 kcals/kg FFM). The cohort (n = 14) consumed insufficient energy (30.5 ± 4.5 kcal/kg/day) and carbohydrates (3.7 ± 1.1 g/kg/day), resulting in LEA (22.36 ± 5.9 kcal/kg/FFM). EA was not correlated with body composition or performance metrics.

Discussion: A high prevalence of LEA may exist in men gymnasts, largely due to a low relative energy and carbohydrate intake.

简介目的是研究低能量可用性(LEA)的普遍性,探索男子大学生体操运动员(n = 14)的饮食行为,并研究能量可用性(EA)、身体成分和负重能力之间的关系:方法:使用空气位移血压计测量身体成分。根据反向运动跳跃(CMJ)和负重俯卧撑(PP)评估计算下半身和上半身峰值功率(PWRpeak)和修正的反应性力量指数(RSImod)。对 3 天的能量消耗进行跟踪,同时记录每天的能量和宏量营养素摄入量。计算出 EA,并将运动员分为 LEA 组和非 LEA 组。皮尔逊相关系数用于研究 EA、身体成分和成绩指标之间的关系:85.7%的运动员(n = 12)表现出LEA(20.98 ± 5.2千卡/千克FFM),非LEA运动员(n = 2)略高于n = 14的运动员(n = 14)消耗的能量(30.5 ± 4.5千卡/千克/天)和碳水化合物(3.7 ± 1.1克/千克/天)不足,导致LEA(22.36 ± 5.9千卡/千克/FFM)。EA与身体成分或成绩指标无关:讨论:男子体操运动员的 LEA 发生率较高,这主要是由于能量和碳水化合物的相对摄入量较低。
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引用次数: 0
Human rights and the olympics: from an ideological paradox to a new anti-corruption legacy. 人权与奥林匹克运动会:从意识形态悖论到新的反腐败遗产。
IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-18 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1365150
Dikaia Chatziefstathiou, J Simon Rofe

This article aims to explore the evolution of the debates surrounding human rights in the discourse(s) of major sporting events (MSEs), particularly the Olympics. The paper will first analyse the western-centric origins of the "universality" of the Olympic philosophy and how it affected the protection and promotion of human rights, as well as addressing practical challenges or limitations faced. It will then focus on unpacking the elements of sportswashing and soft power in the multi-discursive context of sport where power, privilege, politics, and position are (re)produced. In doing so it draws upon the emergent field of Sports Diplomacy as the most appropriate explanatory framework to share in this discourse. Finally, it will explore the potential impact of anti-corruption reforms on the establishment of a meaningful human rights legacy.

本文旨在探讨重大体育赛事(MSEs),特别是奥运会话语中围绕人权的辩论的演变。本文将首先分析奥林匹克理念的 "普遍性 "以西方为中心的起源,以及它如何影响人权的保护和促进,并探讨所面临的实际挑战或限制。然后,文章将重点解读体育运动中的 "体育洗礼 "和软实力等要素,在体育运动的多重传播背景下,权力、特权、政治和地位(重新)产生。在此过程中,它将借鉴新兴的体育外交领域,将其作为最合适的解释框架来分享这一论述。最后,它将探讨反腐败改革对建立有意义的人权遗产的潜在影响。
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引用次数: 0
Pre-, Per- and post-cooling strategies used by competitive tennis players in hot dry and hot humid conditions. 竞技网球运动员在炎热干燥和炎热潮湿条件下使用的事前、事中和事后降温策略。
IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-18 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1427066
Nicolas Robin, Miguel Crespo, Toru Ishihara, Robbin Carien, Cyril Brechbuhl, Olivier Hue, Laurent Dominique

Purpose: This research investigated the pre-, per- and post cooling strategies used by competitive tennis players from various levels of play who occasionally train and compete in hot (>28°C) and humid (>60% rH), and dry (<60% rH) environments.

Methods: 129 male tennis players (Mage = 24.9) competing at regional (N = 54), national (N = 30) and international (N = 45) levels, completed an online questionnaire regarding their use (i.e., timing, type, justification and effectiveness) of pre- (i.e., before practice), per- (i.e., during exercise) and post-cooling strategies when playing tennis in hot dry (HD) and hot humid (HH) conditions. Individual follow-up interviews were also carried on 3 participants to gain an in-depth understanding of the player's experience.

Results: Competitive tennis players used both internal and external cooling strategies to combat the negative effects of HD and HH conditions, but considered the HH to be more stressful than HD and experienced more heat-related illness in HH environments. International players used cold packs and cold towel more frequently than the regional and national players in hot environments, and used cold water immersion and cold vest more frequently than the latter in HH. Differences in strategy use were mostly observed during per-cooling where regional and national players more frequently used cold drinks than international players who more frequently used cold packs in HD and cold towel in HH conditions. Moreover the latter more frequently used cold towel, cold packs and cold water immersion as post-cooling strategies than regional players.

Conclusion: When playing tennis in the heat, it is strongly recommended to employ cooling strategies to maintain health, limit declines in performance, and promote recovery. We also recommend improving education regarding the appropriate use and effectiveness of cooling strategies, and increasing their availability in tournaments.

目的:本研究调查了偶尔在炎热(>28°C)、潮湿(>60% rH)和干燥(方法:129 名参加地区(54 人)、国家(30 人)和国际(45 人)级比赛的男性网球运动员(年龄 = 24.9)在训练和比赛前、比赛中和比赛后所使用的降温策略、在炎热干燥(HD)和炎热潮湿(HH)的条件下打网球时,他们使用赛前(即练习前)、赛中(即运动中)和赛后降温策略的情况(即时间、类型、理由和效果)。此外,还对 3 名参与者进行了个人跟踪采访,以深入了解他们的经历:结果:竞技网球运动员使用内部和外部降温策略来对抗干热和湿热环境的负面影响,但他们认为湿热环境比干热环境更令人紧张,在湿热环境中更容易患上热相关疾病。在高温环境下,国际选手比地区和国家选手更频繁地使用冷敷袋和冷毛巾,而在高温环境下,国际选手比地区和国家选手更频繁地使用冷水浸泡和冷背心。策略使用上的差异主要体现在每次降温时,地区和国家选手比国际选手更频繁地使用冷饮,而国际选手在高温条件下更频繁地使用冷袋,在高温条件下更频繁地使用冷毛巾。此外,在降温后使用冷毛巾、冷敷袋和冷水浸泡的策略方面,国际选手也比地区选手更频繁:结论:在高温下打网球时,强烈建议采用降温策略来保持健康、限制成绩下降并促进恢复。我们还建议加强有关冷却策略的适当使用和有效性的教育,并在比赛中增加冷却策略的使用。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial: Physical fitness via advanced technology-ICT solutions for healthier ageing. 社论:通过先进技术强身健体--信息和通信技术促进健康老龄化的解决方案。
IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-17 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1484154
Sonja Jungreitmayr, Verena Venek
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引用次数: 0
Factors influencing the relationship between coaches and athletes with disabilities: a systematic review. 影响教练与残疾运动员之间关系的因素:系统综述。
IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-16 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1461512
Junyan Liu, Hongjun Yu, Adam Bleakney, Yih-Kuen Jan

Introduction: The relationship between coaches and athletes with disabilities is critical for enhancing athletes' performance and psychosocial well-being. This study aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for coaches, sports organizations, and policymakers dedicated to supporting athletes with disabilities.

Methods: A comprehensive analysis of existing literature was conducted. Five databases were searched, including PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. A total of 22 studies were included for thematic analysis.

Results: This systematic review identifies key factors influencing the coach-athlete relationship in disabled sports. These factors are categorized into three main domains: professional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. In the professional domain, effective coaching requires sport-specific skills and adaptive techniques tailored to the unique needs of athletes with disabilities. Coaches must understand the technical and tactical aspects of each parasport and adapt training plans to optimize performance and foster independence. The interpersonal domain emphasizes communication strategies and team-building practices. Effective communication involves understanding athletes' needs and adapting approaches to maximize strengths. Building rapport, managing conflict, and fostering a supportive team environment are crucial for maintaining a positive coach-athlete relationship. The intrapersonal domain highlights the importance of self-reflection and continuous learning. Coaches who engage in self-reflection and professional development better understand their behaviors and biases, enabling them to tailor coaching strategies to the specific needs of athletes with disabilities. Continuous learning is essential for remaining responsive to the evolving needs of these athletes.

Discussion: This review underscores the importance of a holistic approach that integrates professional expertise, interpersonal skills, and intrapersonal awareness. By addressing these factors, it provides a foundation for developing more effective coaching strategies and supports for athletes with disabilities, ultimately enhancing their performance and well-being. Future research should explore cultural differences, the specific coaching needs of athletes with intellectual disabilities, and the impact of policies and structural barriers on the coach-athlete relationship in disabled sports.

引言教练与残疾运动员之间的关系对于提高运动员的表现和心理健康至关重要。本研究旨在为致力于支持残疾运动员的教练、体育组织和政策制定者提供基于证据的建议:方法:对现有文献进行了全面分析。搜索了五个数据库,包括 PubMed、Web of Science、SPORTDiscus、Google Scholar 和中国国家知识基础设施。共纳入 22 项研究进行专题分析:本系统综述确定了影响残疾人体育运动中教练与运动员关系的关键因素。这些因素主要分为三个方面:专业、人际和人内。在专业领域,有效的教练需要针对残疾运动员的独特需求,掌握特定的运动技能和适应技术。教练员必须了解每项辅助运动的技术和战术方面,并调整训练计划以优化成绩和培养独立性。人际领域强调沟通策略和团队建设实践。有效的沟通包括了解运动员的需求并调整方法,最大限度地发挥运动员的优势。建立融洽的关系、处理冲突和营造支持性的团队环境,对于维持积极的教练-运动员关系至关重要。人际领域强调自我反思和不断学习的重要性。进行自我反思和专业发展的教练员能够更好地了解自己的行为和偏见,从而使他们能够根据残疾运动员的具体需求调整教练策略。持续学习对于不断满足这些运动员不断变化的需求至关重要:讨论:本综述强调了将专业知识、人际交往技能和个人内在意识融为一体的整体方法的重要性。通过探讨这些因素,它为制定更有效的教练策略和为残疾运动员提供支持奠定了基础,并最终提高了他们的表现和福祉。未来的研究应探索文化差异、智障运动员的特殊教练需求,以及政策和结构性障碍对残疾人运动中教练与运动员关系的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Outdoor recess is associated with more positive attitudes toward physical activity among pre-adolescent students and their parents. 户外课间休息与青春期前学生及其家长对体育锻炼更积极的态度有关。
IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-16 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1433801
Getter Marie Lemberg, Merike Kull, Jarek Mäestu, Eva-Maria Riso, Katrin Mägi, Evelin Mäestu

Introduction: School day structure has the potential to increase students' physical activity (PA) levels and form positive attitudes about PA. Including various PA opportunities and free play possibilities in the school schedule, especially outdoor recess, can improve students' moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) levels during school time. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to investigate students' and their parents' attitudes about outdoor recess and PA opportunities in schools with different recess opportunities.

Methods: Students from grades three to six (9-13-year-olds) and their parents responded to a questionnaire about the effect of outdoor recess and opportunities for PA during the school day. Schools were divided into three groups based on the recess opportunities during the school day: (1) "outdoor recess", (2) "outdoor recess on some days", (3) "indoor recess".

Results: Students and parents of the "outdoor recess" group had significantly more positive attitudes about outdoor recess and PA opportunities in school. Students of the "outdoor recess" group stated being significantly more active during their leisure-time compared to other groups. Parents of the "outdoor recess" group stated that the school has asked their opinion regarding PA opportunities during the school day significantly more compared to the other two groups.

Discussion: These findings emphasize the positive effect outdoor recess can have on students' PA beliefs and habits. Parents of the "outdoor recess" group also had more positive attitudes toward PA which is important as parents most likely convey their attitudes and beliefs to their children. In addition, involving and informing parents is critical when changing the school schedule and introducing new school culture, to make the changes last.

导言:课间结构有可能提高学生的体育活动(PA)水平,并形成对体育活动的积极态度。在学校课程表中加入各种体能活动机会和自由玩耍的可能性,尤其是户外课间操,可以提高学生在校期间的中度至剧烈体能活动(MVPA)水平。因此,本研究的主要目的是调查学生及其家长对户外大课间活动的态度,以及学校提供不同大课间活动机会的情况:方法:三至六年级的学生(9-13 岁)及其家长回答了一份关于户外课间休息和课间活动机会的影响的调查问卷。根据课间休息的机会将学校分为三组:(1)"户外课间休息 "组;(2)"部分时间户外课间休息 "组;(3)"室内课间休息 "组:结果:"室外课间休息 "组的学生和家长对学校的室外课间休息和课间活动机会的态度明显更积极。与其他组别相比,"室外大课间 "组的学生在课余时间的活动量明显更大。与其他两组相比,"户外课间活动 "组的家长表示学校在课间活动机会方面询问他们意见的次数明显更多:讨论:这些发现强调了户外课间操对学生的 PA 信念和习惯的积极影响。户外课间休息 "组的家长对 PA 的态度也更积极,这一点很重要,因为家长很可能会将自己的态度和信念传达给孩子。此外,在改变学校课程表和引入新的学校文化时,让家长参与进来并告知他们相关信息是至关重要的,这样才能使改变持久。
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引用次数: 0
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