This paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications. Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel oil production were also surveyed as raw material (palm kernel seeds) for green energy production. Results of the field study show that 22% of palm kernel seeds (which represents tons of waste) resulting from palm oil processing plants are dumped while at the artisanal level, 80% of palm kernel seed waste is dumped. Analysis of field study data shows that large amounts of waste palm kernel seeds are available to enable large scale production of palm kernel oil (PKO) for desirable industrial applications in green energy production. The paper also reports on the physical and chemical properties of Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO). Palm kernel oil was extracted using mechanical press and solvent extraction. The palm kernel oil (PKO) from Cameroon was analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Results of the physical measurements show a specific gravity of PKO of 0.92 kg/L, viscosity of 26.03 cSt and at 5.93 cSt at 40°C and 100°C respectively, viscosity index of 185, pour point of 20°C, cloud point of 29°C, flash point of 200°C, aniline point of 105°F, diesel index of 23, cetane number of 27 and ASTM (American Standards for Testing and Materials) color of less than 2.5. Results of chemical analyses showed an acid value of 17.95 mg KOH/g, free fatty acid (FFA) content of 8.98 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 2.10 mg I2/g, peroxide value of 2.10 meq/kg, ester value of 123.0 mg KOH/g, hydroxyl value of 93.4 mg OH/g, saponification value of 140.95 mg KOH/g and a sulfur content of 0.016% w/v, signifying low sulfur content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the palm kernel oil to be predominantly made up of glycerides of various fatty acids with higher proportions of C12 to C16 fatty acid residues. Cameroon PKO therefore has a broad spectrum of industrial applications by virtue of its rich physical and chemical properties.
{"title":"Cameroon Green Energy Potentials: Field Survey of Production, Physico-Chemical Analyses of Palm Kernel Oil for Industrial Applications","authors":"A. Bong, N. Kor, P. Ndifon","doi":"10.4236/gsc.2020.103005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2020.103005","url":null,"abstract":"This \u0000paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw \u0000material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications. \u0000Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel oil production were also \u0000surveyed as raw material (palm kernel seeds) for green energy production. \u0000Results of the field study show that 22% of palm kernel seeds (which represents \u0000tons of waste) resulting from palm oil processing plants are dumped while at \u0000the artisanal level, 80% of palm kernel seed waste is dumped. Analysis of field \u0000study data shows that \u0000large amounts of waste palm kernel seeds are available to enable large scale \u0000production of palm kernel oil (PKO) for desirable industrial applications in \u0000green energy production. The paper also reports on the physical and chemical \u0000properties of Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO). Palm kernel oil was extracted \u0000using mechanical press and solvent extraction. The palm kernel oil (PKO) from \u0000Cameroon was analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Results of the \u0000physical measurements show a specific gravity of PKO of 0.92 kg/L, viscosity of \u000026.03 cSt and at 5.93 cSt at 40°C and 100°C respectively, viscosity index of \u0000185, pour point of 20°C, cloud point of 29°C, flash point of 200°C, aniline \u0000point of 105°F, diesel index of 23, cetane number of 27 and ASTM (American \u0000Standards for Testing and Materials) color of less than 2.5. Results of \u0000chemical analyses showed an acid value of 17.95 mg KOH/g, free fatty acid (FFA) \u0000content of 8.98 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 2.10 mg I2/g, peroxide value of 2.10 meq/kg, \u0000ester value of 123.0 mg KOH/g, hydroxyl value of 93.4 mg OH/g, saponification \u0000value of 140.95 mg KOH/g and a sulfur content of 0.016% w/v, signifying low \u0000sulfur content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the palm \u0000kernel oil to be predominantly made up of glycerides of various fatty acids with \u0000higher proportions of C12 to C16 fatty acid residues. Cameroon PKO therefore \u0000has a broad spectrum of industrial applications by virtue of its rich physical \u0000and chemical properties.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74688805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.02.006
P. Morone, E. Imbert
{"title":"Food waste and social acceptance of a circular bioeconomy: the role of stakeholders","authors":"P. Morone, E. Imbert","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.02.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75508202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Matin, Samiran Bhattacharjee, Md. Aftab Ali Shaikh, T. Debnath, M. Aziz
As a substitute for lithium ion batteries, Na chemistry for ion battery systems is promising materials for energy storage applications for the next generation. Herein, the structures, IR and UV-visible spectra of 2-aminoterephthalic acid (H2ATA), disodium 2-aminoterephthalate (Na2ATA), trisodium 2-aminotere-phthalate (Na3ATA) and tetrasodium 2-aminoterephthalate (Na4ATA) have been studied using density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)). The theoretical geometric parameters and FTIR results showed very good agreement with the experimental results. Different conformers of Na2ATA, Na3ATA and Na4ATA showed that the binding energy per sodium in Na2ATA, Na3ATA and Na4ATA is -694.94, -543.44 and -407.46 kJ/mol, respectively. The Na3ATA and Na4ATA salts are higher in energy (151.46 and 287.48 kJ/mol, respectively) than Na2ATA, indicating the higher stability of the Na2ATA complex. The calculated binding energy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of Na2ATA, Na3ATA and Na4ATA revealed that the compounds are thermodynamically stable. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of Na2ATA, Na3ATA and Na4ATA indicated that the major interaction occurs between the lone pair electrons of the oxygen atom and anti-bonding orbitals of carbon atoms of the two carboxylate ions. UV-visible spectrum of the free H2ATA and its sodium salts Na2ATA, Na3ATA and Na4ATA were performed using the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) method at the level of B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). The frontier molecular orbital energetic parameters and global reactivity descriptors revealed that the Na4ATA and Na3ATA complexes exhibited a higher band gap (ΔEgap) and electronegativity (χeV) than Na2ATA.
{"title":"A Density Functional Theory (DFT) Investigation on the Structure and Spectroscopic Behavior of 2-Aminoterephthalic Acid and Its Sodium Salts","authors":"M. Matin, Samiran Bhattacharjee, Md. Aftab Ali Shaikh, T. Debnath, M. Aziz","doi":"10.4236/gsc.2020.102004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2020.102004","url":null,"abstract":"As a substitute for lithium ion batteries, Na \u0000chemistry for ion battery systems is promising materials for energy storage \u0000applications for the next generation. \u0000Herein, the \u0000structures, IR and UV-visible spectra of 2-aminoterephthalic acid (H2ATA), disodium 2-aminoterephthalate (Na2ATA), \u0000trisodium 2-aminotere-phthalate (Na3ATA) and tetrasodium \u00002-aminoterephthalate (Na4ATA) have been studied using \u0000density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)). \u0000The theoretical geometric parameters and FTIR results showed very \u0000good agreement with the \u0000experimental results. Different conformers of Na2ATA, Na3ATA \u0000and Na4ATA showed that the binding energy per sodium in Na2ATA, \u0000Na3ATA and Na4ATA is -694.94, -543.44 and -407.46 kJ/mol, \u0000respectively. The Na3ATA and Na4ATA salts are higher in \u0000energy (151.46 and 287.48 kJ/mol, respectively) than Na2ATA, \u0000indicating the higher stability of the Na2ATA complex. The \u0000calculated binding energy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of Na2ATA, \u0000Na3ATA and Na4ATA revealed that the compounds are \u0000thermodynamically stable. Natural bond orbital (NBO) \u0000analysis of Na2ATA, Na3ATA and Na4ATA indicated that the major interaction occurs between \u0000the lone pair electrons of the oxygen atom and anti-bonding orbitals of carbon \u0000atoms of the two carboxylate ions. UV-visible spectrum of the free H2ATA and its sodium salts Na2ATA, \u0000Na3ATA and Na4ATA were \u0000performed using the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) method at \u0000the level of B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). The frontier molecular orbital energetic \u0000parameters and global reactivity descriptors revealed that the Na4ATA \u0000and Na3ATA complexes exhibited a higher band gap (ΔEgap) \u0000and electronegativity (χeV) than Na2ATA.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87730963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of microwave irradiation on the intermolecular and intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation of aromatic compounds was investigated. Microwave irradiation had no effect on the intermolecular reaction but had an accelerating effect on the intramolecular reaction. This enhanced intramolecular reactivity that was attributed to the high probability of close proximity between the reaction sites.
{"title":"Microwave Irradiation Effect on Intermolecular and Intramolecular Friedel-Crafts Acylation Reaction","authors":"Y. Okada, Arisa Fujitsu","doi":"10.4236/gsc.2020.101002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2020.101002","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of microwave irradiation on the intermolecular and \u0000intramolecular Friedel-Crafts \u0000acylation of aromatic compounds was investigated. Microwave irradiation had no \u0000effect on the intermolecular reaction but had an accelerating effect on the intramolecular \u0000reaction. This enhanced intramolecular reactivity that was attributed to the high \u0000probability of close proximity between the reaction sites.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78753003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shoko Suzuki, Hiroyuki Ito, M. Noike, S. Ishizuka, R. Nonaka, K. Funaki, T. Kodama, S. Sakaki, T. Nishino, Mina Ito, Toranosuke Takahasi, Y. Yokoyama*
Recently, the development of environmentally friendly syntheses of imine derivatives, which were attracting great attention for their reactivity and structure in various fields, progressed rapidly because the concept of green chemistry had deeply penetrated into society. In our previous work, we had reported new synthetic methods of imine derivatives using some active amines under solvent- and catalyst-free reaction conditions. This synthetic reaction proceeded smoothly and target compounds were obtained in excellent yields. In this system, when less reactive amines were used as substrates, the synthetic reaction was not finished in the short reaction time, and the corresponding compounds were given in moderate yields. In order to solve this point, we tried to improve the reaction conditions of this method. Through this improvement, it was found that pure target compounds could be obtained in excellent yields by using 1.1 equivalents of less reactive amines to aldehydes and extending the reaction time compared with our previous work. In this paper, we will introduce the detail of this study, and also report the result of the investigation of the reaction property by computational chemistry.
{"title":"Environmentally Friendly Syntheses of Imines Applying the Pressure Reduction Technique: Reaction Cases of Less Reactive Amines and Studies by Computational Chemistry","authors":"Shoko Suzuki, Hiroyuki Ito, M. Noike, S. Ishizuka, R. Nonaka, K. Funaki, T. Kodama, S. Sakaki, T. Nishino, Mina Ito, Toranosuke Takahasi, Y. Yokoyama*","doi":"10.4236/gsc.2020.101001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2020.101001","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the development of environmentally friendly syntheses of imine \u0000derivatives, which were attracting great attention for their reactivity and \u0000structure in various fields, progressed rapidly because the concept of green \u0000chemistry had deeply penetrated into society. In our previous work, we had reported \u0000new synthetic methods of imine derivatives using some active amines under solvent- \u0000and catalyst-free reaction conditions. This synthetic reaction proceeded \u0000smoothly and target compounds were obtained in excellent yields. In this system, \u0000when less reactive amines were used as substrates, the synthetic reaction was \u0000not finished in the short reaction time, and the corresponding compounds were given \u0000in moderate yields. In order to solve this point, we tried to improve the \u0000reaction conditions of this method. Through this improvement, it was found that \u0000pure target compounds could be obtained in excellent yields by using 1.1 \u0000equivalents of less reactive amines to aldehydes and extending the reaction \u0000time compared with our previous work. In this paper, we will introduce the detail \u0000of this study, and also report the result of the investigation of the reaction \u0000property by computational chemistry.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90291682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Al-Dosari, S. Darwish, Mahmoud A. Adam, Nagib Elmarzugi, Sayed M. Ahmed
Massive limestones were used in construction of ancient Egyptian tombs, temples, obelisks and other sculptures. These stones are always exposed to physico-mechanical deterioration and destructive forces, leading to partial or total collapse. The task of reassembling this type of artifacts represents a big challenge for the conservators. Recently, the researchers are turning to new technologies to improve the properties of traditional adhesive materials and techniques used in re-assembly of broken massive stones. The epoxy resins are used extensively in stone conservation and re-assembly of broken stones because of their outstanding mechanical properties. The adding of nanoparticles to polymeric adhesives at low percentages may lead to substantial improvements of their mechanical performances in structural joints and massive objects. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of montmorillonite clay, calcium carbonate, and silicon dioxide nanoparticles for enhancing the performances of epoxy adhesives used in re-assembly of archaeological massive limestones. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed in order to investigate the morphology of the prepared nanocomposites, and the distribution of nanoparticles inside the composites. Artificial aging, tensile, compressive, and elongation strength tests were used to evaluate the efficiency of epoxy-nanocomposites. The results showed that the epoxy-clay nanocomposites exhibited superior tensile, compressive, and elongation strength, in addition to improving the mechanical properties of stone joints.
{"title":"Re-Assembly of Archaeological Massive Limestones Using Epoxy Resin Modified with Nanomaterials—Part 1: Experimental","authors":"M. Al-Dosari, S. Darwish, Mahmoud A. Adam, Nagib Elmarzugi, Sayed M. Ahmed","doi":"10.4236/gsc.2020.101003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2020.101003","url":null,"abstract":"Massive limestones were used in construction of ancient Egyptian tombs, temples, obelisks and other sculptures. These stones are always exposed to physico-mechanical deterioration and destructive forces, leading to partial or total collapse. The task of reassembling this type of artifacts represents a big challenge for the conservators. Recently, the researchers are turning to new technologies to improve the properties of traditional adhesive materials and techniques used in re-assembly of broken massive stones. The epoxy resins are used extensively in stone conservation and re-assembly of broken stones because of their outstanding mechanical properties. The adding of nanoparticles to polymeric adhesives at low percentages may lead to substantial improvements of their mechanical performances in structural joints and massive objects. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of montmorillonite clay, calcium carbonate, and silicon dioxide nanoparticles for enhancing the performances of epoxy adhesives used in re-assembly of archaeological massive limestones. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed in order to investigate the morphology of the prepared nanocomposites, and the distribution of nanoparticles inside the composites. Artificial aging, tensile, compressive, and elongation strength tests were used to evaluate the efficiency of epoxy-nanocomposites. The results showed that the epoxy-clay nanocomposites exhibited superior tensile, compressive, and elongation strength, in addition to improving the mechanical properties of stone joints.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75466513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad A. Aldoasri, S. Darwish, Mahmoud A. Adam, Nagib Elmarzugi, S. M. Ahmed
{"title":"Re-Assembly of Archaeological Massive Limestones Using Epoxy Resin Modified with Nanomaterials—Part 2: Applied","authors":"Mohammad A. Aldoasri, S. Darwish, Mahmoud A. Adam, Nagib Elmarzugi, S. M. Ahmed","doi":"10.4236/gsc.2020.103006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2020.103006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89011857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Zhao, H. Okada, M. Asakawa, R. Sugimoto, K. Yoshino
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was grafted onto silk fiber in a one-step emulsion system using a diethylzinc and 1,10-phenanthroline complex. The reaction conditions were investigated by varying temperature and initiator to monomer ratio. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEC) techniques were used to characterize the structure, thermal stability, and surface morphology of the obtained product, respectively. Grafting of MMA onto silk increased the thermal stability of silk. The FTIR spectrum and SEM images provided further evidence that MMA has been successfully grafted onto the silk fiber. A peak ascribed to the C=O stretching vibration of MMA was detected in the FTIR spectrum of grafted silk fiber, which was not present in the spectrum of pure silk fiber. Moreover, the SEM images illustrated the increase in diameter and surface roughness of grafted silk compared with pure silk. Lastly, the dyeing performance of the modified silk was significantly increased.
{"title":"Grafting Methyl Methacrylate onto Silk via Emulsion Graft Copolymerization Using a Diethylzinc Complex Initiator","authors":"C. Zhao, H. Okada, M. Asakawa, R. Sugimoto, K. Yoshino","doi":"10.4236/gsc.2019.94010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2019.94010","url":null,"abstract":"Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was grafted onto silk fiber in a one-step \u0000emulsion system using a diethylzinc and 1,10-phenanthroline complex. The \u0000reaction conditions were investigated by varying temperature and initiator to \u0000monomer ratio. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, thermogravimetric \u0000analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEC) techniques were used to \u0000characterize the structure, thermal stability, and surface morphology of the obtained \u0000product, respectively. Grafting of MMA onto silk increased the thermal \u0000stability of silk. The FTIR spectrum and SEM images provided further evidence \u0000that MMA has been successfully grafted onto the silk fiber. A peak ascribed to \u0000the C=O stretching vibration of MMA was detected in the FTIR spectrum of \u0000grafted silk fiber, which was not present in the spectrum of pure silk fiber. \u0000Moreover, the SEM images illustrated the increase in diameter and surface \u0000roughness of grafted silk compared with pure silk. Lastly, the dyeing performance \u0000of the modified silk was significantly increased.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90282758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Until relatively recently, little has been done of effective technique “zero effluent” to conserve energy and water. Tannery wastewater is known as complex characteristics. In this study batch electrocoagulation experiments were carried out to assess the removal of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from tannery wastewater using two types of electrode materials: aluminum and iron. The effects of current density, electrolysis time and initial pH were investigated for tannery wastewater. Therefore, the operating costs for each electrode have been calculated. Based on results, it can be concluded that iron is tremendous to aluminum as electrode material, from COD removal and energy consumption views. All the conclusions of the study revealed that treatment of tannery by EC can be applied as a step of a hybrid treatment.
{"title":"Treatment of Tannery Wastewater by the Application of Electrocoagulation Process Using Iron and Aluminum Electrodes","authors":"Abdalhadi Deghles","doi":"10.4236/gsc.2019.94009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2019.94009","url":null,"abstract":"Until relatively recently, little has been done of effective technique \u0000“zero effluent” to conserve energy and water. Tannery wastewater is known as complex \u0000characteristics. In this study batch electrocoagulation experiments were \u0000carried out to assess the removal of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) \u0000from tannery wastewater using two types of electrode materials: aluminum and \u0000iron. The effects of current density, electrolysis time and initial pH were \u0000investigated for tannery wastewater. Therefore, the operating costs for each \u0000electrode have been calculated. Based on results, it can be concluded that iron \u0000is tremendous to aluminum as electrode material, from COD removal and energy \u0000consumption views. All the conclusions of the study revealed that treatment of \u0000tannery by EC can be applied as a step of a hybrid treatment.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91405725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luis Álvarez-Santamaría, E. Juaristi, Alexa Berenice Arroyo-Colín, Jorge Palma-Flores, Fanny A. Cabrera-Rivera, J. Escalante
A simple one-pot procedure for the preparation of imines from the corresponding aldehydes and amines, and their subsequent oxidation reaction with m-CPBA to produce synthetically useful oxaziridines is reported. The method is applicable to imines derived from both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and diverse alkyl amines. Short reaction times, essentially quantitative yields, very mild reaction conditions, and easy purification are the main features of the procedure reported herein.
{"title":"Efficient Solvent-Free Preparation of Imines, and Their Subsequent Oxidation with m-CPBA to Afford Oxaziridines","authors":"Luis Álvarez-Santamaría, E. Juaristi, Alexa Berenice Arroyo-Colín, Jorge Palma-Flores, Fanny A. Cabrera-Rivera, J. Escalante","doi":"10.4236/gsc.2019.94011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2019.94011","url":null,"abstract":"A simple one-pot procedure for the preparation of imines from the corresponding aldehydes and amines, and their subsequent oxidation reaction with m-CPBA to produce synthetically useful oxaziridines is reported. The method is applicable to imines derived from both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and diverse alkyl amines. Short reaction times, essentially quantitative yields, very mild reaction conditions, and easy purification are the main features of the procedure reported herein.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87855838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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