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Ethical entrepreneurship: Islamic financial principles for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) 道德创业:中小企业的伊斯兰金融原则
Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.2.0035
Ali Keya Anami
Islamic ethics prescribe its followers to zealously guard their behavior, words, thoughts, and intentions and observe certain norms and moral codes in their financial transactions; in their social affairs; and in private and public life. The unique feature of the Islamic ethical system is that it permeates all spheres and fields of human life. Islam therefore has its own distinctive value-based ethical system for finance dealings. It prescribes certain specific guidelines governing finance ethics, which are dictated primarily by the notion of halal (lawful or permitted) and haram (unlawful or prohibited) as per Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). The current global economic meltdown is a clear revelation of the shortcomings of the conventional financial set-up and the weakness of self-designed system devoid of spiritual and divine guidance, hence the yearning and desire for a socially just financial system by conscious individuals and corporate bodies. The assertion that Islamic financial system is only distinguished from other economic systems in its emphasis on interest free and other usurious transactions coupled with the fact that many concepts are springing up contending with the Islamic financial system inform the need to study the system within the context of Islamic ethical principles. This paper is therefore out to articulate the ethical principles of financial institutions as enshrined in the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet so that Islamic financial system will not lose focus and to avoid being carried away by the flamboyant and excessive profits and surpluses of the conventional financial institutions.
伊斯兰教伦理要求其信徒在金融交易、社会事务、私人生活和公共生活中恪守自己的行为、言语、思想和意图,遵守一定的规范和道德准则。伊斯兰伦理体系的独特之处在于它渗透到人类生活的各个领域。因此,伊斯兰教有自己独特的以价值为基础的金融交易道德体系。伊斯兰教法学(fiqh)规定了某些具体的金融道德准则,这些准则主要由 halal(合法或允许)和 haram(非法或禁止)的概念所决定。当前的全球经济衰退清楚地揭示了传统金融体系的弊端,以及缺乏精神和神灵指引的自我设计体系的弱点,因此,有觉悟的个人和企业机构渴望建立一个社会公正的金融体系。伊斯兰金融体系与其他经济体系的不同之处仅在于它强调免息和其他高利贷交易,再加上许多与伊斯兰金融体系相抗衡的概念如雨后春笋般涌现,这些都说明有必要在伊斯兰伦理原则的背景下研究伊斯兰金融体系。因此,本文旨在阐明《古兰经》和《先知圣训》中所载的金融机构道德原则,从而使伊斯兰金融体系不会迷失方向,并避免被传统金融机构浮夸的超额利润和盈余所迷惑。
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引用次数: 0
Wild Alaskan salmon supplementation increases 25-OHD levels in sled dogs 补充阿拉斯加野生鲑鱼可提高雪橇犬体内的 25-OHD 水平
Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.2.0036
Kali Ann Striker, Scott Painter Jerome, Mari Høe-Raitto, Laura Kay Falkenstein, Lawrence Kevin Duffy, Kriya Lee Dunlap
Vitamin D deficiency affects canines and humans alike. Athletes are a particularly high-risk group. Further research regarding optimal intake and supplementation is needed to establish the parameters of vitamin D status in both humans and canines and to create a physiologically-relevant definition for vitamin D sufficiency. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare 25-OHD (25-hydroxy vitamin D) levels in sled dogs before and after receiving a diet supplemented with wild Alaskan salmon and (2) correlate biomarkers associated with vitamin D metabolism to 25-OHD levels in sled dogs. Plasma samples from 14 working sled dogs between 10 months and 7 years of age were collected before and after a 4-week supplementation with »0.45 kg of salmon/day. Samples were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for parathyroid hormone and vitamin D binding protein (DBP); 25-OHD levels were measured via radioimmunoassay. 25-OHD and DBP in sled dogs significantly increased after a 4-week supplementation with salmon (P=0.0011 and 0.0367, respectively). Additional variations in 25-OHD were observed when separated by sex (P=0.0404) and age (P<0.0001). 57% of the dogs were deficient prior to the salmon supplementation and 14% at the completion of the study. Wild Alaskan salmon is one of the few food sources that provide appreciable amounts of vitamin D. A 4-week salmon supplementation in sled dogs was sufficient to improve 25-OHD concentrations in most sled dogs in this study. Confounding factors such as age and sex affect circulating 25-OHD levels.
维生素 D 缺乏症对犬类和人类都有影响。运动员尤其是高危人群。需要对最佳摄入量和补充剂进行进一步研究,以确定人类和犬类的维生素 D 状态参数,并为维生素 D 缺乏症制定一个与生理相关的定义。本研究的目的是:(1) 比较雪橇犬在接受阿拉斯加野生鲑鱼补充饮食前后的 25-OHD(25-羟基维生素 D)水平;(2) 将与维生素 D 代谢相关的生物标志物与雪橇犬体内的 25-OHD 水平联系起来。对 14 只年龄在 10 个月到 7 岁之间的工作雪橇犬进行了为期 4 周的 "每天 0.45 千克鲑鱼 "补充剂摄入前后的血浆样本采集。使用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分析样本中的甲状旁腺激素和维生素 D 结合蛋白(DBP);通过放射免疫测定法测量 25-OHD 水平。在补充鲑鱼 4 周后,雪橇犬体内的 25-OHD 和 DBP 显著增加(P=0.0011 和 0.0367)。如果按性别(P=0.0404)和年龄(P<0.0001)区分,还可以观察到 25-OHD 的其他变化。57%的狗在补充鲑鱼前缺乏营养,14%的狗在研究结束时缺乏营养。在这项研究中,对雪橇犬补充 4 周鲑鱼就足以提高大多数雪橇犬体内的 25-OHD 浓度。年龄和性别等干扰因素会影响循环中的 25-OHD 水平。
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引用次数: 0
Predictive analytics in credit risk management for banks: A comprehensive review 银行信贷风险管理中的预测分析:全面回顾
Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.2.0077
Wilhelmina Afua Addy, Chinonye Esther Ugochukwu, Adedoyin Tolulope Oyewole, Onyeka Chrisanctus Ofodile, Omotayo Bukola Adeoye, Chinwe Chinazo Okoye
This comprehensive review explores the dynamic landscape of predictive analytics in credit risk management within the banking sector. Anchored in a qualitative research design, the study synthesizes existing literature and real-world case studies to provide a multifaceted understanding of predictive analytics' role in modern banking. The review identifies key trends, highlighting the integration of predictive analytics across diverse banking operations, the transition to advanced machine learning algorithms, the democratization of predictive analytics tools, and the growing emphasis on ethical and regulatory compliance. It underscores the effectiveness of predictive analytics, showcasing its ability to enhance risk assessment precision, decision-making agility, and overall banking performance. Comparative analyses reveal the varying performance of predictive models across contexts, emphasizing the importance of tailored model selection. However, challenges such as data quality, model interpretability, talent scarcity, ethical considerations, and implementation costs pose significant hurdles. Looking forward, predictive analytics promises to be an indispensable tool for mitigating credit risk in the banking sector, offering refined risk assessments, smarter decisions, and enhanced resilience. The insights from this review provide valuable guidance for banking professionals, regulators, and researchers navigating the evolving landscape of predictive analytics in banking.
这篇综合评论探讨了预测分析技术在银行业信用风险管理中的动态发展。本研究以定性研究设计为基础,综合了现有文献和实际案例研究,从多方面阐述了预测分析在现代银行业中的作用。综述确定了关键趋势,突出强调了预测分析在各种银行业务中的整合、向高级机器学习算法的过渡、预测分析工具的民主化以及对道德和监管合规性的日益重视。报告强调了预测分析的有效性,展示了其提高风险评估精确度、决策灵活性和整体银行业绩效的能力。对比分析揭示了预测模型在不同情况下的不同表现,强调了有针对性地选择模型的重要性。然而,数据质量、模型可解释性、人才稀缺、道德考量和实施成本等挑战构成了重大障碍。展望未来,预测分析有望成为银行业降低信贷风险不可或缺的工具,提供精细的风险评估、更明智的决策和更强的应变能力。本综述中的见解为银行业专业人士、监管机构和研究人员提供了宝贵的指导,帮助他们驾驭不断发展的银行业预测分析技术。
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引用次数: 0
Societal attitudes towards psychiatric patients, medication, and the antipsychiatric movement within the context of theoretical approaches and inclusion initiatives. Τhe role of mental health professionals 在理论方法和包容倡议的背景下,社会对精神病患者、药物治疗和反精神病运动的态度。心理健康专业人员的作用
Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.2.0075
Alexandros Argyriadis, Agathi Argyriadi
Background: Studies examining the cultural and societal factors that shape perceptions of psychiatric patients and medication are gaining prominence. These studies investigate how cultural beliefs, values, and norms influence attitudes towards mental illness and treatment-seeking behavior, with a focus on addressing cultural barriers to care. Aim: The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of literature on these interconnected topics and to analyze the evolving landscape of attitudes towards mental illness within society. Methods: To comprehensively examine the topic, a rigorous literature review approach was utilized. This involved systematically searching and analyzing a wide range of scholarly articles, reviews, and meta-analyses from high-impact factor journals. The search process involved accessing academic databases and employing search strings to ensure inclusivity and relevance of the gathered literature. This methodological approach allowed for the identification and synthesis of key insights, trends, and findings pertaining to the subject matter, providing a robust foundation for the subsequent analysis and discussion. Results: The results reveal a diverse array of perspectives on psychiatric patients, ranging from stigma and discrimination to advocacy for human rights and empowerment. Furthermore, the analysis highlights the impact of the antipsychiatric movement on shaping societal attitudes towards psychiatric treatment and the broader conceptualization of mental illness. Conclusions: Conclusions drawn from this review underscore the importance of addressing stigma, promoting patient-centered care, and fostering inclusivity within mental health discourse and policy.
背景:对影响精神病患者和药物治疗观念的文化和社会因素的研究越来越受到重视。这些研究调查了文化信仰、价值观和规范是如何影响人们对精神疾病的态度和寻求治疗的行为的,重点是解决文化障碍对治疗的影响。目的:本研究旨在全面回顾有关这些相互关联主题的文献,并分析社会中人们对精神疾病态度的演变情况。研究方法为了全面研究该主题,我们采用了严格的文献综述方法。这包括系统地搜索和分析来自高影响因子期刊的大量学术文章、评论和荟萃分析。搜索过程包括访问学术数据库和使用搜索字符串,以确保所收集文献的包容性和相关性。这种方法有助于识别和综合与主题相关的关键见解、趋势和发现,为随后的分析和讨论奠定坚实的基础。结果结果表明,人们对精神病患者的看法多种多样,从污名化和歧视到倡导人权和赋权,不一而足。此外,分析还强调了反精神病运动对塑造社会对精神病治疗和更广泛的精神疾病概念的态度所产生的影响。结论:从本综述中得出的结论强调了在心理健康讨论和政策中解决污名化问题、促进以患者为中心的护理以及培养包容性的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of e-health literacy support on the HIV/AIDS transmission preventive behavior of punk teenagers in Indonesia 电子健康知识支持对印度尼西亚朋克青少年预防艾滋病毒/艾滋病传播行为的影响
Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.2.0056
Yuliana Nur Kolifah, Yeni Tutu Rohimah, Martono Martono
Introduction: HIV/AIDS has been acknowledged as an endemic and deadly disease which can spread rapidly. This study proposes to reveal the effect and effectiveness level of e-health literacy on the HIV/AIDS transmission preventive behavior of teen punks. Methods: This study employed a quantitative experimental design that falls under action research. It carried out an accidental sampling approach and was conducted with 82 participants who had signed an informed consent form. Data were collected using a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. The selected statistical analyses were Paired Sample T-Test and N-Gain score. Both were to determine the effectiveness level with a significance of 95%. Results: This study shows that 80.5% of the participants were male, with an average age of 25.95±6.442. Furthermore, 65.9% were unmarried, and 62.2% had completed high school education. Additionally, gender, age, marital status, and education were found to have no significant influence on preventive behavior. However, support for e-health literacy significantly impacts preventive behavior (p=0.00), with a mean difference of 13.38. Support for e-health literacy effectively reinforces preventive behavior in the context of HIV/AIDS transmission (n-gain score=59.4%). Conclusion: Support for e-health literacy effectively reinforces preventive behavior in the context of HIV/AIDS transmission of punk teenagers.
导言:艾滋病毒/艾滋病已被公认为是一种可迅速传播的地方性致命疾病。本研究拟揭示电子健康知识对青少年小混混预防艾滋病传播行为的影响和有效性水平。研究方法本研究采用定量实验设计,属于行动研究范畴。研究采用意外抽样法,82 名参与者签署了知情同意书。采用 5 点李克特量表问卷收集数据。选定的统计分析方法是配对样本 T 检验和 N 增益得分。两者都是为了确定有效性水平,显著性均为 95%。结果研究表明,80.5% 的参与者为男性,平均年龄为(25.95±6.442)岁。此外,65.9%的人未婚,62.2%的人完成了高中教育。此外,性别、年龄、婚姻状况和教育程度对预防行为没有显著影响。但是,对电子健康知识的支持对预防行为有明显影响(P=0.00),平均差异为 13.38。在艾滋病毒/艾滋病传播的背景下,对电子健康知识的支持有效地加强了预防行为(n-gain score=59.4%)。结论对电子健康知识的支持能有效加强朋克青少年在艾滋病传播背景下的预防行为。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on rural-urban disparities in infant mortality in Kakamega Central Sub-County, Kakamega County, Kenya 社会经济和人口因素对肯尼亚卡卡梅加县卡卡梅加中央子县城乡婴儿死亡率差异的影响
Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.2.0033
Gilbert Omedi, Irene Mutavi, Joyce Obuoyo
Background: Infant mortality, measured as the summation of neonatal and post-neonatal mortalities, remain unacceptably high in Kakamega Central Sub-County, Kakamega County, Kenya. Reducing infant mortality is paramount not only in assessing the progress made towards the third sustainable development goal but also in creating a conducive environment for fertility reduction and in giving a chance to new-born babies to live out their social and economic potential in their families and societies at large. Objective: This study sought to establish the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on rural – urban disparities in infant mortality in Kakamega Central Sub - County, Kakamega County, Kenya. Methods: A cross-sectional research design was used. Systematic random sampling was employed to obtain a sample of 422 mothers within the reproductive age range of 15 to 49 years. Purposive sampling was used to arrive at key informants that were engaged in the study. Primary data were collected from December 2022 to January 2023 by administering pretested and validated questionnaires and interviewing key informants. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted on the Statistical Package for Social Sciences computer software to estimate the prevalence of infant mortality and the odds ratio used as a measure of association at ρ<0.05. Results: Results of multivariate analysis indicated that there were higher likelihoods of rural neonatal (aOR = 1.913) and urban post-neonatal (aOR = 3.823) mortalities amongst mothers with no education qualifications. There were reduced likelihoods of rural post-neonatal (aOR = 0.105) and urban neonatal (aOR = 0.108) mortalities amongst mothers working in the professional, technical, managerial and clerical sectors. Both young (aOR = 1.579 for neonatal mortality) and old (aOR = 2.742 for infant mortality) ages at motherhood, and first births (aOR = 3.492 for infant mortality) and births of high orders (1.881 for neonatal mortality) were associated with increased likelihoods of mortalities in urban and rural areas, respectively. Urban mothers who observed a ≤ 24 months wait period prior to an index birth were more likely to report both post-neonatal (aOR = 3.294) and infant (aOR = 3.616) mortalities. Conclusions: The major contributors to the rural - urban disparities in infant mortality in Kakamega Central Sub-County were order of the index birth, which was significant only in rural areas, and wait period prior to the index birth, which was significant only in urban areas, after controlling for the confounding variables. It is important to advocate for childbearing during the middle reproductive ages and widen the wait period between successive births so as to improve the maturity of the mother and reduce parity, both of which correlate with low infant mortality. Future studies should be done on the relationship between marital status of the mother and infant mortality.
背景:在肯尼亚卡卡梅加县卡卡梅加中央子县,婴儿死亡率(新生儿死亡率和新生儿后期死亡率的总和)仍然高得令人无法接受。降低婴儿死亡率不仅对评估实现第三个可持续发展目标的进展情况至关重要,而且对创造有利于降低生育率的环境以及让新生儿有机会在家庭和整个社会中发挥其社会和经济潜力也至关重要。研究目的本研究旨在确定社会经济和人口因素对肯尼亚卡卡梅加县卡卡梅加中央子县城乡婴儿死亡率差异的影响。研究方法采用横断面研究设计。采用系统随机抽样法获得了 422 名 15 至 49 岁育龄妇女样本。采用了目的性抽样,以获得参与研究的关键信息提供者。在 2022 年 12 月至 2023 年 1 月期间,通过发放经过预先测试和验证的问卷以及采访主要信息提供者,收集了原始数据。使用社会科学统计软件包(Statistical Package for Social Sciences)进行了描述性统计和多项式逻辑回归分析,以估算婴儿死亡率的发生率,并使用几率比(odds ratio)来衡量ρ<0.05时的相关性。结果显示多变量分析结果表明,在没有受过教育的母亲中,农村新生儿死亡率(aOR = 1.913)和城市新生儿后期死亡率(aOR = 3.823)较高。在专业、技术、管理和文职部门工作的母亲中,农村新生儿后期(aOR = 0.105)和城市新生儿(aOR = 0.108)死亡的可能性降低。在城市和农村地区,年轻(新生儿死亡率的 aOR = 1.579)和高龄(婴儿死亡率的 aOR = 2.742)孕产妇、初产妇(婴儿死亡率的 aOR = 3.492)和高产妇(新生儿死亡率的 aOR = 1.881)分别与死亡率的增加有关。在指数分娩前等待时间少于 24 个月的城市母亲更有可能报告新生儿出生后(aOR = 3.294)和婴儿(aOR = 3.616)死亡。结论在控制了混杂变量后,造成卡卡梅加中央子县城乡婴儿死亡率差异的主要因素是分娩顺序(仅在农村地区显著)和分娩前等待时间(仅在城市地区显著)。重要的是要提倡在生育中期生育,并延长连续生育之间的等待期,以提高母亲的成熟度并减少奇偶数,这两者都与低婴儿死亡率相关。今后应对母亲的婚姻状况与婴儿死亡率之间的关系进行研究。
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引用次数: 0
Leveraging big data and analytics for enhanced public health decision-making: A global review 利用大数据和分析技术加强公共卫生决策:全球回顾
Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.2.0078
Adekunle Oyeyemi Adenyi, Chioma Anthonia Okolo, Tolulope Olorunsogo, Oloruntoba Babawarun
In recent years, the proliferation of big data and analytics technologies has revolutionized various sectors, including public health. This review presents a comprehensive review of how leveraging big data and analytics has enhanced public health decision-making on a global scale. The review encompasses diverse applications, methodologies, challenges, and opportunities within this burgeoning field. Big data analytics in public health encompasses the collection, processing, and analysis of vast datasets from heterogeneous sources, including electronic health records, social media, wearable devices, and environmental sensors. These data sources offer valuable insights into disease patterns, risk factors, healthcare utilization, and population health trends. By applying advanced analytical techniques such as machine learning, predictive modeling, and data visualization, public health officials can extract actionable intelligence to inform decision-making processes. Several case studies highlight the efficacy of big data analytics in various public health domains. For instance, predictive modeling techniques have been utilized to forecast disease outbreaks, enabling timely resource allocation and intervention planning. Social media mining has facilitated real-time surveillance of public sentiment and health-related behaviors, aiding in targeted health promotion campaigns. Additionally, electronic health record analysis has facilitated personalized medicine initiatives and improved patient outcomes. Despite the significant potential of big data analytics in public health, several challenges exist. These include data privacy concerns, data quality issues, interoperability barriers, and the digital divide. Furthermore, ethical considerations regarding consent, transparency, and equity must be carefully addressed to mitigate potential biases and ensure responsible data usage. Looking ahead, the future of leveraging big data and analytics for public health decision-making appears promising. Advancements in data integration, interoperability standards, and artificial intelligence hold immense potential for improving the accuracy, timeliness, and relevance of public health interventions. Collaborative efforts between governments, academia, industry, and civil society are essential to harness the full potential of big data analytics in safeguarding population health and promoting well-being on a global scale.
近年来,大数据和分析技术的普及给包括公共卫生在内的各个领域带来了革命性的变化。本综述全面回顾了利用大数据和分析技术如何在全球范围内加强公共卫生决策。综述涵盖了这一新兴领域的各种应用、方法、挑战和机遇。公共卫生领域的大数据分析包括收集、处理和分析来自不同来源的大量数据集,包括电子健康记录、社交媒体、可穿戴设备和环境传感器。这些数据源提供了有关疾病模式、风险因素、医疗保健利用率和人口健康趋势的宝贵见解。通过应用机器学习、预测建模和数据可视化等先进的分析技术,公共卫生官员可以提取可操作的情报,为决策过程提供依据。一些案例研究强调了大数据分析在不同公共卫生领域的功效。例如,预测建模技术已被用于预测疾病爆发,从而实现及时的资源分配和干预规划。社交媒体挖掘促进了对公众情绪和健康相关行为的实时监控,有助于开展有针对性的健康促进活动。此外,电子健康记录分析也促进了个性化医疗计划,改善了患者的治疗效果。尽管大数据分析在公共卫生领域具有巨大潜力,但也存在一些挑战。这些挑战包括数据隐私问题、数据质量问题、互操作性障碍和数字鸿沟。此外,还必须认真解决有关同意、透明度和公平性的伦理问题,以减少潜在的偏见,确保负责任地使用数据。展望未来,利用大数据和分析技术进行公共卫生决策似乎大有可为。数据整合、互操作性标准和人工智能方面的进步为提高公共卫生干预措施的准确性、及时性和相关性带来了巨大的潜力。政府、学术界、产业界和民间社会之间的合作对于充分发挥大数据分析在全球范围内保障人口健康和促进福祉方面的潜力至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Nontuberculous mycobacteria infection among Mycobacterium tuberculosis patients attending tuberculosis referral centers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria 尼日利亚纳萨拉瓦州结核病转诊中心就诊的结核分枝杆菌患者中的非结核分枝杆菌感染情况
Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.2.0018
Ishaleku David, Akyala, Ishaku Adamu, Okoedoh Osazuwa, Rabo Maikeffi
Reports of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection are increasing probably because of misdiagnosis and incorrect reporting of NTM in the State leading to inappropriate treatment regimens and deaths as a result of NTM infection than MTBC and has become detrimental especially among immune-compromised individuals. Thus, this study is designed to determine the Prevalence of NTM among Mycobacterium tuberculosis patients attending Tuberculosis Referral Centers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A total of 1380 early morning sputum samples were collected and incubated for the detection of mycobacterial growth, those that were positive for Acid-fast bacilli were further tested (SD Bioline) to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC). Growths that were not MTBC but were Acid-Fast Bacilli positive were suggestive of NTM. Of 1380 sputum collected, the overall prevalence of NTM and MTBC were 8.8% and 20.5% respectively in which males had higher prevalence of 9.0% and 20.9% for NTM and MTBC respectively. Patients with No-formal Education showed highest prevalence of 17.6% and 31.3% for NTM and MTBC respectively. In relation to occupation, farmers had higher prevalence of 13.1% and 29.6% for NTM and MTBC respectively. The prevalence of NTM and MTBC was highest among smokers (9,7% and 24.6%) respectively while participants with HIV had higher prevalence of NTM and MTBC than those that were non-reactive (P2=<0.05 and P1=>0.05). Seasonal infections of NTM and MTBC in the State was low during the raining season and higher during the dry season. Strengthening and expansion of clinical and laboratory services to diagnose and manage diseases caused by NTM with MTBC was highly recommended.
关于结核分枝杆菌(MTB)感染的报告越来越多,这可能是由于该州对非结核分枝杆菌的误诊和错误报告导致治疗方案不当,以及非结核分枝杆菌感染比结核分枝杆菌感染导致死亡,特别是在免疫力低下的人群中造成危害。因此,本研究旨在确定在尼日利亚纳萨拉瓦州结核病转诊中心就诊的结核分枝杆菌患者中的 NTM 感染率。本研究共收集了 1380 份清晨痰液样本,并对其进行培养以检测分枝杆菌的生长情况,对酸性耐酸杆菌呈阳性的样本进行进一步检测(SD Bioline),以检测结核分枝杆菌复合体(MTBC)。非 MTBC 但耐酸杆菌呈阳性的生长则提示为 NTM。在收集到的1380份痰液中,NTM和MTBC的总体流行率分别为8.8%和20.5%,其中男性NTM和MTBC的流行率较高,分别为9.0%和20.9%。未接受过正规教育的患者中,非淋菌性前线腺炎和马特氏前线腺炎的发病率最高,分别为 17.6% 和 31.3%。在职业方面,农民的非淋菌性前线腺炎和马传染性前线腺炎发病率较高,分别为13.1%和29.6%。吸烟者的NTM和MTBC感染率最高(分别为9.7%和24.6%),而感染艾滋病毒的参与者的NTM和MTBC感染率高于无反应者(P2=0.05)。在该州,NTM 和 MTBC 的季节性感染率在雨季较低,在旱季较高。强烈建议加强和扩大临床和实验室服务,以诊断和管理由NTM和MTBC引起的疾病。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of yoga practices and core exercises training on cardiorespiratory fitness of college females 瑜伽练习和核心运动训练对女大学生心肺功能的影响
Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.2.0031
Dibyendu B Samanta, Sandeep Kumar
Background: Obesity is a major health issue in modern society. Regular physical exercise and healthy habits are some of the ways to get rid of it. In this study, researchers applied yoga and core exercises to overweight college females to find their effect on cardiorespiratory endurance. Objectives: To find out the effect of yoga and core exercise training on the cardiorespiratory fitness of overweight college females and to compare the effect of yoga and core exercise training on the cardiorespiratory fitness of overweight college females. Methodology: Through the purposive sampling method 30 overweight college females were selected and they were randomly divided into two groups the yoga group and the core exercise group. Both exercises were conducted three days per week for periods of 16 weeks, each exercise session was 40 minutes in duration. Cooper's 12 minute run/walk test was used to measure cardiorespiratory fitness. The t test was conducted to analyze the data, and the level of significance was set at p<0.05. Result: It was observed that after yoga practice cardiorespiratory fitness measurements improved from 1396 ± 76.12 meters to 1476 ± 67.46 meters. After core exercise training, it improved from 1399.62 ± 82.83 meters to 1480.66 ± 135.72 meters. The statistical analysis has shown yoga and core exercise significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness (p<0.05). When the effects of yoga and core exercise training were compared, it was shown that both had similar effects. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that both yoga practice and core exercise significantly improved the cardiorespiratory fitness of overweight college females, and both yoga practice and core exercise had a similar effect on cardiorespiratory fitness among the subjects.
背景:肥胖是现代社会的一个主要健康问题。有规律的体育锻炼和健康的生活习惯是摆脱肥胖的一些方法。在这项研究中,研究人员对超重的女大学生进行了瑜伽和核心练习,以了解它们对心肺耐力的影响。研究目的了解瑜伽和核心运动训练对超重女大学生心肺耐力的影响,并比较瑜伽和核心运动训练对超重女大学生心肺耐力的影响。研究方法:通过目的性抽样法选取 30 名超重女大学生,将她们随机分为两组,即瑜伽组和核心运动组。这两种运动每周进行三天,为期 16 周,每次运动时间为 40 分钟。库珀 12 分钟跑/走测试用于测量心肺功能。数据分析采用 t 检验,显著性水平为 P<0.05。结果据观察,练习瑜伽后,心肺功能测量值从 1396 ± 76.12 米提高到 1476 ± 67.46 米。核心运动训练后,测量值从 1399.62 ± 82.83 米提高到 1480.66 ± 135.72 米。统计分析表明,瑜伽和核心肌群训练能明显改善心肺功能(P<0.05)。在对瑜伽和核心运动训练的效果进行比较时,结果显示两者的效果相似。结论研究表明,瑜伽练习和核心运动都能明显改善超重女大学生的心肺功能,瑜伽练习和核心运动对受试者心肺功能的影响相似。
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引用次数: 0
A review on transdermal drug delivery system 透皮给药系统综述
Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.2.0052
Disha A Deulkar, Jitendra A Kubde, Pooja R Hatwar, Ravindrakumar L Bakal
Drugs that are applied topically are delivered using transdermal drug delivery devices. These are pharmaceutical preparations of varying sizes, containing one or more active ingredients, intended to be applied to the unbroken skin in order to deliver the active ingredient after passing through the skin barriers, and these avoid first pass metabolism. Today about 74% of drugs are taken orally and are not found effective as desired. To improve efficacy transdermal drug delivery system was emerged. A notable advantage of transdermal drug delivery compared to other methods like oral, topical, intravenous (IV), and intramuscular (IM) administration is its controlled release of medication into the patient's system. This controlled release is achieved either by using a porous membrane enclosing a medication reservoir or by utilizing the patient's body heat to melt thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. Despite its benefits, transdermal drug delivery has certain limitations due to the skin's effective barrier function. Only molecules with small sizes can efficiently permeate the skin and consequently be delivered through this method.
局部使用的药物通过透皮给药装置给药。这些药物制剂大小不一,含有一种或多种活性成分,用于涂抹在未破损的皮肤上,以便在通过皮肤屏障后输送活性成分,从而避免了首次代谢。目前,约有 74% 的药物是口服药物,但疗效并不理想。为了提高疗效,透皮给药系统应运而生。与口服、局部用药、静脉注射(IV)和肌肉注射(IM)等其他给药方法相比,透皮给药的一个显著优势是可以控制药物在患者体内的释放。这种控制释放是通过使用多孔膜包裹药物储库或利用患者的体温融化嵌在粘合剂中的药物薄层来实现的。尽管透皮给药具有很多优点,但由于皮肤的有效屏障功能,它也有一定的局限性。只有小分子才能有效渗透皮肤,从而通过这种方法给药。
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引用次数: 0
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GSC Advanced Research and Reviews
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