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Theoretical aspects of formation organizational and economic mechanism for technical and technological development grain subcomplex 技术发展微观综合体形成的理论层面、组织机制和经济机制
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.31442/0235-2494-2022-0-1-56-62
N. Providonova
The priority role of grain subcomplex in ensuring food security of country is determined by the technological possibility of creating reserves grain intended for a guaranteed supply of country, taking into account agro-climatic and geographic characteristics of regions. Insufficient technological level, low material and technical equipment, personnel problems, outdated selection and seed-growing technologies in the grain subcomplex of Russia can become main problems in ensuring national food security. The use of modern technological solutions in the grain subcomplex should improve efficiency of production process and largely neutralize impact of unfavorable weather conditions and other factors of production risk. The decisive role in solving these problems should be played by formation of an organizational and economic mechanism for technical and technological development of grain subcomplex.
粮食次级综合体在确保国家粮食安全方面的优先作用取决于是否有可能在技术上建立储备粮食以保证国家的供应,同时考虑到各区域的农业气候和地理特点。俄罗斯粮食综合体的技术水平不高、物质和技术装备不足、人员问题、选择和种子种植技术落后等,可能成为保障国家粮食安全的主要问题。在粮食综合体中使用现代技术解决方案可以提高生产过程的效率,并在很大程度上抵消不利天气条件和其他生产风险因素的影响。建立粮食亚综合体技术开发的组织经济机制,是解决这些问题的决定性因素。
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引用次数: 0
Ways to improve the economic mechanism of the breeding service in the region (on the example of the Samara Region) 完善区域养殖服务经济机制的途径(以萨马拉地区为例)
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.31442/0235-2494-2022-0-1-27-33
K. Titorenko, K. Zhichkin
The article examines the features of the activity of the breeding service of the region on the example of the Samara region. The organization of breeding work at the regional level has certain difficulties; therefore, the question of improving the economic mechanism of its activities arises. The main goal of this work is to determine the features of the economic mechanism of the breeding service in the region for its further optimization. At the same time, the following tasks are being solved: - to reveal the features of the economic mechanism of the breeding service of the region; - to determine the main factors influencing the activities of the breeding service in the region; - to analyze the effectiveness of state support for the breeding service of the region. Despite the decrease in the amount of state support for the agro-industrial complex of the Samara region (from 6 billion rubles to 4 billion rubles), animal husbandry is a priority industry in terms of state support in the region. This makes it possible to continuously increase the productivity of the dairy herd. Currently, there is one breeding plant and 9 breeding producers in dairy cattle breeding in the region, which are engaged in the reproduction of breeding stock for agricultural enterprises of the region and neighboring regions. Despite this, the growth rate of dairy productivity of livestock in the region lags behind foreign indicators. For their growth, it is proposed to use new approaches to organizing the work of the breeding service of the region, including such tools as genomic selection, embryo transfer, and the use of sexed semen. Studies have shown that their use not only accelerates the use of breeding achievements, but is cost effective.
本文以萨马拉地区为例,考察了该地区养殖服务活动的特点。区域育种工作的组织存在一定的困难;因此,就产生了改善其活动的经济机制的问题。本工作的主要目的是确定该地区养殖服务经济机制的特征,以进一步优化其经济机制。同时,正在解决以下任务:——揭示区域养殖服务经济机制的特点;-确定影响区内育种服务活动的主要因素;-分析国家对该地区育种服务支持的有效性。尽管国家对萨马拉地区农工综合体的支持减少了(从60亿卢布减少到40亿卢布),但畜牧业是该地区国家支持的优先产业。这使得不断提高奶牛群的生产力成为可能。目前,全区有奶牛养殖场1家,奶牛养殖养殖企业9家,为全区及周边地区农业企业从事种畜繁育。尽管如此,该地区牲畜乳制品生产率的增长率仍落后于国外指标。为促进其发展,建议采用基因组选择、胚胎移植和使用性别化精液等新方法来组织该地区的育种服务工作。研究表明,它们的使用不仅加速了育种成果的利用,而且具有成本效益。
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引用次数: 0
Trends and prospects for the development of dairy cattle breeding in small forms of management 奶牛养殖小形式经营的发展趋势与前景
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.31442/0235-2494-2022-0-1-43-48
I. Minakov
The agrarian policy of the state has not allowed to stabilize the production of milk in small forms of farming, but they still remain its main producers. They account for 59.3%. A sharp decline in milk production is observed in the households of the population and its growth in farms and small enterprises belonging to small agricultural businesses and enjoying budget support. It is proposed that personal subsidiary farms that produce marketable products and supply them to the market also provide financial support. The reserves of increasing milk production in small forms of management have been identified: improving the use of the genetic potential of cows, strengthening the feed base, optimizing feed rations, the use of modern technologies, the development of integration and cooperation.
国家的农业政策不允许小农场稳定牛奶的生产,但他们仍然是牛奶的主要生产者。他们占59.3%。人口家庭的牛奶产量急剧下降,而农场和属于小型农业企业并享受预算支持的小型企业的牛奶产量有所增长。建议生产适销对路产品并向市场供应的个人附属农场也提供资金支持。已经确定了以小型管理形式增加牛奶产量的储备:改进对奶牛遗传潜力的利用,加强饲料基础,优化饲料配给,利用现代技术,发展一体化和合作。
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引用次数: 0
Efficiency of meat cattle production in agricultural enterprises of the Altai Territory 阿尔泰地区农业企业肉牛生产效率分析
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.31442/0235-2494-2022-0-1-19-22
S. Vorobyov, V. Vorobyova
The article analyzes the current state of the population’s beef supply. A low proportion of beef breeds of cattle in the formation of beef food resources was revealed. It is shown that the economic indicators of animals in the cultivation and fattening of beef cattle breeds are significantly higher than similar indicators for dairy cattle breeds. The concentration of cattle of meat breeds in organizations with small production sizes was noted. The absence of dependence of the efficiency of meat production on the size of production and the combination of directions of agricultural production, as well as on the depth of specialization in meat production, was revealed. Prospects for the development of beef cattle breeding are associated with the implementation of internal reserves, the development of consumer cooperation of small forms of management.
本文分析了人口牛肉供应的现状。揭示了我国肉牛品种在牛肉食品资源形成中所占比例较低。结果表明,肉牛品种养殖育肥中的动物经济指标显著高于奶牛品种的同类指标。注意到肉牛品种集中在生产规模较小的组织中。揭示了肉类生产效率不依赖于生产规模和农业生产方向的组合,以及肉类生产专业化的深度。肉牛养殖的发展前景是实行内联储备,发展消费合作的小型经营形式。
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引用次数: 0
Priority tasks of improving the mechanism of rational land use in agriculture 完善农业土地合理利用机制的优先任务
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.31442/0235-2494-2022-0-1-49-55
A. Dubovitski, Eleonora А. Klimentova
One of the main goals of sustainable development in agriculture is to ensure rational land use, which is still not being achieved in Russia. This is evidenced by the progressive processes of land degradation and the continuing decline in soil fertility, which is largely due to the miscalculations of the state land management. The existing mechanism of land management is largely characterized by inconsistency and the absence of elements that ensure interest in a favorable ecological state of land. The result of this is the formation of a number of serious systemic problems that pose a threat to the very possibility of ensuring rational land use. These problems can be solved by expanding the parameters of state regulation of agriculture; forming a system of incentives for land users that would encourage rational use of land resources; ensuring proper state control over the reproduction of land fertility, as well as preventing their degradation. For this necessity is to improve the mechanism of agricultural land use management, the essence of which can be reduced to the formation of a system of legal means that ensures the harmonization of economic and environmental processes in land use. The authors have formulated a number of priority tasks that should be solved in the process of improving the mechanism of land use management.
农业可持续发展的主要目标之一是确保土地的合理利用,这在俄罗斯仍然没有实现。土地退化的渐进过程和土壤肥力的持续下降证明了这一点,这在很大程度上是由于国家土地管理的错误估计。现有的土地管理机制在很大程度上具有不一致性和缺乏确保土地有利生态状态的要素的特点。其结果是形成了一些严重的系统性问题,对确保合理使用土地的可能性构成威胁。这些问题可以通过扩大国家对农业监管的范围来解决;建立鼓励合理利用土地资源的土地使用者激励制度;确保国家对土地肥力再生产的适当控制,并防止其退化。为此,必须完善农业用地管理机制,其实质可以归结为形成一套确保土地利用过程中经济过程与环境过程协调一致的法律手段体系。作者提出了在完善土地利用管理机制的过程中应优先解决的若干问题。
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引用次数: 0
New approaches to the management of the regional agro-industrial complex 区域农工综合体管理的新途径
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.31442/0235-2494-2022-0-1-2-11
A. A. Samokhvalova, A. Stadnik, D. Essaulenko
The effective development of the regional agro-industrial complex largely depends on the state management of the agrarian sector. The regulation of agro-industrial production does not have a clear delineation of the administrative functions of the authorities at various levels. Therefore, it is important to develop a unified approach to the management of the agro-industrial complex of the region, since at present there is a divergence of both production and economic interests of economic entities of the agro-industrial complex, as well as a violation of intersectoral balances. The purpose of the work is to develop a new form of management of the regional agro-industrial complex. The article presents the structure of management of the agro-industrial complex at the federal and regional levels. The reasons for the decline in the manageability of the industry are identified. The necessity of developing new approaches to the management of the regional agro-industrial complex has been substantiated. The work provides a detailed analysis of the main approaches to the management of the agro-industrial complex in a historical sequence, starting from the end of the 19th and to the beginning of the 21st centuries, which made it possible to summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the studied forms of management. The article substantiates a new form of management of the agro-industrial complex of the region, which has incorporated the main strengths of the previously existing forms of agro-industrial interaction. The proposed approach is based on the interaction of all spheres: production, processing, education, science, where the state should act as a driver of development.
区域农工综合体的有效发展在很大程度上取决于国家对农业部门的管理。农工业生产的监管没有明确界定各级主管部门的行政职能。因此,重要的是制定一个统一的办法来管理该区域的农工综合体,因为目前农工综合体的经济实体的生产和经济利益存在分歧,而且违反了部门间的平衡。这项工作的目的是开发一种新的区域农工综合体管理形式。本文介绍了联邦和地区两级农工综合体的管理结构。确定了行业可管理性下降的原因。发展管理区域农工综合体的新方法的必要性已得到证实。从19世纪末到21世纪初,这项工作提供了对农工综合体管理的主要方法的历史顺序的详细分析,这使得总结所研究的管理形式的优点和缺点成为可能。本文提出了一种新的区域农工综合体管理形式,它结合了以前存在的农工相互作用形式的主要优势。提议的方法是基于所有领域的相互作用:生产、加工、教育、科学,国家应该在这些领域发挥发展的驱动作用。
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引用次数: 0
Formation and problems of water resources use in Egypt 埃及水资源利用的形成和问题
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-8-57-59
K. Y. Popova
The article examines the formation and use of water resources in Egypt, as the most important producer of agricultural products not only in the Middle East, but throughout Africa. The intensification of agricultural production in an arid climate requires an increasing volume of water consumption, which implies, on the one hand, an increase in the water-covered area of artificial origin, and, on the other hand, the introduction of measures to save water and search for sources, first of all, through desalination.
本文考察了埃及水资源的形成和利用,埃及不仅是中东地区,而且是整个非洲最重要的农产品生产国。在干旱气候下,农业生产的集约化要求用水量的增加,这一方面意味着人工水源覆盖面积的增加,另一方面意味着首先通过海水淡化,采取节约用水和寻找水源的措施。
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引用次数: 0
Ecovillage in the «economy of experience» system “经验经济”体系中的生态村
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-8-2-6
A. Semin
The article reveals the features of a promising (extraordinary) type of settlements - ecovillages. They are presented as one of the new directions in which not only the “green economy” can develop, but also the “experience economy”. At the same time, the “experience economy”, in turn, is considered as the fourth economic proposal for the client (consumer), along with raw materials, products, services. Specific examples of MVT impressions are given, i.e. value of time in monetary terms spent on impressions.
本文揭示了一种极具发展前途(非凡)的聚落类型——生态村的特征。它们不仅是“绿色经济”的发展方向,也是“体验经济”的发展方向之一。与此同时,“体验经济”反过来又被认为是客户(消费者)的第四个经济建议,以及原材料,产品,服务。文中给出了MVT印象的具体例子,即在印象上花费的时间价值。
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引用次数: 0
Features of the implementation of digital innovations in the agricultural sector of the economy 数字化创新在农业经济领域的实施特点
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-8-32-39
I. Sandu, I. Kirova, N. Ryzhenkova
The digital economy has evolved from sharing information to being an integral part of our lives. Smart systems are becoming increasingly common in industry, the financial sector, the service sector, and public administration. About 22% of the world’s GDP is accounted for by the digital economy and this figure will only grow. The article considers the main stages of the development of the digital economy, starting from 1960 to the present, its theoretical and methodological, legal, and information and infrastructure foundations. The features of digital transformation in various industries are identified, which consist in the ability of digitalization to create optimal conditions for increasing labor productivity, preserving fertility and protecting the environment, etc. The principles of managing the digital economy are considered, as well as Digital transformation as a tool for managing digital innovations, and the key problems of its implementation are highlighted. The infrastructural basis of the digital economy is presented. The main provisions of the Digitalization Program of the Russian Federation are considered and digital technologies proposed for use in agriculture are presented. Special attention is paid to the digitalization of agriculture and the complementarity of agricultural science and business as a necessary condition for the development of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy.
数字经济已经从共享信息发展成为我们生活中不可或缺的一部分。智能系统在工业、金融、服务和公共管理领域正变得越来越普遍。数字经济约占全球GDP的22%,而且这个数字只会继续增长。本文考虑了从1960年至今数字经济发展的主要阶段,其理论和方法,法律,信息和基础设施基础。确定了各行业数字化转型的特点,即数字化能够为提高劳动生产率、保持生育力和保护环境等创造最佳条件。考虑了管理数字经济的原则,以及数字转型作为管理数字创新的工具,并强调了其实施的关键问题。介绍了数字经济的基础设施基础。审议了俄罗斯联邦数字化计划的主要规定,并提出了用于农业的数字技术。特别关注农业数字化以及农业科学与商业的互补性,这是俄罗斯经济农业部门发展的必要条件。
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引用次数: 2
Assessment of the export potential of agricultural production in Russian regions 评估俄罗斯各地区农业生产的出口潜力
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-8-14-20
A. P. Potapov
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the export potential of agricultural production in the Russian regions. The definition of the concept of “export potential” in relation to the agricultural sector is presented. The discrepancy between the value indicators of the export of agro-food products from the regions and the real contribution of the regions to the production of export goods was revealed. The reasons for the distortion of statistical data on the export of products are determined. The analysis of the contribution of the export of agricultural products to the total regional export is carried out. The regional structure of exports by main product groups is considered. A method is proposed for calculating the export potential of regions for individual goods based on a comparison of their production and the balance of import-export, which made it possible to rank regions on three levels, depending on their export potential.
本文全面分析了俄罗斯各地区农业生产的出口潜力。提出了与农业部门有关的“出口潜力”概念的定义。揭示了各地区农产品出口价值指标与各地区对出口商品生产的实际贡献之间的差异。确定了产品出口统计数据失真的原因。分析了农产品出口对区域出口总额的贡献。考虑了主要产品类别的区域出口结构。本文提出了一种方法,通过比较各地区的产量和进出口差额来计算各地区个别商品的出口潜力,这种方法可以根据各地区的出口潜力将各地区分为三个等级。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises
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