HemaSphere最新文献

Frustaci AM, Zappaterra A, Galitzia A, et al. Salvage treatment after covalent BTKi failure: An unmet need in clinical practice in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. HemaSphere. 2025;9(2):e70094. doi:10.1002/hem3.70094

In the Funding section, the funder was incorrectly listed. The funder statement now reads: “Open access publishing facilitated by Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, as part of the Wiley – SBBL agreement.”

The original article has been updated. We apologize for this error.

Large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL), including its most common subtype diffuse LBCL, is the most frequent aggressive lymphoma, accounting for 30%–40% of cases worldwide. It is a clinically heterogeneous disease, with outcomes influenced by molecular subtypes, comorbidities, and access to effective treatment. Although R-CHOP has long been the standard of care, approximately 30%–40% of patients relapse or are refractory to first-line therapy. Historically, salvage chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation offered a potential cure, but only about half of patients are eligible, leaving a large unmet need for alternative therapies.¹

Since 2018, the therapeutic landscape has rapidly evolved with the approval of nine new treatments across 12 indications in Europe, including CAR-T therapies, bispecific antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates, and targeted immunotherapies such as tafasitamab–lenalidomide. These advances have broadened the treatment arsenal beyond chemotherapy, offering potentially curative options for chemotherapy-resistant patients and effective alternatives for those ineligible for intensive approaches. This shift toward more targeted and less toxic therapies represents a significant step forward in addressing prior treatment limitations.

However, access to these innovations remains uneven across Europe. Disparities stem from fragmented national reimbursement systems, inconsistent use of early access programs (EAPs), and geographic variations in clinical trial availability. While 29 out of 35 European countries have implemented EAPs,² differences in structure, funding, and transparency create unequal opportunities for early treatment access. Furthermore, health technology assessments (HTAs) and pricing negotiations often delay or restrict reimbursement, particularly in lower income or decentralized healthcare systems. The EU HTA Regulation (effective 2025) may harmonize clinical evaluations^3-6 but will not resolve national pricing autonomy.^{7, 8} To achieve equitable access, stronger coordination, pricing transparency, and integration of real-world patient outcomes into decision-making are urgently needed to ensure that innovation benefits all LBCL patients, regardless of geography or system structure.

While developing the European LBCL guidelines,⁹ the writing committee identified substantial variability in access to innovative therapies across Europe. To assess how these disparities could impact guideline implementation, the committee conducted an analysis of clinical trial activity and national reimbursement patterns. Data were obtained from EU CTIS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and direct consultations with industry stakeholders on the reimbursement status of EMA-approved therapies. The analysis focused on two areas: (I) the geographic distribution of active LBCL trials and (II) national reimbur

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by chronic hemolysis, resulting in the release of extracellular heme, which contributes to oxidative stress and inflammation. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an inducible enzyme that degrades heme into cytoprotective by-products, plays a critical role in mitigating heme-induced toxicity. This study analyzed serum HO-1 levels in 2309 individuals with SCD (53% female; median age: 12 years) from the SickleGenAfrica cohort, comprising 57% hemoglobin SS disease (Hb SS), 30% hemoglobin SC disease (Hb SC), 3.1% Hb sickle beta plus thalassemia (Sβ+ thalassemia), and 9.9% Hb S-hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (Hb S-HPFH). Median HO-1 levels were threefold higher in children under 16 years (69.8 ng/mL; interquartile range [IQR]: 29.8–137.6) compared to adults (23.1 ng/mL; IQR: 7.8–62.4; P < 0.001), with peak levels observed in the 6–10-year age group. Across all subgroups, including sex, genotype, and hydroxyurea use, children consistently exhibited higher HO-1 levels than adults, with Hb SS patients showing the highest levels. Haptoglobin and hemopexin, key scavengers of hemoglobin and heme, respectively, were depleted in all patients, particularly in children. Overall, HO-1 levels in SCD patients were markedly elevated compared to healthy populations. These findings highlight the pronounced elevation of HO-1 in pediatric SCD patients, suggesting its potential protective role against heme-induced toxicity, especially during childhood.

Enblad AP, Krali O, Gezelius H, et al. Ex vivo drug responses and molecular profiles of 597 pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. HemaSphere. 2025;9(7):e70176. doi:10.1002/hem3.70176

The supplemental methods mentioned in the subsection titled “DNA methylation and RNA-sequencing data” was not included in the Supporting Information. This file has been added and cited at the applicable instance in the article.

We apologize for this error.

T-cell-directed immunotherapy, which aims to boost or induce T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity, has shown remarkable success in various cancers, including B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), making it a compelling avenue for investigation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).^{1, 2} Bispecific T-cell-engagers (TCEs) are a promising form of T-cell-directed immunotherapy that redirect CD3⁺ T-cells to tumor cells, thereby inducing T-cell activation and subsequent tumor cell lysis.³ However, bispecific TCEs, mainly targeting CD33 or CD123, have shown limited efficacy and/or high toxicity in relapsed/refractory AML.^4-7 A proposed strategy to enhance TCE therapy in AML is their administration during periods of measurable residual disease, for example, in between chemotherapy courses, as demonstrated in BCP-ALL.^{2, 8-10} Chemotherapy may, however, significantly alter the immune landscape¹¹: anthracyclines, for example, can promote anti-tumor immunity via immunogenic cell death,¹² but chemotherapy may also deplete lymphocytes and induce T-cell dysfunction.^{13, 14} Since pre-treatment T-cell infiltration and dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment are key predictors of bispecific TCE efficacy,^15-18 understanding how chemotherapy alters the immune landscape in the leukemic bone marrow (BM) is crucial for assessing the potential of TCEs in between chemotherapy courses in AML. Given differences in disease biology, immune system maturity, and treatment regimens between pediatric and adult AML,^{19, 20} pediatric-specific studies are necessary. Here, we examined the impact of chemotherapy-based regimens on the BM lymphocyte compartment in newly diagnosed pediatric AML (pAML).

We first characterized the treatment-naïve pAML BM lymphocyte compartment using diagnostic bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data (Figure 1A). To reliably infer the lymphocyte composition from bulk RNA-seq data, we acquired a publicly-available single cell (sc) RNA-seq dataset²¹ to generate a healthy BM cell type signature matrix for use with CIBERSORTx.²² To validate its performance, we retrieved BM scRNA-seq data from 27 pAML cases at diagnosis, remission, and/or relapse,²³ and generated pseudo-bulk profiles (n = 62). Applying CIBERSORTx with the healthy BM reference to these pseudo-bulk profiles and comparing the deconvoluted estimates with the original scRNA-seq annotations (Figure S1A), we observed strong correlations for T-, B-, and NK-cells (T-cells: r = 0.72, P < 0.001; B-cells: r = 0.87, P < 0.001; NK-cells: r = 0.68, P < 0.001; Figure 1B). Similarly, CD4⁺ naïve, CD8⁺ effector, and CD8⁺