Mainland China is the most important source of tourism for Taiwan in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the changes in the long-run demand for tourism in Taiwan by Mainland China. Using program trading and three different data sources, including the stock prices of Regent Taipei (2707), weighted index of the tourism sector (2700) and CSI ETF (0061), we find support for our hypotheses. That is, Taiwan’s tourism market does not fulfil the conditions of a strong-form efficient market hypothesis. Also, positive feedback trading does exit in Taiwan’s tourism market.
{"title":"Cointegration analysis of tourism demand by Mainland China in Taiwan and stock investment strategy","authors":"Yu-wei Lan, Dan Lin, Lu Lin","doi":"10.18533/JEFS.V3I06.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JEFS.V3I06.163","url":null,"abstract":"Mainland China is the most important source of tourism for Taiwan in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the changes in the long-run demand for tourism in Taiwan by Mainland China. Using program trading and three different data sources, including the stock prices of Regent Taipei (2707), weighted index of the tourism sector (2700) and CSI ETF (0061), we find support for our hypotheses. That is, Taiwan’s tourism market does not fulfil the conditions of a strong-form efficient market hypothesis. Also, positive feedback trading does exit in Taiwan’s tourism market.","PeriodicalId":130241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic and Financial Studies","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123398924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Quacoe, Francis Appiah-Kubi Banson, Jonathan Sakoe
Asset Securitization is a process that involves repackaging portfolios of cash-flow-producing financial instruments into securities or tradable capital market instruments for transfer to investors. There have been a number of studies on asset securitization and microfinance but most of these studies did not focus on the effects of asset securitization on sustainability and profitability of microfinance institutions. These studies were conducted in developed economies and little has been done in Africa and for that matter Ghana. This study therefore sought to explore the effects of asset securitization on sustainability and profitability of MFIs in Ghana knowing the important role they play in the Ghanaian economy. The objectives were to determine whether asset securitization is being practiced in Ghana, to determine whether asset securitization will improve the sustainability and profitability of microfinance institutions (MFI’s) as well as challenges that may arise. As a qualitative research, the case study approach was employed in the research design. Questionnaires were administered to a sample size of 200 respondents from a population of 517 who were drawn from the management and staff of five microfinance companies selected through convenience and purposeful sampling techniques. The findings are that asset securitization in microfinance is currently not being practiced in Ghana but if implemented, it will have a positive effect on the sustainability and profitability of microfinance companies in Ghana. The study identified some challenges that microfinance institutions may face in the introduction of asset securitization in Ghana.
{"title":"The effects of asset securitization on sustainability & profitability of microfinance institutions in Ghana","authors":"Daniel Quacoe, Francis Appiah-Kubi Banson, Jonathan Sakoe","doi":"10.18533/JEFS.V3I04.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JEFS.V3I04.162","url":null,"abstract":"Asset Securitization is a process that involves repackaging portfolios of cash-flow-producing financial instruments into securities or tradable capital market instruments for transfer to investors. There have been a number of studies on asset securitization and microfinance but most of these studies did not focus on the effects of asset securitization on sustainability and profitability of microfinance institutions. These studies were conducted in developed economies and little has been done in Africa and for that matter Ghana. This study therefore sought to explore the effects of asset securitization on sustainability and profitability of MFIs in Ghana knowing the important role they play in the Ghanaian economy. The objectives were to determine whether asset securitization is being practiced in Ghana, to determine whether asset securitization will improve the sustainability and profitability of microfinance institutions (MFI’s) as well as challenges that may arise. As a qualitative research, the case study approach was employed in the research design. Questionnaires were administered to a sample size of 200 respondents from a population of 517 who were drawn from the management and staff of five microfinance companies selected through convenience and purposeful sampling techniques. The findings are that asset securitization in microfinance is currently not being practiced in Ghana but if implemented, it will have a positive effect on the sustainability and profitability of microfinance companies in Ghana. The study identified some challenges that microfinance institutions may face in the introduction of asset securitization in Ghana.","PeriodicalId":130241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic and Financial Studies","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129726989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How, by their nature, the humans cannot have perfect knowledge, the only absolute thing is relativity, this being present in all their actions. In accounting, given its subject matter, it can talk of the relativity of the values that characterize the events in the life of an organization, this being caused by a wide variety of factors. In a previous article (Enachi, 2012) was identified a particular paradigm with visible effects in accounting practice, more precisely, it was talked about the transition from instrumentalism to realism in accounting. This paper supports the previous assertions and after explaining the accounting implications of the two fundamentally different approaches tries to provide solutions for bringing accounting closer to reality. A literature review is conducted to identify the limits that accounting presents in its attempt to capture the truth and the factors responsible for these limits. The main conclusion is that the quality of the professional judgments exercised in creating and implementing a system for accounting representation of reality, although partially controlled, is essential in increasing the reliability of the information provided by accounting.
{"title":"From instrumentalism to realism in accounting","authors":"Mihaela Enachi, I. Andone","doi":"10.18533/JEFS.V3I03.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JEFS.V3I03.117","url":null,"abstract":"How, by their nature, the humans cannot have perfect knowledge, the only absolute thing is relativity, this being present in all their actions. In accounting, given its subject matter, it can talk of the relativity of the values that characterize the events in the life of an organization, this being caused by a wide variety of factors. In a previous article (Enachi, 2012) was identified a particular paradigm with visible effects in accounting practice, more precisely, it was talked about the transition from instrumentalism to realism in accounting. This paper supports the previous assertions and after explaining the accounting implications of the two fundamentally different approaches tries to provide solutions for bringing accounting closer to reality. A literature review is conducted to identify the limits that accounting presents in its attempt to capture the truth and the factors responsible for these limits. The main conclusion is that the quality of the professional judgments exercised in creating and implementing a system for accounting representation of reality, although partially controlled, is essential in increasing the reliability of the information provided by accounting.","PeriodicalId":130241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic and Financial Studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128971962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the technical efficiency for each industry in the Malaysian manufacturing sector is estimated by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In order to pursue a balance of innovation between long-term and short-term performance strategy, we integrate the Balance Scorecard (BSC) approach with DEA. Furthermore, this paper looks at the determinants of efficiency using the Tobit regression model. In measuring the level of firms’ efficiency and innovation, the wood and wood based products industry is emphasized due to its importance in the economic growth of manufacturing sector. In the wood and wood based products industry, the highest level of technical efficiency was achieved by two sub-sectors i.e. veneer sheets and plywood and laminboard, particle board and other panels board, with the mean value of technical efficiency of 1.081 and 1.097 respectively. Generally, the majority of the manufacturing firms are operating technical inefficiently. The distribution of DEA and DEA-BCS technical efficiency in Malaysian Manufacturing Industries show that most of the industries have the average technical efficiency scores greater than 1.05 with only 7 industries (13.21%) in DEA-BSC model operating at or near to the most optimal productions.
{"title":"Innovation and technical efficiency in Malaysian family manufacturing industries","authors":"S. Munisamy, Edward Wong Sek Khin, Chia Zi Fon","doi":"10.18533/JEFS.V3I03.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JEFS.V3I03.109","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the technical efficiency for each industry in the Malaysian manufacturing sector is estimated by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In order to pursue a balance of innovation between long-term and short-term performance strategy, we integrate the Balance Scorecard (BSC) approach with DEA. Furthermore, this paper looks at the determinants of efficiency using the Tobit regression model. In measuring the level of firms’ efficiency and innovation, the wood and wood based products industry is emphasized due to its importance in the economic growth of manufacturing sector. In the wood and wood based products industry, the highest level of technical efficiency was achieved by two sub-sectors i.e. veneer sheets and plywood and laminboard, particle board and other panels board, with the mean value of technical efficiency of 1.081 and 1.097 respectively. Generally, the majority of the manufacturing firms are operating technical inefficiently. The distribution of DEA and DEA-BCS technical efficiency in Malaysian Manufacturing Industries show that most of the industries have the average technical efficiency scores greater than 1.05 with only 7 industries (13.21%) in DEA-BSC model operating at or near to the most optimal productions.","PeriodicalId":130241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic and Financial Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128016692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper identifies the affiliation between the ending cash balance of the operating section in the cash flow statement and the bonds ratings. Our sample includes 600 companies from 26 countries. The study was conducted over a period of 18 years. An Ordered Probit regression analysis had been applied to identify how the positive cash balance of the operating section in the cash flow statement shapes the probability of escalating the bonds ratings. We find burly proof that the positive operating cash balance considerably affects the bonds ratings. In other words, when a company is able to generate enough cash from its main operating activities, the likelihood of having higher bonds ratings raises; this entails a low cost of debt since higher bond ratings have been proven to lessen the company’s cost for raising funds (in the form of bonds). The results add more confirmation to the creditors’ rights shields and how it affects the cost of debt.
{"title":"International evidence of nexus between positive operating cash activities and cost of debt","authors":"Harit Satt, Saadani Ghali","doi":"10.18533/jefs.v3i03.82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/jefs.v3i03.82","url":null,"abstract":"This paper identifies the affiliation between the ending cash balance of the operating section in the cash flow statement and the bonds ratings. Our sample includes 600 companies from 26 countries. The study was conducted over a period of 18 years. An Ordered Probit regression analysis had been applied to identify how the positive cash balance of the operating section in the cash flow statement shapes the probability of escalating the bonds ratings. We find burly proof that the positive operating cash balance considerably affects the bonds ratings. In other words, when a company is able to generate enough cash from its main operating activities, the likelihood of having higher bonds ratings raises; this entails a low cost of debt since higher bond ratings have been proven to lessen the company’s cost for raising funds (in the form of bonds). The results add more confirmation to the creditors’ rights shields and how it affects the cost of debt.","PeriodicalId":130241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic and Financial Studies","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125671645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Nigerian economy has witnessed consistent average annual growth rate of 7.4% in the last few years, however, the impact of the growth on the citizenry remains insignificant while poverty, youth restlessness, kidnapping for ransoms, terrorism and other vices are on the rise. The objective of the study was to examine why the impact of the economic growth over the years has remained insignificant and what interventions are required to change the tide. The study discovered that the oil sector which is not labour intensive accounts for over eighty (80) percent of Government revenue and a major contributor to the nation GDP. The study also discovered that the poverty level and unemployment rate among the populace require urgent and drastic measures. The impactful measures will require creation of enabling environment, provision of relevant infrastructure and adequate funding programmes that can be easily accessed. The financial system like in any other economy is essential to attaining inclusive economic growth in Nigeria and it should be more supportive to the economy by abolishing existing lending conditions that make it impractically impossible for many MSMEs which are the engine of economic development to access funds.
{"title":"Achieving inclusive economic growth and development in Nigeria through MSMEs","authors":"Ezekiel Oseni, Elizabeth Funmi Osen","doi":"10.18533/JEFS.V3I03.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JEFS.V3I03.126","url":null,"abstract":"The Nigerian economy has witnessed consistent average annual growth rate of 7.4% in the last few years, however, the impact of the growth on the citizenry remains insignificant while poverty, youth restlessness, kidnapping for ransoms, terrorism and other vices are on the rise. The objective of the study was to examine why the impact of the economic growth over the years has remained insignificant and what interventions are required to change the tide. The study discovered that the oil sector which is not labour intensive accounts for over eighty (80) percent of Government revenue and a major contributor to the nation GDP. The study also discovered that the poverty level and unemployment rate among the populace require urgent and drastic measures. The impactful measures will require creation of enabling environment, provision of relevant infrastructure and adequate funding programmes that can be easily accessed. The financial system like in any other economy is essential to attaining inclusive economic growth in Nigeria and it should be more supportive to the economy by abolishing existing lending conditions that make it impractically impossible for many MSMEs which are the engine of economic development to access funds.","PeriodicalId":130241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic and Financial Studies","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126389095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is aims to analyze some of the institutional and cultural implications on internationalization analysis of multinational firms. The analysis begins questioning what the main institutional and cultural variables are considered in the involvement of internationalization of multinational firms. To answer this question, a literature review types approach in areas like internationalization of multinational firms based on institutional and cultural frameworks is followed. Secondly, these institutional and cultural variables are analyzed to integrate findings. Finally, the paper argues the need to design a better institutional and cultural balance among the development of a glocal-regional transformation, convergence and governance.
{"title":"International and Cultural Implications on Internationalization Analysis of Multinational Firms","authors":"J. Vargas-Hérnandez","doi":"10.18533/JEFS.V3I02.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JEFS.V3I02.101","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is aims to analyze some of the institutional and cultural implications on internationalization analysis of multinational firms. The analysis begins questioning what the main institutional and cultural variables are considered in the involvement of internationalization of multinational firms. To answer this question, a literature review types approach in areas like internationalization of multinational firms based on institutional and cultural frameworks is followed. Secondly, these institutional and cultural variables are analyzed to integrate findings. Finally, the paper argues the need to design a better institutional and cultural balance among the development of a glocal-regional transformation, convergence and governance.","PeriodicalId":130241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic and Financial Studies","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115414737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The nature of investor’s rationality vs. irrationality debate drawn attention of thousands of academic papers, hundreds of conferences, roundtables discussion leading to two ends: the classical theorist i.e. the proponents of efficient market hypothesis (EMH) and the behaviorist. From Fisher’s (1906) Nature of Capital & Income to Ross (1977); investor’s rationality has been considered as the principal assumption in the development of theoretical finance. Unfortunately though, various studies have shown repeated form of investor’s irrationality and incompetence in their decision process. Even the very proponents of EMH, Fama (1965) has later on in 1993 advocated the lack of market efficiency! Indeed the story of black Monday in the USA to the global financial tsunami (2007-2012) has put the proponents of EMH into the cluelessness. While, the behaviorists argument that the financial markets can be best understood by studying the psychology is also subject to criticism that there will be no existence of standard models to study agent’s behavior in the market! Therefore, this study aims at finding out the true scenarios of investor’s behavior by working on 200 individual investors in Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE). Investors’ response to different questions relating to fundamental assumption of “rationality’ or ‘presence of irrationality." The result shows a complete absence of the assumption of rationality or irrationality in number of critical issues. Therefore, the idea of EMH or mere psychologically driven behavioral finance should become less acknowledgeable in understanding the agents of financial market i.e. the investors. Rather a combination of these two may give more insight in understanding the investor’s behavior in the financial market.
{"title":"Are investors rational, irrational or normal?","authors":"A. Mamun, Md. Abu Syeed, Farida Yasmeen","doi":"10.18533/JEFS.V3I04.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JEFS.V3I04.161","url":null,"abstract":"The nature of investor’s rationality vs. irrationality debate drawn attention of thousands of academic papers, hundreds of conferences, roundtables discussion leading to two ends: the classical theorist i.e. the proponents of efficient market hypothesis (EMH) and the behaviorist. From Fisher’s (1906) Nature of Capital & Income to Ross (1977); investor’s rationality has been considered as the principal assumption in the development of theoretical finance. Unfortunately though, various studies have shown repeated form of investor’s irrationality and incompetence in their decision process. Even the very proponents of EMH, Fama (1965) has later on in 1993 advocated the lack of market efficiency! Indeed the story of black Monday in the USA to the global financial tsunami (2007-2012) has put the proponents of EMH into the cluelessness. While, the behaviorists argument that the financial markets can be best understood by studying the psychology is also subject to criticism that there will be no existence of standard models to study agent’s behavior in the market! Therefore, this study aims at finding out the true scenarios of investor’s behavior by working on 200 individual investors in Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE). Investors’ response to different questions relating to fundamental assumption of “rationality’ or ‘presence of irrationality.\" The result shows a complete absence of the assumption of rationality or irrationality in number of critical issues. Therefore, the idea of EMH or mere psychologically driven behavioral finance should become less acknowledgeable in understanding the agents of financial market i.e. the investors. Rather a combination of these two may give more insight in understanding the investor’s behavior in the financial market.","PeriodicalId":130241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic and Financial Studies","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124269186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to a review of the literature, there is no study that examines how the price impact of informed trades is related to liquidity levels in the U.S. Treasury markets. Using variance decomposition and regime-switching methodologies, we find that the price impact of informed trades is higher in more liquid markets. In the case of on-the-run and off-the-run spot markets, the price impact of informed trades is higher in 2-year and 5-year T-notes markets. In the case of T-notes futures markets, the price impact of informed trades is higher in 10-year futures market. We find that the price impact of uninformed (informed) individual trades decreases (increases) as the time scale increases. The results indicate that the price impact of informed trades is greater between 8:00 am and 3:00 pm when the market is more liquid, and smaller between 3:00 pm and 5:00 pm when the market is less liquid.
{"title":"Price impact of informed trades in the U.S. treasury markets","authors":"Onem Ozocak","doi":"10.18533/JEFS.V3I03.159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JEFS.V3I03.159","url":null,"abstract":"According to a review of the literature, there is no study that examines how the price impact of informed trades is related to liquidity levels in the U.S. Treasury markets. Using variance decomposition and regime-switching methodologies, we find that the price impact of informed trades is higher in more liquid markets. In the case of on-the-run and off-the-run spot markets, the price impact of informed trades is higher in 2-year and 5-year T-notes markets. In the case of T-notes futures markets, the price impact of informed trades is higher in 10-year futures market. We find that the price impact of uninformed (informed) individual trades decreases (increases) as the time scale increases. The results indicate that the price impact of informed trades is greater between 8:00 am and 3:00 pm when the market is more liquid, and smaller between 3:00 pm and 5:00 pm when the market is less liquid.","PeriodicalId":130241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic and Financial Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122582129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to explore the effect of natural resources of rentier states on military expenditure using the panel data from GCC countries. The principle findings suggest that types of natural resources matter and that the rent from oil only appeared to fuel the military expenditure of GCC, other natural resources such as gas and minerals are not. Further, the study found that Gulf War I and II as well as Arab Spring is statistically insignificant in explaining the military expenditure of GCC.
{"title":"Do Natural Resources of Rentier States Promote Military Expenditures? Evidence from GCC Countries","authors":"N. Al-Mawali","doi":"10.18533/JEFS.V3I02.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JEFS.V3I02.103","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to explore the effect of natural resources of rentier states on military expenditure using the panel data from GCC countries. The principle findings suggest that types of natural resources matter and that the rent from oil only appeared to fuel the military expenditure of GCC, other natural resources such as gas and minerals are not. Further, the study found that Gulf War I and II as well as Arab Spring is statistically insignificant in explaining the military expenditure of GCC.","PeriodicalId":130241,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic and Financial Studies","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124589484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：