The initiatives of the Indian government on international cooperation in nuclear energy and the option of a significant increase of the nuclear share in electricity generation based on nuclear power reactors set up with international cooperation, in addition to the indigenous programme, have stirred up a debate in the country on these issues. The economics of electricity generation via the nuclear route is an important issue. While electricity has been generated from indigenous nuclear power plants over the last three decades, and the tariffs have been competitive with those of thermal power, there is apprehension in some sections that the likely tariffs of electricity generated by large imported nuclear power reactors would be unaffordable. This paper presents a parametric study of such tariffs and demonstrates that these tariffs would be competitive with other options for large base load generation across a range of overnight costs and fuel prices.
{"title":"Economics of nuclear power in the Indian context","authors":"Sudhinder Thakur","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2008.019891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2008.019891","url":null,"abstract":"The initiatives of the Indian government on international cooperation in nuclear energy and the option of a significant increase of the nuclear share in electricity generation based on nuclear power reactors set up with international cooperation, in addition to the indigenous programme, have stirred up a debate in the country on these issues. The economics of electricity generation via the nuclear route is an important issue. While electricity has been generated from indigenous nuclear power plants over the last three decades, and the tariffs have been competitive with those of thermal power, there is apprehension in some sections that the likely tariffs of electricity generated by large imported nuclear power reactors would be unaffordable. This paper presents a parametric study of such tariffs and demonstrates that these tariffs would be competitive with other options for large base load generation across a range of overnight costs and fuel prices.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131795536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Against the planned capacity addition of 41,110 MW during the 10th Plan, only 21,180 MW could be added. The plan to alter the power mix by enhancing the nuclear power generation capacity of 4120 MW at current levels to 20,000 MW by the next decade seems too ambitious, with only 1% of global uranium reserves. The exercise to source uranium by signing the 123-Agreement with the USA is held up. With the growing power demand and an almost stagnant supply, the power shortage is more acute. This article tries to explore available alternatives that can steer the Indian economy away from this crossroads.
{"title":"Alternative matrices for India's future power demands","authors":"A. Dash, S. Behera, B. P. Rath","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2008.019893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2008.019893","url":null,"abstract":"Against the planned capacity addition of 41,110 MW during the 10th Plan, only 21,180 MW could be added. The plan to alter the power mix by enhancing the nuclear power generation capacity of 4120 MW at current levels to 20,000 MW by the next decade seems too ambitious, with only 1% of global uranium reserves. The exercise to source uranium by signing the 123-Agreement with the USA is held up. With the growing power demand and an almost stagnant supply, the power shortage is more acute. This article tries to explore available alternatives that can steer the Indian economy away from this crossroads.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121227902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jawaharlal Nehru, former Prime Minister of India and Homi J. Bhabha interacted closely to set up the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948. The Indian parliament replaced the Atomic Energy Act, 1948 with the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (AEA 1962) and promulgated appropriate rules. The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was set up in 1954. The Indian Cabinet established, through a resolution, a new Atomic Energy Commission, with administrative and financial powers of the Government of India to carry out DAE's work. DAE set up the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) and delegated to it the responsibility to enforce certain safety and regulatory functions under the AEA 1962. Besides AERB's review mechanisms and some enforcement actions, the paper describes two court cases; one related to the import of Irish butter oil allegedly contaminated with Chernobyl fallout and the other on the diseases in the villages near the Jaduguda uranium mine.
{"title":"Historical, regulatory and safety aspects of nuclear energy in India","authors":"K. Parthasarathy","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2008.019895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2008.019895","url":null,"abstract":"Jawaharlal Nehru, former Prime Minister of India and Homi J. Bhabha interacted closely to set up the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948. The Indian parliament replaced the Atomic Energy Act, 1948 with the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (AEA 1962) and promulgated appropriate rules. The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was set up in 1954. The Indian Cabinet established, through a resolution, a new Atomic Energy Commission, with administrative and financial powers of the Government of India to carry out DAE's work. DAE set up the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) and delegated to it the responsibility to enforce certain safety and regulatory functions under the AEA 1962. Besides AERB's review mechanisms and some enforcement actions, the paper describes two court cases; one related to the import of Irish butter oil allegedly contaminated with Chernobyl fallout and the other on the diseases in the villages near the Jaduguda uranium mine.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132271478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The government of India has taken a deliberate stand that nuclear power should be one of the components of the energy mix that the country should have for sustained economic growth. A base for this was laid in the 1960s to 1970s in collaboration with USA and Canada. However, a major part of the development, in recent decades, has been indigenous. This came about after international sanctions were imposed following India's underground nuclear explosions, carried out first in 1974 and later in 1998. As a blessing in disguise, the country attained a high degree of self-reliance in all aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle, particularly with respect to Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs). There are plans to increase the present 4,000 MWe capacity to 20,000 by 2020. The 123 Agreement is a way out to boost scarce uranium resources and let in enriched uranium reactors with fuel, to attain the target and to go forward.
{"title":"Why does India require uranium through the 123 Agreement","authors":"T. Murthy","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2008.019888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2008.019888","url":null,"abstract":"The government of India has taken a deliberate stand that nuclear power should be one of the components of the energy mix that the country should have for sustained economic growth. A base for this was laid in the 1960s to 1970s in collaboration with USA and Canada. However, a major part of the development, in recent decades, has been indigenous. This came about after international sanctions were imposed following India's underground nuclear explosions, carried out first in 1974 and later in 1998. As a blessing in disguise, the country attained a high degree of self-reliance in all aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle, particularly with respect to Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs). There are plans to increase the present 4,000 MWe capacity to 20,000 by 2020. The 123 Agreement is a way out to boost scarce uranium resources and let in enriched uranium reactors with fuel, to attain the target and to go forward.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116625225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
More than 60 years after the 'atomic age' was born, the international community is still suffering from the side effects. The doors were opened to a new energy resource that is vast and powerful. Problems on how to regulate and confine it to peaceful purposes emerged right from the beginning. In this paper, some common misconceptions are revealed and suggestions are proposed to remove general misunderstandings among member states and establish a more efficient and stronger governing body to regulate nuclear energy worldwide.
{"title":"Nuclear energy and non-proliferation","authors":"M. Gharib","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2007.015822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2007.015822","url":null,"abstract":"More than 60 years after the 'atomic age' was born, the international community is still suffering from the side effects. The doors were opened to a new energy resource that is vast and powerful. Problems on how to regulate and confine it to peaceful purposes emerged right from the beginning. In this paper, some common misconceptions are revealed and suggestions are proposed to remove general misunderstandings among member states and establish a more efficient and stronger governing body to regulate nuclear energy worldwide.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130015516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the terror attacks on 11 September 2001 in the USA, the world has suffered 11 major terror attacks with suspected links to al-Qaeda, resulting in over 1045 dead and about 6000 persons injured. These attacks were targeted against nightclubs, tourist hotels, social clubs, luxury apartments, mosques, UN and Red Cross Headquarters abroad, a military compound, banks, offices of political parties, commuter trains and public transport (Steinhausler, 2005). In this period no serious terrorist attack has been carried out against a nuclear power plant or other component of the nuclear fuel cycle. However, this should not lead to a false sense of security. Dr El Baradei from the IAEA warned within days of the 9/11 attacks that from now on nuclear installations need to review their security procedures.
{"title":"Managing security risks to the nuclear fuel cycle: current knowledge and challenges ahead","authors":"Friedrich Steinhäusler","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2007.015821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2007.015821","url":null,"abstract":"Since the terror attacks on 11 September 2001 in the USA, the world has suffered 11 major terror attacks with suspected links to al-Qaeda, resulting in over 1045 dead and about 6000 persons injured. These attacks were targeted against nightclubs, tourist hotels, social clubs, luxury apartments, mosques, UN and Red Cross Headquarters abroad, a military compound, banks, offices of political parties, commuter trains and public transport (Steinhausler, 2005). In this period no serious terrorist attack has been carried out against a nuclear power plant or other component of the nuclear fuel cycle. However, this should not lead to a false sense of security. Dr El Baradei from the IAEA warned within days of the 9/11 attacks that from now on nuclear installations need to review their security procedures.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116148396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rapid growth in Iran's domestic energy demand and its dependence on oil exports for revenue has forced it to consider alternative future energy solutions. Years of inadequate investment in new infrastructure to develop oil and gas reserves may lead to a rapid decline in oil production and delays to key projects that have the potential to expand oil and gas exports over the next decade. Broad international suspicion of Iran's nuclear ambitions led to UN sanctions being imposed on that industry in December 2006. Political and economic stakes are high for Iran. However, geopolitics and the energy strategies of Russia, China and India seem destined to play the key role in determining how far Iran can develop its nuclear industry.
{"title":"Iran's strong case for nuclear power is obscured by UN sanctions and geopolitics","authors":"D. Wood","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2007.015823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2007.015823","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid growth in Iran's domestic energy demand and its dependence on oil exports for revenue has forced it to consider alternative future energy solutions. Years of inadequate investment in new infrastructure to develop oil and gas reserves may lead to a rapid decline in oil production and delays to key projects that have the potential to expand oil and gas exports over the next decade. Broad international suspicion of Iran's nuclear ambitions led to UN sanctions being imposed on that industry in December 2006. Political and economic stakes are high for Iran. However, geopolitics and the energy strategies of Russia, China and India seem destined to play the key role in determining how far Iran can develop its nuclear industry.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"346 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124271473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological organisms present hierarchical levels of organisation capable of maintaining homeostasis at low-level perturbations through intricate signalling between cells. Ionising radiation may damage DNA and other molecular components. This primary risk rises linearly with dose over a certain dose range. A second risk describes the probability of the initial DNA and other damage to propagate in the body to cause disease, such as cancer. The homeostatic control of the second risk does not function in a linear fashion. Moreover, low-dose irradiation may adaptively up-regulate protective responses at different organisational levels genetically controlled. Such adaptive protections (APs) usually defend also against the inevitable abundant non-radiogenic perturbations. Below ≅0.1Gy, APs are potentially beneficial in outweighing the consequences of the relatively rare radiogenic damage at low doses. The balance between health risk and benefit of low-level irradiation of an individual may become predictable by gene-expression profiles also for eventually treating disease.
{"title":"Damage propagation in complex biological systems following exposure to low doses of ionising radiation","authors":"L. Feinendegen, H. Paretzke, R. Neumann","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2007.015827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2007.015827","url":null,"abstract":"Biological organisms present hierarchical levels of organisation capable of maintaining homeostasis at low-level perturbations through intricate signalling between cells. Ionising radiation may damage DNA and other molecular components. This primary risk rises linearly with dose over a certain dose range. A second risk describes the probability of the initial DNA and other damage to propagate in the body to cause disease, such as cancer. The homeostatic control of the second risk does not function in a linear fashion. Moreover, low-dose irradiation may adaptively up-regulate protective responses at different organisational levels genetically controlled. Such adaptive protections (APs) usually defend also against the inevitable abundant non-radiogenic perturbations. Below ≅0.1Gy, APs are potentially beneficial in outweighing the consequences of the relatively rare radiogenic damage at low doses. The balance between health risk and benefit of low-level irradiation of an individual may become predictable by gene-expression profiles also for eventually treating disease.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125882593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An Act must have a jurisdiction in order to become validly enforceable and to have legitimacy as a law. From this point of view, one of the purposes of this article is to find the validity and legitimacy of the North Korean Human Rights Act as an intervention law by reviewing the legal ground especially with regards to the traditional theory of humanitarian intervention and under the international peace and security prospective which is the aim of the United Nations. At first I introduce general information and the human rights situation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea through the resolutions and special reports to the North Korea of the UN and other diverse documents. Then I examine logical and practical legal grounds for legislation of the NKHR Act.
{"title":"Newly arising issues on the limitation of intervention law and refugees under the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004","authors":"H. Han","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2007.015828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2007.015828","url":null,"abstract":"An Act must have a jurisdiction in order to become validly enforceable and to have legitimacy as a law. From this point of view, one of the purposes of this article is to find the validity and legitimacy of the North Korean Human Rights Act as an intervention law by reviewing the legal ground especially with regards to the traditional theory of humanitarian intervention and under the international peace and security prospective which is the aim of the United Nations. At first I introduce general information and the human rights situation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea through the resolutions and special reports to the North Korea of the UN and other diverse documents. Then I examine logical and practical legal grounds for legislation of the NKHR Act.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133457911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Henry J. Hyde US-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Act 2006 having been passed on 18 December 2006, the US Atomic Energy Act 1954 stands amended to conform to the Joint Statement signed on 18 July 2005 by the US President George Bush and the Prime Minister of India Dr Man Mohan Singh for a Bilateral US-India Cooperation in Civilian Nuclear Energy. This communication attempts to analyse how far the compromises have been made by the US and how far India may be willing to go towards achieving the goal.
{"title":"The Hyde Act 2006: India's nuclear dilemma","authors":"B. Singh","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2007.015825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2007.015825","url":null,"abstract":"The Henry J. Hyde US-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Act 2006 having been passed on 18 December 2006, the US Atomic Energy Act 1954 stands amended to conform to the Joint Statement signed on 18 July 2005 by the US President George Bush and the Prime Minister of India Dr Man Mohan Singh for a Bilateral US-India Cooperation in Civilian Nuclear Energy. This communication attempts to analyse how far the compromises have been made by the US and how far India may be willing to go towards achieving the goal.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122359762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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