Iran's efforts to endow nuclear capacities date back to the Shah's era, and were at that time developed through a close collaboration with the USA. Those plans were presented as civil programmes, but comprised, beyond any doubt, some military potentialities. As a first step, the 1979 Islamic Revolution completely interrupted any activity in this field. But more recently, uranium enrichment activities were developed to a pace that triggered the reaction of the USA, preoccupied by the potentiality to see a nation of the 'Axis of evil' to endow massive destruction weapons. Although they did not find any proof of any prohibited activity, IAEA inspections did not dissipate the doubts, and pressure grew up against Teheran (such as sanctions taken by the Security Council). Nevertheless, it may be thought that the line taken by Teheran is more subtle, and does not consist in having the nuclear weapon, but rather to be in a position to have it.
{"title":"Nuclear Iran facing the USA","authors":"J. Hébert","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2008.020387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2008.020387","url":null,"abstract":"Iran's efforts to endow nuclear capacities date back to the Shah's era, and were at that time developed through a close collaboration with the USA. Those plans were presented as civil programmes, but comprised, beyond any doubt, some military potentialities. As a first step, the 1979 Islamic Revolution completely interrupted any activity in this field. But more recently, uranium enrichment activities were developed to a pace that triggered the reaction of the USA, preoccupied by the potentiality to see a nation of the 'Axis of evil' to endow massive destruction weapons. Although they did not find any proof of any prohibited activity, IAEA inspections did not dissipate the doubts, and pressure grew up against Teheran (such as sanctions taken by the Security Council). Nevertheless, it may be thought that the line taken by Teheran is more subtle, and does not consist in having the nuclear weapon, but rather to be in a position to have it.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123160560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Largely unknown, the history of the accession of South Africa to nuclear weapon status resulted from a programme launched secretly in 1974, benefiting from secret cooperation from Israel, Germany and France. This programme was stopped by President De Klerk as of 1989, which allowed his country to ratify the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1991. It was the first example in the world of a country giving up nuclear weapons and was done in very particular circumstances: the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the prospect of apartheid ending and thus the transfer of power to the ANC.
{"title":"The process of South African denuclearisation: an example for the world?","authors":"J. Collin","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2008.020389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2008.020389","url":null,"abstract":"Largely unknown, the history of the accession of South Africa to nuclear weapon status resulted from a programme launched secretly in 1974, benefiting from secret cooperation from Israel, Germany and France. This programme was stopped by President De Klerk as of 1989, which allowed his country to ratify the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1991. It was the first example in the world of a country giving up nuclear weapons and was done in very particular circumstances: the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the prospect of apartheid ending and thus the transfer of power to the ANC.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132984556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The return of Russia as the main player in the global arms market presents specific features, by arms type and region. It also illustrates, beyond the revival of state control of strategic industries, a key element in its new foreign policy. This is in phase with the desire of various countries to assert greater military autonomy in front of the perceived dangers of US unilateralist posturing.
{"title":"Russia's comeback to the arms market: a strategic choice","authors":"Éric Lahille","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2008.020390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2008.020390","url":null,"abstract":"The return of Russia as the main player in the global arms market presents specific features, by arms type and region. It also illustrates, beyond the revival of state control of strategic industries, a key element in its new foreign policy. This is in phase with the desire of various countries to assert greater military autonomy in front of the perceived dangers of US unilateralist posturing.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129366023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is in jeopardy: North Korea, who signed it, has tested a nuclear bomb, and Iran, a joint signatory, seems set on developing nuclear armaments. Since the first A-bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the world has not known a state of nuclear conflict for 60 years – and we have every reason for rejoicing. And yet the threat is still looming, whether it be a matter of 'escalation to the extremes' between States (a contingency that can't be entirely disregarded), of terrorist attacks using nuclear bombs, or of radioactive spills. As the chief executive officer of the International Nuclear Energy Agency (INEA) has put it, this is a twofold crisis: 'Some non-nuclear States have embarked on secret activities aiming at building nuclear armaments, and the nuclear States fail in their duty to take practical and irreversible measures in order to completely eliminate their nuclear arsenals'.
{"title":"Proliferation: the pitfalls of nuclear weaponry","authors":"J. Salomon","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2008.020385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2008.020385","url":null,"abstract":"The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is in jeopardy: North Korea, who signed it, has tested a nuclear bomb, and Iran, a joint signatory, seems set on developing nuclear armaments. Since the first A-bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the world has not known a state of nuclear conflict for 60 years – and we have every reason for rejoicing. And yet the threat is still looming, whether it be a matter of 'escalation to the extremes' between States (a contingency that can't be entirely disregarded), of terrorist attacks using nuclear bombs, or of radioactive spills. As the chief executive officer of the International Nuclear Energy Agency (INEA) has put it, this is a twofold crisis: 'Some non-nuclear States have embarked on secret activities aiming at building nuclear armaments, and the nuclear States fail in their duty to take practical and irreversible measures in order to completely eliminate their nuclear arsenals'.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128145188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In spite of its policy of ambiguity, Israel's nuclear military capability is universally admitted. This raises the question of the underlying doctrine and the function played by the bomb in the political-military relations between Israel and its neighbours since the end of the 1950s. This paper shows that instead of contributing to deterrence, the bomb has been irrelevant (at best) or destabilising. Israel's reluctance to define what constitutes its sovereign 'sanctuary', together with its drive to develop tactical nuclear weapons and an anti-missile system, has led to a confused doctrine. The paper finally argues for Tel Aviv's accession to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as a non-nuclear weapon state, while acknowledging its linkage with the achievement of a Middle East peace.
{"title":"Israel and the bomb","authors":"Camille Mansour","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2008.020388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2008.020388","url":null,"abstract":"In spite of its policy of ambiguity, Israel's nuclear military capability is universally admitted. This raises the question of the underlying doctrine and the function played by the bomb in the political-military relations between Israel and its neighbours since the end of the 1950s. This paper shows that instead of contributing to deterrence, the bomb has been irrelevant (at best) or destabilising. Israel's reluctance to define what constitutes its sovereign 'sanctuary', together with its drive to develop tactical nuclear weapons and an anti-missile system, has led to a confused doctrine. The paper finally argues for Tel Aviv's accession to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as a non-nuclear weapon state, while acknowledging its linkage with the achievement of a Middle East peace.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131881923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although the cold war ended 17 years ago, studies and reports on foreign affairs are, most of the time, dreary or pessimistic. True enough, the state of the 'Greater Middle East' and Africa's dramas are causes for deep concern, but Asia is also pointed at, because of its population, its growth rates, its exports of industrial goods, its social imbalances, its political emergence, its military budgets, the arms race and nuclear proliferation going on there. China, India, Pakistan, North Korea: the East is seen as the main actor undermining the universal non-proliferation rules and institutions. Is it really so? Until now, the non-proliferation system has been rather efficient, even in Asia; it should be backed and could be strengthened.
{"title":"Asia's nuclear challenge","authors":"Patrice Jorland","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2008.020386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2008.020386","url":null,"abstract":"Although the cold war ended 17 years ago, studies and reports on foreign affairs are, most of the time, dreary or pessimistic. True enough, the state of the 'Greater Middle East' and Africa's dramas are causes for deep concern, but Asia is also pointed at, because of its population, its growth rates, its exports of industrial goods, its social imbalances, its political emergence, its military budgets, the arms race and nuclear proliferation going on there. China, India, Pakistan, North Korea: the East is seen as the main actor undermining the universal non-proliferation rules and institutions. Is it really so? Until now, the non-proliferation system has been rather efficient, even in Asia; it should be backed and could be strengthened.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133329481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to describe a strategy for combining fast growth in electricity generation capacity, with the early introduction of the thorium cycle in India. Three types of Liquid Metal Cooled Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBRs) are considered: LMFBR 1, with plutonium/depleted uranium driver zones and depleted uranium blankets; LMFBR 2, with self-sustaining plutonium/depleted uranium driver zones and depleted uranium axial blankets, while the radial thorium blanket produces excess U 233; LMFBR 3, with U233-Th driver zones and Th blankets. The strategy suggested is a combination of 50% LMFBR 1 and 50% of a symbiotic mix of LMFBR 2 and LMFBR 3 all the three using metal fuel. With this strategy, the delay in reaching an installed electrical capacity of 350 GWe is likely to be only about 15 years beyond the approximately 50 years envisaged with only metal fuelled LMFBR 1.
{"title":"Strategy for combining fast growth in electricity generation capacity with the early introduction of the thorium cycle in India","authors":"P. Rodriguez","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2008.019894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2008.019894","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to describe a strategy for combining fast growth in electricity generation capacity, with the early introduction of the thorium cycle in India. Three types of Liquid Metal Cooled Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBRs) are considered: LMFBR 1, with plutonium/depleted uranium driver zones and depleted uranium blankets; LMFBR 2, with self-sustaining plutonium/depleted uranium driver zones and depleted uranium axial blankets, while the radial thorium blanket produces excess U 233; LMFBR 3, with U233-Th driver zones and Th blankets. The strategy suggested is a combination of 50% LMFBR 1 and 50% of a symbiotic mix of LMFBR 2 and LMFBR 3 all the three using metal fuel. With this strategy, the delay in reaching an installed electrical capacity of 350 GWe is likely to be only about 15 years beyond the approximately 50 years envisaged with only metal fuelled LMFBR 1.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130724132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Indo?US Civil Nuclear Cooperation has aroused great controversy in India on the grounds of technical feasibility, economic desirability, legal implications and political ideologies. This Editorial provides the background to the Special Issue, outlining the Indian political scene and the opinions of Indian scientists as expressed in their open letter.
{"title":"Editorial[:The Indo?US Civil Nuclear Cooperation]","authors":"B. Singh","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2008.019896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2008.019896","url":null,"abstract":"The Indo?US Civil Nuclear Cooperation has aroused great controversy in India on the grounds of technical feasibility, economic desirability, legal implications and political ideologies. This Editorial provides the background to the Special Issue, outlining the Indian political scene and the opinions of Indian scientists as expressed in their open letter.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127094088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
India has a strong technology base for its comprehensive nuclear energy programme. A glimpse of this capability is given in this paper, starting with uranium exploration and mining to fuel reprocessing and nuclear waste management. India has chosen a closed fuel cycle option, and the plutonium recovered from spent fuel will soon be manufactured into fuel elements for its 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, which is under construction. A modest programme to develop systems for thorium utilisation is being pursued. The nuclear energy development programme includes accelerator-based nuclear reactor systems. India is also a party to the 500 MW nuclear fusion machine ITER, which is under construction at Cadarache, France, under an international cooperation framework.
{"title":"Nuclear technology and its challenges in India","authors":"D. Sood","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2008.019889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2008.019889","url":null,"abstract":"India has a strong technology base for its comprehensive nuclear energy programme. A glimpse of this capability is given in this paper, starting with uranium exploration and mining to fuel reprocessing and nuclear waste management. India has chosen a closed fuel cycle option, and the plutonium recovered from spent fuel will soon be manufactured into fuel elements for its 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, which is under construction. A modest programme to develop systems for thorium utilisation is being pursued. The nuclear energy development programme includes accelerator-based nuclear reactor systems. India is also a party to the 500 MW nuclear fusion machine ITER, which is under construction at Cadarache, France, under an international cooperation framework.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127812010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On 11 and 13 May 1998, India conducted five carefully planned and fully successful nuclear tests, including that of a two-stage thermonuclear device with a fusion-boosted fission trigger as the first stage and with all the features needed for integration with delivery vehicles at the controlled yield of 45 kt, and of three sub-kiloton fission devices from the point of view of developing low-yield weapons and of validating new weapon-related ideas and sub-systems. These tests also established the computer simulation capability to predict the yields of nuclear weapons (fission, boosted fission and two-stage thermonuclear) of designs related to the designs of the devices tested by India.
{"title":"The May 1998 Pokhran tests: scientific aspects","authors":"R. Chidambaram","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2008.019890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2008.019890","url":null,"abstract":"On 11 and 13 May 1998, India conducted five carefully planned and fully successful nuclear tests, including that of a two-stage thermonuclear device with a fusion-boosted fission trigger as the first stage and with all the features needed for integration with delivery vehicles at the controlled yield of 45 kt, and of three sub-kiloton fission devices from the point of view of developing low-yield weapons and of validating new weapon-related ideas and sub-systems. These tests also established the computer simulation capability to predict the yields of nuclear weapons (fission, boosted fission and two-stage thermonuclear) of designs related to the designs of the devices tested by India.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133666799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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