Electron accelerators, originally developed for nuclear and high energy physics research, have become by far the most intense infrared, ultraviolet and X-ray sources in the world. The increase in availability of these sources (there are now about 60 in operation around the world) has had a revolutionary effect on many branches of basic and applied research resulting in a major impact on science and society in developing countries as well as in technologically well-developed countries. Synchrotron radiation facilities in developing countries have produced hundreds of PhD students who did not have to leave their country, and they have attracted dozens of mid-career scientists to return to their country of origin, where they can continue to perform frontier research. In addition, scientists in these developing countries are able to use intense synchrotron radiation to address local environmental and biomedical issues and concerns. This paper presents: 1) a brief historical account of the development of synchrotron radiation sources from the first to the fourth generation; 2) a summary of the properties of synchrotron radiation; 3) an overview of synchrotron radiation facilities in developing countries; 4) a description of the UNESCO-sponsored Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME) project which is constructing a regional, international third-generation synchrotron radiation research centre in the Middle East in close analogy to CERN.
{"title":"Using nuclear accelerator technology to make intense X-rays","authors":"H. Winick","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2010.031496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2010.031496","url":null,"abstract":"Electron accelerators, originally developed for nuclear and high energy physics research, have become by far the most intense infrared, ultraviolet and X-ray sources in the world. The increase in availability of these sources (there are now about 60 in operation around the world) has had a revolutionary effect on many branches of basic and applied research resulting in a major impact on science and society in developing countries as well as in technologically well-developed countries. Synchrotron radiation facilities in developing countries have produced hundreds of PhD students who did not have to leave their country, and they have attracted dozens of mid-career scientists to return to their country of origin, where they can continue to perform frontier research. In addition, scientists in these developing countries are able to use intense synchrotron radiation to address local environmental and biomedical issues and concerns. This paper presents: 1) a brief historical account of the development of synchrotron radiation sources from the first to the fourth generation; 2) a summary of the properties of synchrotron radiation; 3) an overview of synchrotron radiation facilities in developing countries; 4) a description of the UNESCO-sponsored Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME) project which is constructing a regional, international third-generation synchrotron radiation research centre in the Middle East in close analogy to CERN.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116581921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, gamma radiation was used to remove sulphur from used automotive lubricating oil. The sample was fractioned and irradiated with 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 kGy doses in a 60 Co irradiator (Gammacell-220 - 12 kCi). Fifty percent and 70% (v/v) of MilliQ water and 30% (v/v) of hydrogen peroxide were used to improve the radiolysis. The sulphur content, before and after the irradiation, was determined by X-ray fluorescence. The results showed 68% sulphur removal at 500 kGy absorbed dose with an addition of 70% (v/v) of MilliQ water.
{"title":"Sulphur removal from used automotive lubricating oil by ionising radiation","authors":"M. Scapin, C. Duarte, I. M. Sato","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2010.031023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2010.031023","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, gamma radiation was used to remove sulphur from used automotive lubricating oil. The sample was fractioned and irradiated with 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 kGy doses in a 60 Co irradiator (Gammacell-220 - 12 kCi). Fifty percent and 70% (v/v) of MilliQ water and 30% (v/v) of hydrogen peroxide were used to improve the radiolysis. The sulphur content, before and after the irradiation, was determined by X-ray fluorescence. The results showed 68% sulphur removal at 500 kGy absorbed dose with an addition of 70% (v/v) of MilliQ water.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"114 20","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132772313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renata Martinussi Couto, Adriano Aparecido De Souza, R. Herrerias, E. Muramoto, J. Mengatti, M. Barboza, E. B. Araújo
Radiation Synovectomy (radiosynovectomy, radiosynoviorthesis or RSV) is a method of treatment by intra-articular application of beta-emitting radioisotopes. There are several radionuclides available for this treatment and some radiopharmaceuticals have been shown to be effective and safe for this procedure. Hydroxyapatite (HA) particles are regarded as one of the most suitable carriers for applications in RSV, and labelling with 177Lu or 90Y has been investigated. Owing to their favourable decay characteristics, 177Lu Lu has been used in RSV of small-sized joints and 90Y has been the most useful radionuclide for applications in knee joints. The present work describes the preparation, labelling and quality control of HA using both radionuclides. The labelling yield is higher than 87.0%. The final product presents a radiochemical purity >98.9%, with the particle range >12 μm and a stability of 5 days at room temperature. A scintigraphic investigation by gamma camera was performed in rats to evaluate the extra-articular leakage from the knee. Both preparations appeared suitable for RSV with no extra-articular leakage and no acute complication in the clinical study using 90Y-HA.
{"title":"Hydroxyapatite labelled with yttrium-90 or lutetium 177 for radiation synovectomy","authors":"Renata Martinussi Couto, Adriano Aparecido De Souza, R. Herrerias, E. Muramoto, J. Mengatti, M. Barboza, E. B. Araújo","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2010.031017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2010.031017","url":null,"abstract":"Radiation Synovectomy (radiosynovectomy, radiosynoviorthesis or RSV) is a method of treatment by intra-articular application of beta-emitting radioisotopes. There are several radionuclides available for this treatment and some radiopharmaceuticals have been shown to be effective and safe for this procedure. Hydroxyapatite (HA) particles are regarded as one of the most suitable carriers for applications in RSV, and labelling with 177Lu or 90Y has been investigated. Owing to their favourable decay characteristics, 177Lu Lu has been used in RSV of small-sized joints and 90Y has been the most useful radionuclide for applications in knee joints. The present work describes the preparation, labelling and quality control of HA using both radionuclides. The labelling yield is higher than 87.0%. The final product presents a radiochemical purity >98.9%, with the particle range >12 μm and a stability of 5 days at room temperature. A scintigraphic investigation by gamma camera was performed in rats to evaluate the extra-articular leakage from the knee. Both preparations appeared suitable for RSV with no extra-articular leakage and no acute complication in the clinical study using 90Y-HA.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128826545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. B. Ronqui, H. Azevedo, M. Nascimento, J. F. Macacini, C. V. Roque, M. Seleghim
The Antas Reservoir (AR) receives treated effluents coming from the acid drainage of uranium ore from the Ore Treatment Unit?Brazilian Nuclear Industries (UTM-INB) plant located in Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. This study was conducted in order to determine the possible radioecological impact caused by discharges of the treated liquid effluent from the UTM into the reservoir. Biological and physicochemical variables were evaluated in the present study. Sampling in the AR (Cab, P41, P14S and P14F points) took place during the dry winter (July 2006) and rainy summer seasons (February 2007). Each day, samples were collected four times (6:00 am, 12:00 noon, 6:00 pm and 12:00 midnight). The average trophic state index values obtained for samples in the dry and rainy periods allowed the areas to be classified as oligotrophic and mesotrophic, respectively. Chemical parameters indicated failures in the nuclear facility effluent treatment system, showing that effluents discharged at P41 do not agree with the standards that have been established by the Brazilian current legislation for Class II water. These results agreed with biological analyses, since P41 has the lowest density values for ciliated protozoa, indicating possible environmental impacts on the ecosystem due to the release of effluents by the mining company.
{"title":"Radioecological evaluation (spatial and temporal variation) of the planktonic microorganisms in the Antas Reservoir, Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil","authors":"L. B. Ronqui, H. Azevedo, M. Nascimento, J. F. Macacini, C. V. Roque, M. Seleghim","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2010.031020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2010.031020","url":null,"abstract":"The Antas Reservoir (AR) receives treated effluents coming from the acid drainage of uranium ore from the Ore Treatment Unit?Brazilian Nuclear Industries (UTM-INB) plant located in Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. This study was conducted in order to determine the possible radioecological impact caused by discharges of the treated liquid effluent from the UTM into the reservoir. Biological and physicochemical variables were evaluated in the present study. Sampling in the AR (Cab, P41, P14S and P14F points) took place during the dry winter (July 2006) and rainy summer seasons (February 2007). Each day, samples were collected four times (6:00 am, 12:00 noon, 6:00 pm and 12:00 midnight). The average trophic state index values obtained for samples in the dry and rainy periods allowed the areas to be classified as oligotrophic and mesotrophic, respectively. Chemical parameters indicated failures in the nuclear facility effluent treatment system, showing that effluents discharged at P41 do not agree with the standards that have been established by the Brazilian current legislation for Class II water. These results agreed with biological analyses, since P41 has the lowest density values for ciliated protozoa, indicating possible environmental impacts on the ecosystem due to the release of effluents by the mining company.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128333080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of labelled molecules with high specificity for an organ or receptor in scintigraphy generates good local images and minimises the exposure of other organs. Octreotide was the first somatostatin synthetic analogue introduced in clinical use in the localisation of tumours with superexpression of somatostatin receptor (sstr). This work studied the labelling of HYNIC-Tyr3-octreotide with 99mTc and the biodistribution of labelled compounds in normal Swiss mice. A high radiochemical yield was obtained when using 20 μg of HYNIC-TOC, 10 mg of EDDA, 20 mg of tricine, 15 μg of SnCl2.2H2O, pH 7.5 and 10 min of boiling water bath. Biodistribution studies showed fast blood clearance of the labelled peptide with high kidney uptake and urinary excretion. The low background in the abdominal region is favourable for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumours.
{"title":"Preliminary studies of EDDA-tricine-HYNIC-Tyr³-octreotide labelled with technetium-99m: radiopharmaceutical development for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumours","authors":"L. T. U. H. Melero, E. Muramoto, E. B. Araújo","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2010.031025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2010.031025","url":null,"abstract":"The use of labelled molecules with high specificity for an organ or receptor in scintigraphy generates good local images and minimises the exposure of other organs. Octreotide was the first somatostatin synthetic analogue introduced in clinical use in the localisation of tumours with superexpression of somatostatin receptor (sstr). This work studied the labelling of HYNIC-Tyr3-octreotide with 99mTc and the biodistribution of labelled compounds in normal Swiss mice. A high radiochemical yield was obtained when using 20 μg of HYNIC-TOC, 10 mg of EDDA, 20 mg of tricine, 15 μg of SnCl2.2H2O, pH 7.5 and 10 min of boiling water bath. Biodistribution studies showed fast blood clearance of the labelled peptide with high kidney uptake and urinary excretion. The low background in the abdominal region is favourable for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumours.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"250 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116393584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study chronologically dated three sediment profiles collected at the mouth of the Amazon River using the 210Pb geochronology method. All profiles were sliced into 5 cm layers and analysed for radionuclides through gamma spectrometry. The results obtained dated the sediments as far back as 65 years. The sedimentation rate was also determined. A subsequent interpretation of the results provides information on pollutants present in sediment layers and infer possible contamination patterns by operating industries and anthropogenic activities in the area of the Amazon Hydrographic Basin.
{"title":"210Pb geochronology of sediments from the Guama River and Guajara Bay in the Amazon region, Belem, Brazil","authors":"F. F. Dias, M. Taddei, S. M. Nascimento, J. Lafon","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2010.031018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2010.031018","url":null,"abstract":"This study chronologically dated three sediment profiles collected at the mouth of the Amazon River using the 210Pb geochronology method. All profiles were sliced into 5 cm layers and analysed for radionuclides through gamma spectrometry. The results obtained dated the sediments as far back as 65 years. The sedimentation rate was also determined. A subsequent interpretation of the results provides information on pollutants present in sediment layers and infer possible contamination patterns by operating industries and anthropogenic activities in the area of the Amazon Hydrographic Basin.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125745144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main purpose of this work is the development of sintered composites in order to allow their use as thermoluminescence (TL) dosimeters using a simple route to preparation and employing high temperature. The composites were prepared with CaSO4.2H2O doped with Dy2O3 and NdO3. Initially, CaSO4.2H2O was dehydrated in an oven at 100°C for 1 h. After addition of dopants and homogenisation, Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) was incorporated into the compounds to make their compaction easier. The pellets, 6 mm in diameter and 1 mm thick, were sintered at 900°C and 1000°C for 6 h. The TL emission curves showed two peaks when the samples were irradiated with a beta source (90Sr + 90Y). During calibration, TL responses were found to be proportional to the absorbed dose. The results showed that this material can potentially be used in dosimetry.
{"title":"Development of sintered composites of CaSO4 doped with Dy and Nd","authors":"M. A. P. Chagas, L. Parente, D. Souza","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2010.031016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2010.031016","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this work is the development of sintered composites in order to allow their use as thermoluminescence (TL) dosimeters using a simple route to preparation and employing high temperature. The composites were prepared with CaSO4.2H2O doped with Dy2O3 and NdO3. Initially, CaSO4.2H2O was dehydrated in an oven at 100°C for 1 h. After addition of dopants and homogenisation, Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) was incorporated into the compounds to make their compaction easier. The pellets, 6 mm in diameter and 1 mm thick, were sintered at 900°C and 1000°C for 6 h. The TL emission curves showed two peaks when the samples were irradiated with a beta source (90Sr + 90Y). During calibration, TL responses were found to be proportional to the absorbed dose. The results showed that this material can potentially be used in dosimetry.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114280219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The radioactive tracer technique was used to measure the Residence Time Distribution (RTD) of the liquid and solid in a rougher flotation bank consisting of seven cells of a volume of 130 m³. Thus, a pneumatic system of high reliability was used in order to introduce a small amount of radioactive tracer (around 100 mL of liquid or pulp) at the feed pulp entrance. Then, the time response of the radioactive tracer was measured online along the flotation bank using noninvasive sensors located in the discharge pipe of each cell. Activity (cps) was measured by Saphymo Srat scintillating crystal sensors of NaI(Tl) of 1″ × 1.5″, thus allowing the simultaneous data acquisition of up to 12 control points with a minimum period of 50 ms. A solution of Br-82 was used as a liquid tracer, while mineral gangue was used as a solid nonfloatable tracer. The solid tracer was also tested at three size classes. An advantage of using the radioactive tracer technique is the direct testing of the actual solid particles (similar physical and chemical properties, shape, etc.). From a hydrodynamic point of view, the experimental data confirmed that single mechanical flotation cells of large size can deviate significantly from perfect mixing.
{"title":"Residence time distribution in large industrial flotation cells","authors":"F. Díaz, J. Yianatos","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2010.031015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2010.031015","url":null,"abstract":"The radioactive tracer technique was used to measure the Residence Time Distribution (RTD) of the liquid and solid in a rougher flotation bank consisting of seven cells of a volume of 130 m³. Thus, a pneumatic system of high reliability was used in order to introduce a small amount of radioactive tracer (around 100 mL of liquid or pulp) at the feed pulp entrance. Then, the time response of the radioactive tracer was measured online along the flotation bank using noninvasive sensors located in the discharge pipe of each cell. Activity (cps) was measured by Saphymo Srat scintillating crystal sensors of NaI(Tl) of 1″ × 1.5″, thus allowing the simultaneous data acquisition of up to 12 control points with a minimum period of 50 ms. A solution of Br-82 was used as a liquid tracer, while mineral gangue was used as a solid nonfloatable tracer. The solid tracer was also tested at three size classes. An advantage of using the radioactive tracer technique is the direct testing of the actual solid particles (similar physical and chemical properties, shape, etc.). From a hydrodynamic point of view, the experimental data confirmed that single mechanical flotation cells of large size can deviate significantly from perfect mixing.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114779070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The successful applications of nuclear technology in areas as diverse as research, healthcare, nondestructive examinations, agriculture and electrical power generation are all dependent on the expert human resources available to the country or region utilising this technology. The expertise needed to understand and safely employ nuclear energy includes skilled craftsmen, operators, technicians and technologists, engineers and scientists, managers and executives. Nuclear technology is complex, has unique safety and resource requirements, and represents a significant financial investment. To embark on a nuclear power programme and to successfully manage it, the governing bodies of the locality where the nuclear installation is to be located, as well as the country's government, must be active supporters of the related facilities. Furthermore, the country's government must put in place a regulatory system that is independent of the designers, owners and operators of the nuclear facilities, as well as systems that meet such international agreements as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The paper reviews Canadian and other international experience in providing the education and training needed for a country or region to successfully initiate and maintain the expert human resources complement in order to benefit from the peaceful uses of nuclear technology.
{"title":"Nuclear education and manpower development","authors":"G. Bereznai","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2009.027865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2009.027865","url":null,"abstract":"The successful applications of nuclear technology in areas as diverse as research, healthcare, nondestructive examinations, agriculture and electrical power generation are all dependent on the expert human resources available to the country or region utilising this technology. The expertise needed to understand and safely employ nuclear energy includes skilled craftsmen, operators, technicians and technologists, engineers and scientists, managers and executives. Nuclear technology is complex, has unique safety and resource requirements, and represents a significant financial investment. To embark on a nuclear power programme and to successfully manage it, the governing bodies of the locality where the nuclear installation is to be located, as well as the country's government, must be active supporters of the related facilities. Furthermore, the country's government must put in place a regulatory system that is independent of the designers, owners and operators of the nuclear facilities, as well as systems that meet such international agreements as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The paper reviews Canadian and other international experience in providing the education and training needed for a country or region to successfully initiate and maintain the expert human resources complement in order to benefit from the peaceful uses of nuclear technology.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122380981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The global energy and environmental scenarios put pressures on many developing and developed countries to think and rethink for nuclear power in their overall energy supply mix. For developing countries like China and India, nuclear energy has become an inevitable energy option. Other developing countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia, Poland, Thailand, Turkey and Vietnam are committed to introduce nuclear power by 2020 and more than 20 new countries in different regions plan to introduce nuclear after 2020. But, the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the USA has introduced a new dimension, the protection and security of nuclear power plants against terrorists to the axiology of nuclear energy, to realise the global circumstances, especially those concerned with global security. This new issue augments the existing concern over nuclear proliferation, the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear spent fuel management and developing countries often encounter or may encounter a changed environment for the introduction of nuclear power plants for peaceful purposes. In this article, some socio-techno-political issues and necessary basic considerations at the initial planning phase for the entrance of developing countries that can create parity between the black-and-white dualism of nuclear energy are addressed.
{"title":"The recent global concern and basic considerations for the entrance of developing countries to a nuclear power programme","authors":"M. Akbar","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2009.027871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2009.027871","url":null,"abstract":"The global energy and environmental scenarios put pressures on many developing and developed countries to think and rethink for nuclear power in their overall energy supply mix. For developing countries like China and India, nuclear energy has become an inevitable energy option. Other developing countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia, Poland, Thailand, Turkey and Vietnam are committed to introduce nuclear power by 2020 and more than 20 new countries in different regions plan to introduce nuclear after 2020. But, the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the USA has introduced a new dimension, the protection and security of nuclear power plants against terrorists to the axiology of nuclear energy, to realise the global circumstances, especially those concerned with global security. This new issue augments the existing concern over nuclear proliferation, the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear spent fuel management and developing countries often encounter or may encounter a changed environment for the introduction of nuclear power plants for peaceful purposes. In this article, some socio-techno-political issues and necessary basic considerations at the initial planning phase for the entrance of developing countries that can create parity between the black-and-white dualism of nuclear energy are addressed.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125837994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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