Within JAERI, funds invested in a 45-year study of light-water reactors (LWRs) totalled 4.2 b$ (billion dollars) for research, including human resources of 34,718 years. The benefits to taxpayers from this JAERI work were estimated to be about 6.3 b$, resulting in a favourable cost-benefit ratio of 1.5 (6.3/4.2). Funds invested in the 32-year study of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) were 1.5 b$ for R&D and 0.3 b$ (2966 years) for personnel. Commercialised HTGRs will result in a cost reduction of electricity during power generation and also of that for hydrogen energy production. Accumulating market creation of products (MCP) of JAERI from 2010 to 2050 is 0.29 b$ for the former and 1.2 b$ for the latter. The share of Fusion Reactors (FRs) is also described.
{"title":"Evaluation of nuclear knowledge management on light water reactor, high temperature gas-cooled reactor and fusion reactor: a case study of Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI)","authors":"K. Yanagisawa","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2007.015826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2007.015826","url":null,"abstract":"Within JAERI, funds invested in a 45-year study of light-water reactors (LWRs) totalled 4.2 b$ (billion dollars) for research, including human resources of 34,718 years. The benefits to taxpayers from this JAERI work were estimated to be about 6.3 b$, resulting in a favourable cost-benefit ratio of 1.5 (6.3/4.2). Funds invested in the 32-year study of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) were 1.5 b$ for R&D and 0.3 b$ (2966 years) for personnel. Commercialised HTGRs will result in a cost reduction of electricity during power generation and also of that for hydrogen energy production. Accumulating market creation of products (MCP) of JAERI from 2010 to 2050 is 0.29 b$ for the former and 1.2 b$ for the latter. The share of Fusion Reactors (FRs) is also described.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123864914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a short history of research in nuclear physics as well as of 50 years of nuclear power and radiation protection in Switzerland. After the International Conference 'Atoms for Peace' held in 1955 in Geneva the first research reactor was installed in Switzerland. A national environmental radioactivity monitoring programme was started in 1956. Today some 40% of the electricity is produced by nuclear power. In 1986, the southern part of Switzerland was most burdened by radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl Accident. Fortunately, the integral average radiation doses to the population remained below 0.5 milli-Sievert. As in other western countries there was a vigorous debate in Switzerland in the 1980s and 1990s about nuclear power, nuclear safety and the safe storage of radioactive waste.
{"title":"50 years of radiation protection and nuclear power in Switzerland: a brief history","authors":"H. Völkle","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2006.010347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2006.010347","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a short history of research in nuclear physics as well as of 50 years of nuclear power and radiation protection in Switzerland. After the International Conference 'Atoms for Peace' held in 1955 in Geneva the first research reactor was installed in Switzerland. A national environmental radioactivity monitoring programme was started in 1956. Today some 40% of the electricity is produced by nuclear power. In 1986, the southern part of Switzerland was most burdened by radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl Accident. Fortunately, the integral average radiation doses to the population remained below 0.5 milli-Sievert. As in other western countries there was a vigorous debate in Switzerland in the 1980s and 1990s about nuclear power, nuclear safety and the safe storage of radioactive waste.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122619007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For peace, and the welfare and well-being of humans, fresh water is essential. Atoms are a source of abundant energy that do not have any greenhouse effect and can be used for different peaceful applications, such as power generation, the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the field of medicine, to improve the productivity of food crops and soil fertility in agriculture and for food preservation. To find and assess the water resources on the earth, nuclear power serves as the source of energy for fresh water production.
{"title":"Nuclear energy for water security","authors":"P. K. Tewari","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2006.010343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2006.010343","url":null,"abstract":"For peace, and the welfare and well-being of humans, fresh water is essential. Atoms are a source of abundant energy that do not have any greenhouse effect and can be used for different peaceful applications, such as power generation, the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the field of medicine, to improve the productivity of food crops and soil fertility in agriculture and for food preservation. To find and assess the water resources on the earth, nuclear power serves as the source of energy for fresh water production.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134022913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atomic energy applications have been developed and used in various sectors of the national economy in Vietnam. Recently, the Government has approved the 'Strategy for Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy up to 2020'. The government has also acknowledged that to ensure safety and security for the development of atomic energy applications, it is especially essential to strengthen the state management in this field. Therefore, the government has focused its efforts on building the capacity of the Vietnam Agency for Radiation and Nuclear Safety and Control (VARANSAC) – Vietnam's regulatory body. This article reports VARANSAC's encouraging changes in the past year. This will help the international nuclear energy community understand, and hence believe in Vietnam's international integration and trust the consistent policy of Vietnam on ensuring safety for the people, society and the environment in the process of socio-economic development in the country.
{"title":"Vietnam: ensuring safety and security for peaceful uses of atomic energy","authors":"Nguyen Trieu Tu","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2006.010340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2006.010340","url":null,"abstract":"Atomic energy applications have been developed and used in various sectors of the national economy in Vietnam. Recently, the Government has approved the 'Strategy for Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy up to 2020'. The government has also acknowledged that to ensure safety and security for the development of atomic energy applications, it is especially essential to strengthen the state management in this field. Therefore, the government has focused its efforts on building the capacity of the Vietnam Agency for Radiation and Nuclear Safety and Control (VARANSAC) – Vietnam's regulatory body. This article reports VARANSAC's encouraging changes in the past year. This will help the international nuclear energy community understand, and hence believe in Vietnam's international integration and trust the consistent policy of Vietnam on ensuring safety for the people, society and the environment in the process of socio-economic development in the country.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114415234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The duty of the Argentine authorities in the case of entering into an agreement for the supply of nuclear materials balances the social relevance of the exercise of the rights to confidentiality and, on the other hand, the increasing need for transparency.
{"title":"Confidentiality clauses and nuclear activity in the Argentine Republic: an account of reports issued based on unknown clauses","authors":"Americo Alberto Antoniotti, Mariano Roman Paez","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2006.010349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2006.010349","url":null,"abstract":"The duty of the Argentine authorities in the case of entering into an agreement for the supply of nuclear materials balances the social relevance of the exercise of the rights to confidentiality and, on the other hand, the increasing need for transparency.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124520368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Being technically multifaceted and complex for understanding by the general public, the capability of some nuclear applications, especially nuclear power, and their potential in helping with some of the most important global issues, seem to be underrated by the public. A few elements that are responsible for this 'higher complexity lengthier pipeline' from demonstrated performance to public perception are discussed in this work. Comments are made on the sustained good results of the last two decades and on several indications of increased recognition that are becoming apparent, especially the recent double Nobel Prize to the IAEA and to the Agency Director General. This paper also addresses some recent facts and issues of this nuclear trajectory and reflects on the possible outcomes of our improved collective self-esteem.
{"title":"Nuclear self esteem","authors":"Antonio Carlos De Oliveira Barroso, Kengo Imakuma","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2006.010337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2006.010337","url":null,"abstract":"Being technically multifaceted and complex for understanding by the general public, the capability of some nuclear applications, especially nuclear power, and their potential in helping with some of the most important global issues, seem to be underrated by the public. A few elements that are responsible for this 'higher complexity lengthier pipeline' from demonstrated performance to public perception are discussed in this work. Comments are made on the sustained good results of the last two decades and on several indications of increased recognition that are becoming apparent, especially the recent double Nobel Prize to the IAEA and to the Agency Director General. This paper also addresses some recent facts and issues of this nuclear trajectory and reflects on the possible outcomes of our improved collective self-esteem.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125487221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
India is one of the founder members of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The sustained growth of its nuclear programme has accorded a unique distinction to India of being a developing country with strong foundations in advanced nuclear technology. This perspective of being a technologically advanced developing country has guided many of India's interactions on the IAEA platform.
{"title":"India and the International Atomic Energy Agency","authors":"R. Chidambaram","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2006.010335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2006.010335","url":null,"abstract":"India is one of the founder members of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The sustained growth of its nuclear programme has accorded a unique distinction to India of being a developing country with strong foundations in advanced nuclear technology. This perspective of being a technologically advanced developing country has guided many of India's interactions on the IAEA platform.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126451322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The proliferation resistance of reactors and fuel cycles has been historically discussed and evaluated from the technological and institutional viewpoints since the 1940s. In particular, under the strong incentive of Carter's Administration in the USA, during the Cold War period, a number of studies were performed to establish the framework of evaluating the degree of nuclear proliferation resistance. Since the end of the Cold War, the structure of the world seems to be changing toward a New World order. However, the evaluation framework of proliferation and the concept of proliferation resistance have not been changed. Here the conventional evaluation of the proliferation resistance is shortly reviewed. Also, issues related to the weapon usability of reactor-grade plutonium are addressed. These give a key knowledge basis to reconstruct global security in the sense of nuclear non-proliferation under the ongoing transformation of the world order.
{"title":"Nuclear proliferation resistance: issues from technological and institutional viewpoints for the reconstruction of global security","authors":"T. Sawada","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2006.010339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2006.010339","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferation resistance of reactors and fuel cycles has been historically discussed and evaluated from the technological and institutional viewpoints since the 1940s. In particular, under the strong incentive of Carter's Administration in the USA, during the Cold War period, a number of studies were performed to establish the framework of evaluating the degree of nuclear proliferation resistance. Since the end of the Cold War, the structure of the world seems to be changing toward a New World order. However, the evaluation framework of proliferation and the concept of proliferation resistance have not been changed. Here the conventional evaluation of the proliferation resistance is shortly reviewed. Also, issues related to the weapon usability of reactor-grade plutonium are addressed. These give a key knowledge basis to reconstruct global security in the sense of nuclear non-proliferation under the ongoing transformation of the world order.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128721637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ongoing changes in radiation risk assessment and development of ICRP conceptions is greatly due to the achievements of radiobiology. At doses below 0.2 Sv, radiation risk is determined only by stochastic effects. In these cases initial changes at molecular and cellular level and potentially lethal damage cannot be detected with known methods. Radiobiology and molecular epidemiology will become increasingly involved in evaluating the risk of the non-cancer health effects of radiation. In addition, emphasis will be placed on evaluating non-targeted effects of radiation at the cell and tissue levels, including bystander effects, genomic instability, and adaptive response. Integration of recent molecular knowledge and techniques, together with present epidemiological methods, will give a more precise evaluation of the risk. We might expect that the present debate on the non-threshold linear model for low dose irradiation should soon have enough grounds to be predefined.
{"title":"The development of radiobiology in Bulgaria","authors":"R. Georgieva","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2006.010348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2006.010348","url":null,"abstract":"The ongoing changes in radiation risk assessment and development of ICRP conceptions is greatly due to the achievements of radiobiology. At doses below 0.2 Sv, radiation risk is determined only by stochastic effects. In these cases initial changes at molecular and cellular level and potentially lethal damage cannot be detected with known methods. Radiobiology and molecular epidemiology will become increasingly involved in evaluating the risk of the non-cancer health effects of radiation. In addition, emphasis will be placed on evaluating non-targeted effects of radiation at the cell and tissue levels, including bystander effects, genomic instability, and adaptive response. Integration of recent molecular knowledge and techniques, together with present epidemiological methods, will give a more precise evaluation of the risk. We might expect that the present debate on the non-threshold linear model for low dose irradiation should soon have enough grounds to be predefined.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114969205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the start of the nuclear age, nuclear power was seen as a terrifying instrument of death. Nowadays, radiation sources, using either radioactive material or radiation generators, are widely used throughout the world in medicine, research, agriculture, industry, hydrology and education. The Nobel Peace Prize 2005 was awarded jointly to Mohamed El Baradei and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Nuclear Law has not yet the importance it needs to have. We are now in the beginning of a new age where the relaunch of nuclear generation must be seen as a positive event. However, nuclear and radiological terrorism and the increase in the number of countries with nuclear weapons is a growing global security concern. This paper outlines the most important events in nuclear affairs from 1945 to nowadays.
{"title":"Nuclear energy from Dwight Eisenhower to Mohamed El Baradei","authors":"Diva E. Puig","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2006.010336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2006.010336","url":null,"abstract":"At the start of the nuclear age, nuclear power was seen as a terrifying instrument of death. Nowadays, radiation sources, using either radioactive material or radiation generators, are widely used throughout the world in medicine, research, agriculture, industry, hydrology and education. The Nobel Peace Prize 2005 was awarded jointly to Mohamed El Baradei and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Nuclear Law has not yet the importance it needs to have. We are now in the beginning of a new age where the relaunch of nuclear generation must be seen as a positive event. However, nuclear and radiological terrorism and the increase in the number of countries with nuclear weapons is a growing global security concern. This paper outlines the most important events in nuclear affairs from 1945 to nowadays.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130502229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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