With the world population reaching about 10 billion by mid-century, the requirement for carbon-free energy (estimated at 30 terawatts) to meet global needs will indeed be daunting. A sizable portion of this power is expected to come from nuclear sources fuelled by fission and/or fusion breeding. Although a great international effort is currently underway aimed at producing pure fusion power, the fact remains that such reactors will initially be characterised by a rather modest gain factor, 'Q' (the ratio of fusion power to injected power), putting in question their economic viability and potential impact on the energy crisis. It is well known, nevertheless, that fusion reactions are neutron rich and energy poor, while fission reactions are energy rich but neutron poor. As a result, it has occurred to many researchers over the past several decades that a fusion hybrid in which fusion neutrons are used to breed fissile material, thereby serving as a 'fusion fuel factory', might very well address the impending energy shortage. In this paper, we take a somewhat different approach. We propose a system in which the fusion neutrons from a fusion reactor operating at Q-value slightly larger than unity are used to drive an energy-producing blanket in which uranium-233 fissile material is bred from thorium-232 and simultaneously burned to produce energy. It will be a steady-state operating system with no criticality invoked, thus providing a measure of safety as well as potential elimination of proliferation hazards.
{"title":"A promising approach to safe, proliferation resistant production of nuclear power","authors":"T. Kammash","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2009.027868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2009.027868","url":null,"abstract":"With the world population reaching about 10 billion by mid-century, the requirement for carbon-free energy (estimated at 30 terawatts) to meet global needs will indeed be daunting. A sizable portion of this power is expected to come from nuclear sources fuelled by fission and/or fusion breeding. Although a great international effort is currently underway aimed at producing pure fusion power, the fact remains that such reactors will initially be characterised by a rather modest gain factor, 'Q' (the ratio of fusion power to injected power), putting in question their economic viability and potential impact on the energy crisis. It is well known, nevertheless, that fusion reactions are neutron rich and energy poor, while fission reactions are energy rich but neutron poor. As a result, it has occurred to many researchers over the past several decades that a fusion hybrid in which fusion neutrons are used to breed fissile material, thereby serving as a 'fusion fuel factory', might very well address the impending energy shortage. In this paper, we take a somewhat different approach. We propose a system in which the fusion neutrons from a fusion reactor operating at Q-value slightly larger than unity are used to drive an energy-producing blanket in which uranium-233 fissile material is bred from thorium-232 and simultaneously burned to produce energy. It will be a steady-state operating system with no criticality invoked, thus providing a measure of safety as well as potential elimination of proliferation hazards.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130733019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Four Cs, namely colour, clarity, carat (weight) and cut, primarily determine the price of a gem. Neutron irradiation, gamma rays and electron beams can be used to enhance the colour and clarity of aquamarine, quartz, tourmaline, kunzite, topaz, pearls and, most importantly, diamonds. Imparting colour and clarity to these gems that are otherwise devoid of these attributes results in significant value addition. The enhanced gems may possess stable or unstable colours, depending on the nature of the colour centre produced. This paper reviews the processes of enhancement of topaz and diamonds with a special emphasis on neutron irradiation. In view of the radioactivity generated as a result of exposure to neutrons and the likelihood of undue exposure to radioactive gems, the safety aspects are discussed. From the commercial viewpoint, the aspect of detection of treated materials has been documented. A related technique, the process of enhancement of gems by gamma rays, has been described. The enhancement of gems by radiation (in synergy with heat) is a commercially viable technique and constitutes a peaceful application of nuclear technology. It has potential and future prospects in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states.
{"title":"Value addition in diamonds and other gemstones by nuclear radiation: the phobias and safety considerations","authors":"S. Ahmed","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2009.027872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2009.027872","url":null,"abstract":"Four Cs, namely colour, clarity, carat (weight) and cut, primarily determine the price of a gem. Neutron irradiation, gamma rays and electron beams can be used to enhance the colour and clarity of aquamarine, quartz, tourmaline, kunzite, topaz, pearls and, most importantly, diamonds. Imparting colour and clarity to these gems that are otherwise devoid of these attributes results in significant value addition. The enhanced gems may possess stable or unstable colours, depending on the nature of the colour centre produced. This paper reviews the processes of enhancement of topaz and diamonds with a special emphasis on neutron irradiation. In view of the radioactivity generated as a result of exposure to neutrons and the likelihood of undue exposure to radioactive gems, the safety aspects are discussed. From the commercial viewpoint, the aspect of detection of treated materials has been documented. A related technique, the process of enhancement of gems by gamma rays, has been described. The enhancement of gems by radiation (in synergy with heat) is a commercially viable technique and constitutes a peaceful application of nuclear technology. It has potential and future prospects in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124149900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nuclear science and technology offers the capability for radical industrial innovations from the nano-to-macro scales and is a field that already impacts over $600 billion in annual worldwide activity. The areas impacted are as diverse as medicine, industrial process control, energy, explosives, materials processing, agriculture, food preservation, sterilisation and non-destructive interrogation for the molecular structure of compounds to use as tracers for transport and the tracking of fluids. This paper focuses on novel nano-to-macro scale peaceful applications for the oil-gas industry, for the metals industries, for enabling fundamental advances in boiling heat transfer and for induction of super compression in imploding bubbles, to then lead to thermonuclear fusion and energy amplifications of 106 times greater than chemical sources, to generation of nanopores in materials that may see applications such as for high-efficiency membranes for use in batteries and for dialysis and to the development of a novel class of low cost, multidisciplinary, fundamental particle detection systems.
{"title":"Nano-to-macro scale engineering applications of nuclear technology: an overview","authors":"R. Taleyarkhan","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2009.027870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2009.027870","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear science and technology offers the capability for radical industrial innovations from the nano-to-macro scales and is a field that already impacts over $600 billion in annual worldwide activity. The areas impacted are as diverse as medicine, industrial process control, energy, explosives, materials processing, agriculture, food preservation, sterilisation and non-destructive interrogation for the molecular structure of compounds to use as tracers for transport and the tracking of fluids. This paper focuses on novel nano-to-macro scale peaceful applications for the oil-gas industry, for the metals industries, for enabling fundamental advances in boiling heat transfer and for induction of super compression in imploding bubbles, to then lead to thermonuclear fusion and energy amplifications of 106 times greater than chemical sources, to generation of nanopores in materials that may see applications such as for high-efficiency membranes for use in batteries and for dialysis and to the development of a novel class of low cost, multidisciplinary, fundamental particle detection systems.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":" 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120832103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper considers the world energy demand until the middle of the 21st century, as well as the possible solutions for this challenge. On the basis of the mathematical model developed at the Kurchatov Institute in 2003-2005, the vision of the global nuclear energy system and its potential contribution to the energy mix was analysed. The energy mix picture by mid-century would contain an 'unsatisfied demand' area (i.e., resources that should be used to meet the projected energy demand). Thus, the global energy challenges of the 21st century energy supply do not impose any upper limit on nuclear energy development, the scale of which would be determined by development opportunities. The key nuclear energy requirements, including the fuel supply, the need for innovative technologies and the extension of application spheres, are determined by the scale of its use. Being one of the founders of the First Nuclear Era, Russia has a unique experience in solving the key nuclear energy problems of the 20th century and is capable of making a worthy contribution to the challenges faced in the 21st century.
{"title":"The global energy challenges of the 21st century and the potential Russian contribution to world and regional nuclear power","authors":"A. Gagarinski","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2009.027159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2009.027159","url":null,"abstract":"The paper considers the world energy demand until the middle of the 21st century, as well as the possible solutions for this challenge. On the basis of the mathematical model developed at the Kurchatov Institute in 2003-2005, the vision of the global nuclear energy system and its potential contribution to the energy mix was analysed. The energy mix picture by mid-century would contain an 'unsatisfied demand' area (i.e., resources that should be used to meet the projected energy demand). Thus, the global energy challenges of the 21st century energy supply do not impose any upper limit on nuclear energy development, the scale of which would be determined by development opportunities. The key nuclear energy requirements, including the fuel supply, the need for innovative technologies and the extension of application spheres, are determined by the scale of its use. Being one of the founders of the First Nuclear Era, Russia has a unique experience in solving the key nuclear energy problems of the 20th century and is capable of making a worthy contribution to the challenges faced in the 21st century.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115473337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Permits to pollute have occupied too large a place in negotiations. Their originality has made it possible, sometimes without limit, to mobilise new theories maladapted to the problem, as their goal was elsewhere; the complexity of implementation they presuppose has mobilised much energy, the long-term consequences are unpredictable, focusing solely on the economic aspect of the problems, and they obscure the heart of the questions, which is perhaps to invent an ethic constrained by economics rather than satisfying oneself with an economy under a vague ethical constraint.
{"title":"From economic theories to pollution permits","authors":"R. Duff","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2009.027162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2009.027162","url":null,"abstract":"Permits to pollute have occupied too large a place in negotiations. Their originality has made it possible, sometimes without limit, to mobilise new theories maladapted to the problem, as their goal was elsewhere; the complexity of implementation they presuppose has mobilised much energy, the long-term consequences are unpredictable, focusing solely on the economic aspect of the problems, and they obscure the heart of the questions, which is perhaps to invent an ethic constrained by economics rather than satisfying oneself with an economy under a vague ethical constraint.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133788246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The world economy is experiencing the turbulence of the end of a long wave of development or the Kondratieff cycle that precedes its entry into the new cycle, on which the 21st century will leave its mark. A technical system is drawing to a close – that of the 20th century characterised by a monetary, fiscal, political, epidemiological, economic, cultural, scientific, organisational, etc., order – which shaped its functioning and evolution around a rationale of the overexploitation of natural resources. We must shift as rapidly as possible from this economic rationale founded on the unrestrained pillage of natural resources to an economic rationale founded on the deployment of human skills. We need to move from a rationale promoting the accumulation of short-term profit to a policy that is careful to conserve our long-term interests. We need to transfer to an economic rationale restricting the application of the 'sacrosanct laws of the free market' solely to the outputs of acts of production, of which neither energy nor knowledge are part. We must move to an economic rationale prioritising the negentropic balance sheet of the cycle of production/consumption over the financial balance sheet.
{"title":"Sustainable development and permits to pollute – an impossible combination","authors":"A. Maisseu","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2009.027164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2009.027164","url":null,"abstract":"The world economy is experiencing the turbulence of the end of a long wave of development or the Kondratieff cycle that precedes its entry into the new cycle, on which the 21st century will leave its mark. A technical system is drawing to a close – that of the 20th century characterised by a monetary, fiscal, political, epidemiological, economic, cultural, scientific, organisational, etc., order – which shaped its functioning and evolution around a rationale of the overexploitation of natural resources. We must shift as rapidly as possible from this economic rationale founded on the unrestrained pillage of natural resources to an economic rationale founded on the deployment of human skills. We need to move from a rationale promoting the accumulation of short-term profit to a policy that is careful to conserve our long-term interests. We need to transfer to an economic rationale restricting the application of the 'sacrosanct laws of the free market' solely to the outputs of acts of production, of which neither energy nor knowledge are part. We must move to an economic rationale prioritising the negentropic balance sheet of the cycle of production/consumption over the financial balance sheet.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"384 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121075718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
'Bridge to the future' is a phrase that is often used in discussing the energy and power needs decades ahead. Some advocates suggest that renewables such as solar and wind are that bridge to a time when the planet will use less energy overall and with fewer environmental consequences. Others have proposed conservation, either voluntary or imposed by governments. Based on present knowledge, it is unlikely that such panaceas will contribute more than a small fraction of the energy needs of the mid- or late 21st century. Rather, the bridge to the future will almost certainly be made of three major components – nuclear, oil and coal – in proportions yet to be determined. Based on previous attempts, one major conclusion can be drawn: the changes in energy supply move more slowly than the public believes. Each month, the public is told about new and allegedly better sources of energy or more efficient ways to use energy. These may include hybrid automobiles, all-electric vehicles, power from the ocean, heat from burning kelp and so on. But energy sources change much more slowly than the public anticipates. For example, the only major new source of energy in the last half century has been nuclear. Power from coal and oil has, of course, been around much longer than that. The public wants reliability and reasonably low costs for its power and electricity supply. The first requirement casts a shadow on many renewables.
{"title":"Three bridges to a world energy future – nuclear, coal and oil","authors":"H. Inhaber","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2009.027160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2009.027160","url":null,"abstract":"'Bridge to the future' is a phrase that is often used in discussing the energy and power needs decades ahead. Some advocates suggest that renewables such as solar and wind are that bridge to a time when the planet will use less energy overall and with fewer environmental consequences. Others have proposed conservation, either voluntary or imposed by governments. Based on present knowledge, it is unlikely that such panaceas will contribute more than a small fraction of the energy needs of the mid- or late 21st century. Rather, the bridge to the future will almost certainly be made of three major components – nuclear, oil and coal – in proportions yet to be determined. Based on previous attempts, one major conclusion can be drawn: the changes in energy supply move more slowly than the public believes. Each month, the public is told about new and allegedly better sources of energy or more efficient ways to use energy. These may include hybrid automobiles, all-electric vehicles, power from the ocean, heat from burning kelp and so on. But energy sources change much more slowly than the public anticipates. For example, the only major new source of energy in the last half century has been nuclear. Power from coal and oil has, of course, been around much longer than that. The public wants reliability and reasonably low costs for its power and electricity supply. The first requirement casts a shadow on many renewables.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124079627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This overview paper outlines the global energy imbalance. The IEA has also said that the increased use of nuclear power would help meet the increase in energy demand, enhance the security of energy supply and mitigate carbon emissions. Nuclear energy alone is not a panacea, but it is likely in the near future to have an increasing role as part of the global energy mix. The global status of nuclear power, reasons for renewed interest in it and public perceptions of it are briefly considered.
{"title":"Atoms for peace","authors":"M. Aparo","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2009.027165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2009.027165","url":null,"abstract":"This overview paper outlines the global energy imbalance. The IEA has also said that the increased use of nuclear power would help meet the increase in energy demand, enhance the security of energy supply and mitigate carbon emissions. Nuclear energy alone is not a panacea, but it is likely in the near future to have an increasing role as part of the global energy mix. The global status of nuclear power, reasons for renewed interest in it and public perceptions of it are briefly considered.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130245258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many nations now regularly try to talk to reduce all forms of nuclear weapons, perform once sacrosanct diplomatic tasks such as six-party talks and even military attacks are undertaken. Despite the magnitude of these actions, however, international law scholars have not yet focused sufficiently on the North Korean nuclear weapon crisis in a comprehensive manner. In considering this situation, this article explores the possibility of whether the applicable international law can control North Korean nuclear weapons. Specifically, we explore lessons from the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) advisory opinion. We argue that the North Korean nuclear weapon situation must be resolved smoothly based on international law dogma. Applying this traditional principle to this hot issue, we seek to open a dialogue between international law scholars and world political and military leaders.
{"title":"How hot? 'Real hot': can we control North Korean nuclear weapons through the applicable international law? Hints from the International Court of Justice's advisory opinion","authors":"H. Han, Jongho Kim","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2009.027161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2009.027161","url":null,"abstract":"Many nations now regularly try to talk to reduce all forms of nuclear weapons, perform once sacrosanct diplomatic tasks such as six-party talks and even military attacks are undertaken. Despite the magnitude of these actions, however, international law scholars have not yet focused sufficiently on the North Korean nuclear weapon crisis in a comprehensive manner. In considering this situation, this article explores the possibility of whether the applicable international law can control North Korean nuclear weapons. Specifically, we explore lessons from the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) advisory opinion. We argue that the North Korean nuclear weapon situation must be resolved smoothly based on international law dogma. Applying this traditional principle to this hot issue, we seek to open a dialogue between international law scholars and world political and military leaders.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130661808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Maenhout, P. Daures, W. Janssens, U. V. Estorff, A. F. Carretero
This paper describes the past and present status of nuclear (safeguards) education and training activities undertaken jointly in the European Commission's Research Centre. Starting from the original training requests formulated in the EURATOM Treaty, it is explained how the Joint Nuclear Research Centre (JRC) originally started to develop nuclear courses. Whereas nuclear safety is a national issue, safeguards are a supranational one. The JRC contributed to nuclear safety training seminars in collaboration with national organisms while providing its major expertise on reactor design safety and nuclear fuel safety. Contrary to the national training and education on nuclear safety, safeguards training remained a niche for the JRC in Europe and even with limited competition worldwide. The JRC has more than 30 years of experience in providing nuclear safeguards courses to inspectors. Moreover, the lack of safeguards in the academic curriculum of nuclear students has recently been tackled by the European Safeguards Research and Development Association (ESARDA) and filled with a course hosted at the JRC. Fostering a twofold technical-juridical education in the European Union (EU) is compliant with one of the original roles of the JRC described in the EURATOM Treaty and fits with the current view of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
{"title":"On nuclear training and education prospering from the EURATOM Treaty","authors":"G. Maenhout, P. Daures, W. Janssens, U. V. Estorff, A. F. Carretero","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2009.027163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2009.027163","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the past and present status of nuclear (safeguards) education and training activities undertaken jointly in the European Commission's Research Centre. Starting from the original training requests formulated in the EURATOM Treaty, it is explained how the Joint Nuclear Research Centre (JRC) originally started to develop nuclear courses. Whereas nuclear safety is a national issue, safeguards are a supranational one. The JRC contributed to nuclear safety training seminars in collaboration with national organisms while providing its major expertise on reactor design safety and nuclear fuel safety. Contrary to the national training and education on nuclear safety, safeguards training remained a niche for the JRC in Europe and even with limited competition worldwide. The JRC has more than 30 years of experience in providing nuclear safeguards courses to inspectors. Moreover, the lack of safeguards in the academic curriculum of nuclear students has recently been tackled by the European Safeguards Research and Development Association (ESARDA) and filled with a course hosted at the JRC. Fostering a twofold technical-juridical education in the European Union (EU) is compliant with one of the original roles of the JRC described in the EURATOM Treaty and fits with the current view of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130475253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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