Nanoparticles can be broadly defined as a material consisting of hundreds to a few thousand atoms with the size below 20 nm. Nanoparticles have been paid considerable attention, due to the application ranging from magnetic recording media, catalysts, and the field of photonics and bioengineering. Our research group has been focused on the development of a novel magnetic nanoparticle where the photomagnetic effect is present. Herein, we introduce our recent research topics about post-functionalization of the room-temperature ferromagnetic FePt nanoparticle via surface modification. In the photochromic molecules-modified FePt nanoparticles, the room-temperature photomagnetic effect was present with high efficiency. Moreover, in the polymer-modified FePt nanoparticles, heat generation under an alternating magnetic field was present through the hysteresis-loss mechanism.
{"title":"Post-Functionalization of Room-Temperature Ferromagnetic Nanoparticle via Surface Modification","authors":"Takashi Yamamoto, Y. Einaga","doi":"10.1380/JSSSJ.38.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1380/JSSSJ.38.30","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoparticles can be broadly defined as a material consisting of hundreds to a few thousand atoms with the size below 20 nm. Nanoparticles have been paid considerable attention, due to the application ranging from magnetic recording media, catalysts, and the field of photonics and bioengineering. Our research group has been focused on the development of a novel magnetic nanoparticle where the photomagnetic effect is present. Herein, we introduce our recent research topics about post-functionalization of the room-temperature ferromagnetic FePt nanoparticle via surface modification. In the photochromic molecules-modified FePt nanoparticles, the room-temperature photomagnetic effect was present with high efficiency. Moreover, in the polymer-modified FePt nanoparticles, heat generation under an alternating magnetic field was present through the hysteresis-loss mechanism.","PeriodicalId":13075,"journal":{"name":"Hyomen Kagaku","volume":"6 1","pages":"30-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91243581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research demonstrates a newly developed technique to fabricate multilevel interconnections with differential adhesion strengths between metal and silicon-oxide (SiO2) thin films. In the field of micro electromechanical systems (MEMS), the various kinds of metals have been applied as functional materials, i.e. low resistance, high-temperature endurance, catalyst and so on. However, several kinds of metals are not applied on the SiO2 thin film, since an adhesion strength between metal and SiO2 thin films is not enough. Thus, the adhesion strengths (delamination energies) were estimated with a molecular dynamics simulation, and the metals of the lower wiring and the contact area were experimentally determined to easily fabricate the multilevel interconnections. Consequently, the Cr, Ti and Ni thin films can be applied as the adhesion layer on the lower wiring, and the Au and Cu thin films can be applied as the release layer on the contact area.
{"title":"Fabricating Method for Multilevel Interconnection with Differential Adhesion Strengths between Metal and Silicon Oxide Thin Films","authors":"T. Aono, T. Iwasaki","doi":"10.1380/JSSSJ.38.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1380/JSSSJ.38.77","url":null,"abstract":"This research demonstrates a newly developed technique to fabricate multilevel interconnections with differential adhesion strengths between metal and silicon-oxide (SiO2) thin films. In the field of micro electromechanical systems (MEMS), the various kinds of metals have been applied as functional materials, i.e. low resistance, high-temperature endurance, catalyst and so on. However, several kinds of metals are not applied on the SiO2 thin film, since an adhesion strength between metal and SiO2 thin films is not enough. Thus, the adhesion strengths (delamination energies) were estimated with a molecular dynamics simulation, and the metals of the lower wiring and the contact area were experimentally determined to easily fabricate the multilevel interconnections. Consequently, the Cr, Ti and Ni thin films can be applied as the adhesion layer on the lower wiring, and the Au and Cu thin films can be applied as the release layer on the contact area.","PeriodicalId":13075,"journal":{"name":"Hyomen Kagaku","volume":"13 1","pages":"77-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91256322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Observation of Charge/Spin Ordered States in Transition-Metal-Oxide Thin Films by Using Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction","authors":"H. Wadati, Kohei Yamamoto","doi":"10.1380/JSSSJ.38.602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1380/JSSSJ.38.602","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13075,"journal":{"name":"Hyomen Kagaku","volume":"24 1","pages":"602-607"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80887705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Present Conditions and the Future of Traditional Crafts in Japan","authors":"Y. Kimura","doi":"10.1380/jsssj.38.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.38.42","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13075,"journal":{"name":"Hyomen Kagaku","volume":"893 1","pages":"42-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76040266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 to hydrocarbon fuel is of great significance in solving both energy and environmental issues. However, the reaction remains very inefficient due to the kinetic limitations of multiple e − / H ＋ transfer processes and the limited abilities of traditional semiconductors to activate thermodynamically stable CO 2 molecules. A more flexible utilization strategy of solar energy beyond the conventional framework of photocatalysis is needed for realizing a highly efficient CO 2 conversion. In this article, we introduce our recent works on surface-plasmon-enhanced photodriven CO 2 reduction, and discuss how to take the advantages of the unique functions of nanometals in different types of catalytic processes to improve the efficiency of solar-energy utilization for more practical artificial photosynthesis.
光催化co2转化为碳氢燃料对解决能源和环境问题都具有重要意义。然而，由于多个e−/ H +转移过程的动力学限制以及传统半导体激活热力学稳定的CO 2分子的能力有限，该反应仍然非常低效。为了实现高效的co2转化，需要一种超越传统光催化框架的更灵活的太阳能利用策略。在本文中，我们介绍了我们最近在表面等离子体增强光驱动CO 2还原方面的研究进展，并讨论了如何利用纳米金属在不同类型催化过程中的独特功能来提高太阳能利用效率，以实现更实际的人工光合作用。
{"title":"Photodriven CO 2 Reduction Assisted by Surface Plasmon Resonance of Nanometals","authors":"Jinhua Ye","doi":"10.1380/JSSSJ.38.280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1380/JSSSJ.38.280","url":null,"abstract":"Photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 to hydrocarbon fuel is of great significance in solving both energy and environmental issues. However, the reaction remains very inefficient due to the kinetic limitations of multiple e − / H ＋ transfer processes and the limited abilities of traditional semiconductors to activate thermodynamically stable CO 2 molecules. A more flexible utilization strategy of solar energy beyond the conventional framework of photocatalysis is needed for realizing a highly efficient CO 2 conversion. In this article, we introduce our recent works on surface-plasmon-enhanced photodriven CO 2 reduction, and discuss how to take the advantages of the unique functions of nanometals in different types of catalytic processes to improve the efficiency of solar-energy utilization for more practical artificial photosynthesis.","PeriodicalId":13075,"journal":{"name":"Hyomen Kagaku","volume":"109 1","pages":"280-285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79195874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Get Back to the Spirit when I Started","authors":"Masamichi Yoshimura","doi":"10.1380/JSSSJ.38.447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1380/JSSSJ.38.447","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13075,"journal":{"name":"Hyomen Kagaku","volume":"34 1 1","pages":"447-447"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90537712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An electron-spin polarized He ion beam is useful for analyzing the spin polarization on outermost surfaces (spinpolarized ion scattering spectroscopy). This is because the neutralization of the He ion (the Auger neutralization) in the vicinity of the surface is dependent on the spin due to the Pauli principle. Thus, the element-selective spin polarization of the outermost surface is analyzed from the spin-dependent ion scattering (the spin asymmetry). We recently found that the spin asymmetry also appears on the surface of a non-magnetic material. The appearance of the spin asymmetry is quantitatively interpreted in terms of the anomalously large spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in the quantum mechanical intermediate state, where the SOC transiently acts on the spin of the virtually created hole in the target during the He ion-target atom binary collision.
{"title":"Electron-Spin Dependent Surface Scattering of a Polarized 4 He + Ion Beam","authors":"Taku T. Suzuki, O. Sakai","doi":"10.1380/JSSSJ.38.164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1380/JSSSJ.38.164","url":null,"abstract":"An electron-spin polarized He ion beam is useful for analyzing the spin polarization on outermost surfaces (spinpolarized ion scattering spectroscopy). This is because the neutralization of the He ion (the Auger neutralization) in the vicinity of the surface is dependent on the spin due to the Pauli principle. Thus, the element-selective spin polarization of the outermost surface is analyzed from the spin-dependent ion scattering (the spin asymmetry). We recently found that the spin asymmetry also appears on the surface of a non-magnetic material. The appearance of the spin asymmetry is quantitatively interpreted in terms of the anomalously large spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in the quantum mechanical intermediate state, where the SOC transiently acts on the spin of the virtually created hole in the target during the He ion-target atom binary collision.","PeriodicalId":13075,"journal":{"name":"Hyomen Kagaku","volume":"16 1","pages":"164-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88846676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HPPMS) is a variant of sputtering deposition method in that pulsed power is applied to the sputtering target with low repetition frequency and small duty ratio. It produces high density plasma intermittently which enables the ionization of sputtered atoms and the control of their energy and direction by introducing potential difference between the plasma and the substrate. We have proposed two HPPMS techniques which can control the plasma potential. One is to modify the target voltage waveform where the positive voltage is applied during the “pulse-off” period. The other is to use the triode configuration in which a positively-biased electrode is added. Positive plasma potential could be confirmed experimentally, and dense film structures and smooth surfaces could be obtained by these methods. It suggested that the ionized atoms impinged on the growing film surface with accelerated kinetic energy.
{"title":"Modification of Microstructure of Metal Films using High Power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering","authors":"T. Nakano","doi":"10.1380/JSSSJ.38.228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1380/JSSSJ.38.228","url":null,"abstract":"High power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HPPMS) is a variant of sputtering deposition method in that pulsed power is applied to the sputtering target with low repetition frequency and small duty ratio. It produces high density plasma intermittently which enables the ionization of sputtered atoms and the control of their energy and direction by introducing potential difference between the plasma and the substrate. We have proposed two HPPMS techniques which can control the plasma potential. One is to modify the target voltage waveform where the positive voltage is applied during the “pulse-off” period. The other is to use the triode configuration in which a positively-biased electrode is added. Positive plasma potential could be confirmed experimentally, and dense film structures and smooth surfaces could be obtained by these methods. It suggested that the ionized atoms impinged on the growing film surface with accelerated kinetic energy.","PeriodicalId":13075,"journal":{"name":"Hyomen Kagaku","volume":"73 1","pages":"228-233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85843173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Measuring tiny inter-atomic forces has been an important challenge in the development of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Present force sensitivity achieved by a frequency modulation technique and mechanical stability of AFM allow us to quantify the inter-atomic forces atom-by-atom. We apply the capability to verify the chemical bonding theory established by L. Pauling. First, interaction forces are measured above Si adatoms and H-terminated Si adatoms on the Si(111)-(7×7) surface to compare chemical bonding force and physical force. Chemical bonding force is measured only above Si adatoms that have dangling bonds. We also systematically investigate element dependence of the chemical bonding energy. Covalent bonds are observed above group IV elements on the Si(111)-(7×7) surface while polar covalent bonds are observed above elements with different electronegativity from Si atoms. Chemical bonding energy obtained by various tip apexes can be explained by Pauling’s chemical bonding theory.
{"title":"The Nature of the Chemical Bond Verified by Atomic Force Microscopy","authors":"Y. Sugimoto","doi":"10.1380/JSSSJ.38.514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1380/JSSSJ.38.514","url":null,"abstract":"Measuring tiny inter-atomic forces has been an important challenge in the development of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Present force sensitivity achieved by a frequency modulation technique and mechanical stability of AFM allow us to quantify the inter-atomic forces atom-by-atom. We apply the capability to verify the chemical bonding theory established by L. Pauling. First, interaction forces are measured above Si adatoms and H-terminated Si adatoms on the Si(111)-(7×7) surface to compare chemical bonding force and physical force. Chemical bonding force is measured only above Si adatoms that have dangling bonds. We also systematically investigate element dependence of the chemical bonding energy. Covalent bonds are observed above group IV elements on the Si(111)-(7×7) surface while polar covalent bonds are observed above elements with different electronegativity from Si atoms. Chemical bonding energy obtained by various tip apexes can be explained by Pauling’s chemical bonding theory.","PeriodicalId":13075,"journal":{"name":"Hyomen Kagaku","volume":"80 1","pages":"514-519"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87037682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Development of artificial photosynthesis is prospected on the basis of its history, the three milestones in late 20 century, and recent advances in biological approach, molecular catalysts, and semiconductors chemistry. Photon-fluxdensity problem to be resolved in getting through one of the bottleneck issues is discussed as well as renewable energy factor (REF) as one of the most crucial points to be considered even in the early stage of fundamental research.
{"title":"Future Prospect of Artificial Photosynthesis","authors":"H. Inoue","doi":"10.1380/JSSSJ.38.260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1380/JSSSJ.38.260","url":null,"abstract":"Development of artificial photosynthesis is prospected on the basis of its history, the three milestones in late 20 century, and recent advances in biological approach, molecular catalysts, and semiconductors chemistry. Photon-fluxdensity problem to be resolved in getting through one of the bottleneck issues is discussed as well as renewable energy factor (REF) as one of the most crucial points to be considered even in the early stage of fundamental research.","PeriodicalId":13075,"journal":{"name":"Hyomen Kagaku","volume":"30 3 1","pages":"260-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82998124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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