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Wood modification with trimethoxyphenylsilane via supercritical carbon dioxide for enhanced weathering resistance 通过超临界二氧化碳对木材进行三甲氧基苯基硅烷改性以增强耐候性
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0089
Juliette Triquet, Olivier Renard, Pierre Piluso
This research focuses on increasing wood resistance against UV degradation using trimethoxyphenylsilane as modifying agent and supercritical CO2 as a green solvent and reaction medium. Trimethoxyphenylsilane was successfully grafted on European spruce (Picea abies, H. Karst) and was characterized by SEM-EDX and UV–vis reflectance. SEM-EDX showed the presence of silicium inside the wood cell wall. Increased wood moisture content showed positive effect on weight gain of trimethoxyphenylsilane after treatment. UV resistance of treated wood was evaluated by following the color change during artificial weathering. Modified samples showed improved weathering resistance compared to unmodified wood with a ΔE value around 5 after 260 h. Processing and modifying wood using supercritical CO2 is a promising route to increase wood performances and increase its use as a building material.
以三甲氧基苯基硅烷为改性剂,超临界CO2为绿色溶剂和反应介质,研究提高木材抗紫外线降解能力的方法。将三甲氧基苯基硅烷成功地接枝在欧洲云杉(Picea abies, H. Karst)上,并用SEM-EDX和紫外-可见反射率对其进行了表征。SEM-EDX显示木材细胞壁内有硅的存在。处理后木材含水率的增加对三甲氧基苯基硅烷增重有积极影响。通过观察人工风化过程中木材的颜色变化来评价木材的抗紫外线性能。与未改性木材相比,改性样品在260 h后的耐候性得到了改善,其ΔE值约为5。使用超临界二氧化碳对木材进行加工和改性是提高木材性能和增加其作为建筑材料用途的有希望的途径。
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引用次数: 0
The feasibility and properties of wood used as filler in artificial turf to reduce environment pollution 研究了木材作为人造草坪填料减少环境污染的可行性和性能
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0047
Luyang Wang, Ke Shi, Chunxia He
To develop an eco-friendly artificial turf filling for replacing rubber elastomer particles, seven kinds of natural materials (cork, soft oak, champagne bark, oak bark, pine bark, willow bark, and vermiculite) were selected and processed into particles with a dimension of 1–2 mm. The water absorption performance, mold resistance, resilience, compression characteristics, and the repose angle were tested, and the surface microscopic morphology of granular materials was observed. The experimental results showed that the champagne bark had the largest plastic deformation range under pressure load, which was 0.21–7.82 KN. And the champagne bark particles had the best resilience, which was respectively 8.9 % and 7.1 % before and after compression, and its angle of repose was 36.8°, which was 9 % higher than that of the thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) particle. Additionally, champagne bark had better mold resistance compared with the other six natural materials, and its mold only occurred in the mold inoculation center. In conclusion, champagne bark could be considered as an artificial turf filling granule to replace TPE rubber.
为开发替代橡胶弹性体颗粒的环保型人造草坪填料,选取软木、软橡木、香槟皮、橡树皮、松皮、柳树皮、蛭石等7种天然材料,加工成尺寸为1-2毫米的颗粒。测试了颗粒材料的吸水性能、防霉性能、回弹性、压缩特性和休止角,并观察了颗粒材料的表面微观形貌。实验结果表明,香槟树皮在压力载荷下的塑性变形范围最大,为0.21 ~ 7.82 KN。香槟树皮颗粒的回弹性最好,压缩前后回弹性分别为8.9%和7.1%,其休止角为36.8°,比热塑性弹性体(TPE)颗粒高9%。香槟皮的抗霉性优于其他6种天然材料,且其霉菌只发生在霉菌接种中心。综上所述,香槟树皮可作为替代TPE橡胶的人造草坪填充颗粒。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of a conditioning step during the treatment of wood with melamine-formaldehyde resin on dimensional stabilisation 三聚氰胺甲醛树脂处理木材过程中一个调节步骤对尺寸稳定性的影响
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0084
Md. Tipu Sultan, Daniela Altgen, Muhammad Awais, Lauri Rautkari, Michael Altgen
The dimensional stabilisation of wood using thermosetting resins relies on the resin uptake into the cell walls. This study tested if a conditioning step after the impregnation and before the final heat-curing enhances the cell wall uptake to improve dimensional stabilisation without increasing the chemical consumption. Small blocks of Scots pine sapwood were vacuum-impregnated with an aqueous melamine formaldehyde solution and conditioned at 33, 70, or 95 % RH for up to 1 week before drying and curing the blocks at 103 °C. However, the conditioning step decreased the cell wall bulking and the moisture exclusion effect compared to the immediate heat curing of the impregnated samples. Analyses of the resin-treated samples by scanning electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy and confocal Raman microspectroscopy provided evidence of wood hydrolysis and polycondensation of the resin within the cell lumen during the conditioning step. Hydrolysis and removal of wood constituents may have counterbalanced the cell wall bulking of the resin. Polycondensation of the resin in the lumen increased its molecule size, which could have hindered the cell wall diffusion of the resin.
使用热固性树脂的木材的尺寸稳定性依赖于树脂进入细胞壁。本研究测试了浸渍后和最终热固化前的调理步骤是否能增强细胞壁的吸收,从而在不增加化学消耗的情况下提高尺寸稳定性。用三聚氰胺甲醛水溶液真空浸渍苏格兰松材的小块,并在33、70或95% RH条件下干燥1周,然后在103°C下干燥和固化。然而,与浸渍样品的直接热固化相比,调理步骤降低了细胞壁膨胀和排湿效果。通过扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱和共聚焦拉曼显微光谱对树脂处理过的样品进行分析,发现在调节步骤中,树脂在细胞腔内发生了木材水解和缩聚。水解和木材成分的去除可能抵消了树脂的细胞壁膨胀。树脂在腔内的缩聚增加了其分子大小,这可能阻碍了树脂的细胞壁扩散。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of molecule weight on the emulsifying properties of dodecenyl succinic anhydride modified glucuronoxylans 分子量对十二烷基丁二酸酐改性葡萄糖醛酸聚糖乳化性能的影响
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0077
Zhenhua Hu, Xiaotong Fan, Zhouyang Xiang, Luliang Wang, Shengdan Wang, Yushen Liu
Glucuronoxylans have been considered as an alternative polymer for petroleum polymers in coatings, films, emulsifiers, and other industries. In this study, different molecule weight glucuronoxylans were obtained through xylanase hydrolysis. Dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA) was used as a modifying agent to functionalize glucuronoxylans. At the same degree of substitution (DS), higher molecule weight glucuronoxylans led to better emulsifying properties and emulsion stability. Higher molecule weight DDSA modified glucuronoxylans showed smaller droplets size, lower zeta potential, higher EA (emulsifying activity) and better emulsion stability. These results suggested that molecule weight has positive impact on the emulsifying properties of DDSA modified glucuronoxylans. Furthermore, DS had positive impact on the emulsifying properties of DDSA modified glucuronoxylans.
在涂料、薄膜、乳化剂和其他工业中,葡萄糖醛酸氧聚糖被认为是石油聚合物的替代品。本研究通过木聚糖酶水解得到不同分子量的葡萄糖醛酸氧化酶。以十二烷基丁二酸酐(DDSA)为改性剂,对葡萄糖醛酸苷进行了官能化修饰。在相同取代度(DS)下,高分子量的葡萄糖醛酸氧基聚糖具有更好的乳化性能和乳液稳定性。高分子量DDSA修饰的葡萄糖醛酸氧聚糖具有更小的液滴大小、更低的zeta电位、更高的EA(乳化活性)和更好的乳液稳定性。结果表明,分子量对DDSA修饰的葡萄糖醛酸氧聚糖的乳化性能有正向影响。此外,DS对DDSA修饰的葡萄糖醛酸氧聚糖的乳化性能有积极的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Natural durability indicators in young plantation and native forest regrowth Gympie messmate (Eucalyptus cloeziana) 幼林与原生林再生金皮树自然耐久性指标研究
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0057
Lesley P. Francis, Kate E. Semple, Babar Hassan, Jeffrey J. Morrell
Understanding the durability of emerging plantation hardwood resources is important for optimising their production and use. This study compared timber density, extractives content and decay resistance in 12–13-year-old plantation and native forest regrowth Gympie messmate (Eucalyptus cloeziana) trees. Density increased from pith to bark for both plantation and native forest trees. Inner heartwood density of the plantation timber was significantly lower than that of the native forest regrowth timber. While the total extractives content of the outer heartwood was comparable in the plantation and native forest regrowth trees, the inner heartwood of the latter contained significantly greater extractives levels. Laboratory decay tests showed that all heartwood zones of plantation and native forest regrowth Gympie messmate were resistant to decay by the white rot Pycnoporus coccineus. The inner heartwood of the plantation timber was, however, susceptible to decay by the brown rot Fomitopsis ostreiformis. The results illustrate the potential variations in wood quality parameters to be considered when moving from native forest to plantation resources that are harvested at a younger age and managed for more rapid wood production.
了解新兴人工林硬木资源的耐久性对于优化其生产和利用具有重要意义。本研究比较了12 ~ 13年生人工林和原生林再生木的木材密度、提取物含量和抗腐性。人工林和原生林树木的密度从髓到树皮都有所增加。人工林木材的内心材密度显著低于原生林再生木材。人工林和原生林再生树外心材的总提取物含量相当,而原生林内心材的提取物含量明显高于原生林。室内腐变试验表明,人工林和原生林再生金桃的所有心材区都对白腐病有较强的抗腐性。然而,人工林木材的内心材易受褐腐菌ostreiformis的腐蚀。结果表明,当从原始森林转移到人工林资源时,木材质量参数的潜在变化需要考虑,这些人工林资源在较年轻的年龄采伐并进行管理以更快地生产木材。
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引用次数: 0
Radial cracks in Castanopsis hystrix wood and its dimensional stability improvement by resin-impregnated modification 蓖麻木材径向裂纹及树脂浸渍改性对其尺寸稳定性的改善
3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0073
Surong Meng, Yingying Su, Anmin Huang, Bailing Sun
Abstract This study investigated the characteristics of radial cracks in Castanopsis hystrix wood and evaluated its dimensional stability after impregnation with low-molecular-weight polyacrylate (PA), melamine-urea-glyoxal (MUG), and melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resins. The physical properties were examined by dimensional stability measurements, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that radial cracks were easily produced in the transverse section of untreated wood during drying. The surfaces of the radial cracks exhibited an even and clean structure without fluffs on the pair of surfaces, and cracks spanned 4–5 annual rings. The resin-impregnated wood showed no radial cracks on its transverse surface. C. hystrix wood modified with MUG and MUF exhibited a higher weight percentage gain (WPG) than wood modified with the same concentration of PA resin. The resin-impregnated C. hystrix wood also showed reduced anisotropy and improved dimensional stability. The SEM images of the modified wood showed that the wood pits and cells were filled with resin, while the cell wall surfaces were covered with a layer of resin.
摘要研究了桃壳栲木材径向裂纹的特征,并评价了低分子聚丙烯酸酯(PA)、三聚氰胺-尿素-乙二醛(MUG)和三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛(MUF)树脂浸渍后桃壳栎木材的尺寸稳定性。通过尺寸稳定性测量、动态蒸气吸收(DVS)分析和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)检查了其物理性质。结果表明:未经处理的木材在干燥过程中,其横截面容易产生径向裂纹;径向裂纹表面结构均匀干净,对表面无绒毛,裂纹跨越4 ~ 5年轮。树脂浸渍木材的横向表面无径向裂纹。与相同浓度的PA树脂改性的木材相比,用MUG和MUF改性的木材具有更高的增重百分比(WPG)。树脂浸渍后的木丝各向异性降低,尺寸稳定性提高。改性木材的SEM图像显示,木坑和细胞被树脂填充,细胞壁表面覆盖了一层树脂。
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引用次数: 0
Impact bending strength of thermally-modified timber 热改性木材的冲击弯曲强度
3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0046
Mojtaba Hassan Vand, Jan Tippner
Abstract The article offers a perspective on how thermal-modification affects the impact bending strength of five different wood species, an aspect that has not received as much attention as the well-studied static load behavior of thermally-modified timber (TMT). Since the TMTs are mainly employed as outdoor materials, where they may encounter impact forces, a comparative investigation into the flexibility and strength of these materials under impact is useful. This article evaluates different aspects of the TMT, such as deflection, strain in the impact region, the maximum force needed to initiate cracks, and the energy required for rupture. Wood planks from ash, beech, larch, oak, and spruce were thermally modified at 180 and 220 °C. They were cut into test specimens, while a separate set of unmodified specimens from each wood species served as the reference group. The specimens were subjected to an impact 3-point bending test, and an ultra-high-speed camera meticulously recorded the results. The images were processed by the digital image correlation (DIC) method to determine the deflection and strain distribution of the beams during the impact test. The deflection, maximum force, maximum longitudinal strain, and required work for rupture of each group were determined. The results showed that thermal-modification decreases the wood deflection and maximum longitudinal strain by approximately 50 %. In addition, the impact bending strength decreased by nearly 60 %. However, the impact bending strength did not exhibit a statistically significant decrease at 180 °C; in some cases, it even increased.
摘要:本文提供了一个关于热改性如何影响五种不同木材的冲击弯曲强度的观点,这方面还没有像热改性木材(TMT)的静载荷行为那样得到那么多的关注。由于tmt主要用作户外材料,在那里它们可能会遇到冲击力,因此对这些材料在冲击下的柔韧性和强度进行比较研究是有用的。本文评估了TMT的不同方面,例如挠度,冲击区域的应变,启动裂缝所需的最大力以及破裂所需的能量。白蜡树、山毛榉、落叶松、橡树和云杉的木板在180和220°C下进行热改性。它们被切割成测试标本,而每一种木材的单独一组未修改的标本作为参照组。试件进行了冲击三点弯曲试验,超高速摄像机对试验结果进行了细致的记录。采用数字图像相关(DIC)方法对图像进行处理,确定梁在冲击试验过程中的挠度和应变分布。测定各组试件的挠度、最大受力、最大纵向应变和断裂所需功。结果表明,热改性可使木材挠度和最大纵向应变降低约50%。此外,冲击弯曲强度降低了近60%。然而,在180°C时,冲击弯曲强度没有统计学上的显著降低;在某些情况下,它甚至增加了。
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引用次数: 0
A deep learning multimodal fusion framework for wood species identification using near-infrared spectroscopy GADF and RGB image 基于近红外光谱GADF和RGB图像的木材树种识别深度学习多模态融合框架
3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0062
Xi Pan, Zhiming Yu, Zhong Yang
Abstract Accurate and rapid wood species identification is vital for wood utilization and trade. This goal is achievable with the fast development of deep learning (DL). Several studies have been published related to this topic; however, they were limited by their generalization performance in practical applications. Therefore, this study proposed a DL multimodal fusion framework to bridge this gap. The study utilized a state-of-the-art convolutional neural network (CNN) to simultaneously extract both short-wavelength near-infrared (NIR) spectra and RGB image feature, fully leveraging the advantages of both data types. Using portable devices for collecting spectra and image data enhances the feasibility of onsite rapid identification. In particular, a two-branch CNN framework was developed to extract spectra and image features. For NIR spectra feature extraction, 1 dimensional NIR (1D NIR) spectra were innovatively encoded as 2 dimensional (2D) images using the Gramian angular difference field (GADF) method. This representation enhances better data alignment with CNN operations, facilitating more robust discriminative feature extraction. Moreover, wood’s spectral and image features were fused at the full connection layer for species identification. In the experimental phase conducted on 16 difficult-to-distinguish wood samples from the Lauraceae family, all achieved identification metrics results exceed 99 %. The findings illustrate that the proposed multimodal fusion framework effectively extracts and fully integrates the wood’s features, thereby, improving wood species identification.
摘要准确、快速的树种鉴定对木材的利用和贸易至关重要。随着深度学习(DL)的快速发展,这个目标是可以实现的。已经发表了几项与此主题相关的研究;然而,在实际应用中,它们的泛化性能受到了限制。因此,本研究提出了一种DL多模态融合框架来弥补这一差距。该研究利用最先进的卷积神经网络(CNN)同时提取短波近红外(NIR)光谱和RGB图像特征,充分利用了两种数据类型的优势。使用便携式设备采集光谱和图像数据,提高了现场快速识别的可行性。特别是,开发了一种双分支CNN框架来提取光谱和图像特征。在近红外光谱特征提取方面,创新性地采用格拉曼角差场(GADF)方法将一维近红外光谱编码为二维(2D)图像。这种表示增强了与CNN操作的更好的数据一致性,促进了更鲁棒的判别特征提取。在全连接层融合木材的光谱和图像特征,进行物种识别。在实验阶段对16个樟科难辨木材样品进行了鉴定,鉴定指标均达到99%以上。结果表明,所提出的多模态融合框架能够有效地提取和充分融合木材的特征,从而提高木材的种类识别。
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引用次数: 0
An overview of lab-based micro computed tomography aided finite element modelling of wood and its current bottlenecks 基于实验室的微计算机断层扫描辅助木材有限元建模及其当前的瓶颈概述
3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0061
Sara Florisson, Erik Kristofer Gamstedt
Abstract Microscopic lab-based X-ray computed tomography (XµCT) aided finite element (FE) modelling is a popular method with increasing nature within material science to predict local material properties of heterogeneous materials, e.g. elastic, hygroexpansion and diffusion. This method is relatively new to wood and lacks a clear methodology. Research intended to optimise the XµCT aided FE process often focuses on specific aspects within this process such as the XµCT scanning, segmentation or meshing, but not the entirety of the process. The compatibility and data transfer between aspects have not been investigated to the same extent, which creates errors that propagate and negatively impact the end results. In the current study, a methodology for the XµCT aided FE process of wood is suggested and its bottlenecks are identified based on a thorough literature review. Although the complexity of wood as a material makes it difficult to automate the XµCT aided FE process, the proposed methodology can assist in a more considered design and execution of this process. The main challenges that were identified include an automatic procedure to reconstruct the fibre orientation and to perform segmentation and meshing. A combined deep-learning segmentation method with geometry-based meshing can be suggested.
基于实验室的微观X射线计算机断层扫描(XµCT)辅助有限元(FE)建模是一种在材料科学中越来越受欢迎的方法,用于预测非均质材料的局部材料特性,例如弹性、湿膨胀和扩散。这种方法相对较新,缺乏明确的方法。旨在优化XµCT辅助有限元过程的研究通常侧重于该过程中的特定方面,如XµCT扫描、分割或网格划分,而不是整个过程。方面之间的兼容性和数据传输没有得到相同程度的研究,这就产生了传播错误并对最终结果产生负面影响的错误。在目前的研究中,提出了一种XµCT辅助木材有限元过程的方法,并根据全面的文献综述确定了其瓶颈。尽管木材作为一种材料的复杂性使得XµCT辅助FE过程的自动化变得困难,但所提出的方法可以帮助更周到的设计和执行该过程。确定的主要挑战包括重建纤维方向的自动程序以及执行分割和网格划分。提出了一种结合深度学习和几何网格划分的分割方法。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of tropical wood species in paper: a new chemotaxonomic method based on extractives 纸上热带树种的鉴定:一种基于提取物的化学分类新方法
3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0048
Max L. Flaig, Jens Berger, Philip Wenig, Andrea Olbrich, Bodo Saake
Abstract The European Deforestation Regulation 2023/1115 (EUDR) prohibits trading of wood and wood products obtained from illegal logging on the EU market. While the identification of solid wood via anatomy, chemistry and genetics has already been established, there is a lack of identification methods for pulp and paper that complement anatomy. This publication presents a newly developed chemotaxonomic method for identifying mixed tropical hardwood (MTH) species in pulp and paper products based on their extractives analyzed with thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). The measured data was processed and compared to identify marker substances and was then merged into a fingerprint database for identifying MTH species in paper of unknown composition. As database references, fully bleached kraft pulps were produced from 38 anatomically identified wood samples and then cryo-ball milled and extracted successively with n -hexane and acetone. The results show that the remaining wood extractives generated from bleached pulps are specific enough to find chemical relevant marker substances to detect MTH species. As chemical composition and anatomy are independent characteristics of wood, this paper makes a completely independent method available, which potentially improves the screening for Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) protected species.
欧洲森林砍伐条例2023/1115 (EUDR)禁止在欧盟市场上进行非法采伐木材和木制品的交易。虽然已经建立了通过解剖学、化学和遗传学鉴定实木的方法,但缺乏对纸浆和纸张的鉴定方法来补充解剖学。本文介绍了一种基于热解吸-气相色谱-质谱(TD-GC-MS)分析方法对纸浆和纸制品中混合热带硬木(MTH)树种进行化学分类的新方法。对测量数据进行处理和比对,识别标记物质,然后合并到指纹库中,用于鉴定未知成分纸张中的MTH物种。作为数据库参考,从38个解剖鉴定的木材样品中制备出完全漂白的硫酸盐纸浆,然后用正己烷和丙酮依次进行冷球研磨和提取。结果表明,漂白纸浆产生的剩余木材萃取物具有足够的特异性,可以找到与MTH物种相关的化学标记物质。由于木材的化学成分和解剖结构是木材的独立特征,本文提供了一种完全独立的方法,有可能提高《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)保护物种的筛选。
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