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Comparisons of tracheid lengths in Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.: earlywood versus latewood and province versus province Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.的气管长度比较:早材与晚材以及省与省的比较
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0107
Jeong-Wook Seo, En-Bi Choi, Jun-Hui Park, Yo-Seob Lee, Hyun-Mi Lee, Eun-Sook Kim
The tracheid length (TL) in conifer species is a primary factor to determine quality of paper and wood products. However, TL in Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., a dominant conifer species in Korea, has not been monitored systematically across the country yet. To this end, the TL of early- and latewoods of Korean red pine from 16 provinces of the Republic of Korea was measured and compared to verify the differences (1) between the monitoring years (2014–2018), (2) between early- and latewoods of the trees from the same provinces, and (3) between the early- and latewoods from different provinces. Analysis of 31,500 tracheids revealed that the variation of TL of early- and latewood from two and six out of 16 sites, respectively, were not statistically meaningful and the TL of latewood displayed a lower annual variation than that of the earlywood during the monitoring years. The TL of the latewood was longer than that of the earlywood; however, four out of 16 sites showed shorter TL for the latewood. So, it was verified that the relationship between the TL of the early- and latewood can change. Moreover, the TL was longer for the trees located in the southeast regions.
针叶树种的气管长度(TL)是决定纸张和木制品质量的主要因素。然而,韩国的主要针叶树种 Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. 的气管长度尚未在全国范围内得到系统监测。为此,对大韩民国 16 个道的韩国红松早材和晚材的总材积进行了测量和比较,以验证(1)监测年份(2014-2018 年)之间的差异;(2)同一道的早材和晚材之间的差异;以及(3)不同道的早材和晚材之间的差异。对 31500 个气管进行分析后发现,在 16 个监测点中,分别有 2 个和 6 个监测点的早材和晚材的总材积变化无统计学意义,而且在监测年份中,晚材总材积的年变化低于早材总材积的年变化。晚材的总材积比早材的总材积长,但 16 个地点中有 4 个地点的晚材总材积较短。因此,早材和晚材的总材积关系会发生变化。此外,位于东南部地区的树木的总材积更长。
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引用次数: 0
A comparative study of the cell wall level delignification behaviour of four Nordic hardwoods during kraft pulping 牛皮纸制浆过程中四种北欧硬木细胞壁层脱木质素行为的比较研究
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2024-0011
Linus Kron, Merima Hasani, Hans Theliander
Wood is a heterogeneous material with significant variation among species. This inherent complexity poses a challenge to the continuous expansion of our understanding of the kraft process; yet previous pulping research has mainly been limited to a few species. This study investigates variations among some less studied species and their cell wall level delignification behaviour during kraft pulping. Ground wood of birch, beech, aspen, and alder were pulped at near-constant composition and temperature conditions. Minor, yet significant, differences in the rates of their delignification were observed: aspen had a pronounced fast rate during the initial stage, whereas alder delignified more slowly relative to its high initial lignin content. The dissolution of xylan was substantially faster for birch. In contrast, no substantial differences were detected between the species in the molecular weight and structure of the dissolved wood components, suggesting that the different delignification behaviours stem from variations in the residual phase. The molecular weight distribution of dissolved lignin was uniform during the initial stage of pulping, which is indicative of rapid and extensive fragmentation. Subsequently, the weight increased continuously for the remainder of the process, suggesting that the mass transfer within the cell wall influenced the overall delignification kinetics.
木材是一种异质材料,不同树种之间存在显著差异。这种固有的复杂性对我们不断扩大对牛皮纸工艺的了解提出了挑战;然而,以往的制浆研究主要局限于少数几个树种。本研究调查了一些研究较少的树种之间的差异,以及它们在牛皮纸制浆过程中的细胞壁层脱木质素行为。在近乎恒定的成分和温度条件下,对桦木、山毛榉、杨木和桤木的碎木进行了制浆。观察发现,它们的木质素分解速率存在微小但显著的差异:杨木在初始阶段的速率明显较快,而桤木由于初始木质素含量较高,因此木质素分解速度较慢。桦木的木聚糖溶解速度要快得多。与此相反,在溶解木材成分的分子量和结构方面,没有发现不同物种之间存在实质性差异,这表明不同的木质素分解行为源于残留相的变化。在制浆的初始阶段,溶解木质素的分子量分布是均匀的,这表明木质素被迅速而广泛地破碎。随后,在剩余的制浆过程中,木质素的重量不断增加,这表明细胞壁内的质量传递影响了整个脱木素动力学。
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引用次数: 0
Physical and mechanical properties of different beech wood species grown at various climate conditions: a review 不同气候条件下生长的不同榉木树种的物理和机械特性:综述
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0117
Mohammad Ghorbanian Far, Mohammad Najafian Ashrafi, Hooman Shaabani Asrami, Yaser Amiri Moghadam, Ehsan Bari, Peter Niemz, Reza Hosseinpourpia, Javier Ribera
Abstract Beech wood, renowned for its diverse applications spanning construction, flooring, furniture, veneer, and plywood, holds a paramount position among industrial wood species. Nevertheless, the myriad of beech species worldwide, coupled with the dynamic impact of climate change, have produced structural variations within beech trees. Extensive research has scrutinized the physical and mechanical attributes of beech wood species across the globe. Findings reveal distinguishable mechanical strength, yet increased density leads to notable rates of shrinkage and swelling, somewhat constraining its utility in select domains. Identifying research gaps can create new efforts aimed at exploiting the potential of these wood resources. This paper outperforms a mere exploration of beech wood properties over the past two decades; it delves into the ramifications of climatic fluctuations, temperature shifts, wind dynamics, and soil composition. Given the lack of a comprehensive compendium documenting the full range of physical, mechanical, and microscopic attributes of the Fagus genus, this paper aims to compile information that integrates this multifaceted information.
摘要 榉木因其用途广泛而闻名,包括建筑、地板、家具、单板和胶合板,在工业用木材中占有最重要的地位。然而,由于世界各地的榉树种类繁多,再加上气候变化的动态影响,榉树内部的结构发生了变化。大量研究对全球榉木树种的物理和机械属性进行了仔细检查。研究结果表明,榉木的机械强度与众不同,但密度增加会导致明显的收缩和膨胀,在一定程度上限制了其在特定领域的应用。找出研究差距可以为开发这些木材资源的潜力做出新的努力。本文不仅仅是对过去二十年榉木特性的探讨,还深入研究了气候波动、温度变化、风力动态和土壤成分的影响。鉴于缺乏全面记录榉属木材物理、机械和微观属性的汇编,本文旨在汇编整合这些多方面信息的资料。
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引用次数: 0
Isolation of stilbenoids from fresh knotwood of Scots pine using a high yield method 采用高产方法从苏格兰松的新鲜节疤木中分离硬脂烯类化合物
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2024-0001
A. Saadabadi, Ekaterina Korotkova, Patrik C Eklund
Abstract Scots pine knotwood contains valuable amount of stilbenoids such as pinosylvin (Ps) and pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PsMME). The stilbenoids have numerous biological activities. Traditional methods of extracting stilbenoids often yield low quantities and involve complex processes. In the present study, a simple and high-yield method was proposed for the extraction of stilbenoids from fresh Scots pine knotwood using ethanol taking a total of three days. In addition, the impact of drying process, extraction time, extraction solvents (acetone and ethanol) and storage time were evaluated on the yield of the stilbenoids. The increased yield and improved extraction efficiency make this method a promising advancement for promoting the utilization of stilbenoids for their valuable bioactive properties.
摘要 苏格兰松树结木中含有大量珍贵的松脂类化合物,如松脂素(Ps)和松脂素单甲醚(PsMME)。这些硬脂烯类化合物具有多种生物活性。传统的二苯乙烯类化合物提取方法往往产量低、工艺复杂。本研究提出了一种简单、高产的方法,利用乙醇从新鲜苏格兰松节木中提取二苯乙烯类化合物,总共耗时三天。此外,还评估了干燥过程、萃取时间、萃取溶剂(丙酮和乙醇)和储存时间对二苯乙烯类化合物产量的影响。产量的增加和萃取效率的提高使这种方法在促进利用二苯乙烯类化合物的宝贵生物活性特性方面大有可为。
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引用次数: 0
Preparation of biomass activated carbon with aligned graphene nanosheet arrays from bamboo parenchymal cells for supercapacitors 利用竹子实质细胞制备具有排列整齐的石墨烯纳米片阵列的生物质活性炭,用于超级电容器
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2024-0005
Yao Xia, Zhigao Liu, Yuxiang Huang
Abstract The increasing recognition of the need for economically viable carbon materials in supercapacitors has resulted in a notable emphasis on utilizing recycled biomass waste as a precursor for activated carbon (AC). This study investigates the production of highly porous AC through vertically aligned graphene nanosheet arrays (VAGNAs) derived from bamboo parenchyma cells, a type of biomass waste. The focus lies in manipulating the ratio of alkali to carbon during the activation process. Elevating the alkali-carbon ratio augments the specific surface area of the AC while concurrently reducing the presence of VAGNAs. Surprisingly, AC generated with an alkali-carbon ratio of four exhibits a remarkable specific capacitance of 215 F g−1 when subjected to a current density of 0.2 A g−1. When integrated into a supercapacitor apparatus, this AC material demonstrates a notable energy density of 11.2 W-hours per kilogram (Wh kg−1) at a power density of 50 W per kilogram (W kg−1). Moreover, it displays exceptional cycling stability, maintaining 89.4 % of its capacitance after undergoing 10,000 cycles in a 6 M potassium hydroxide electrolyte. The findings of this investigation underscore the potential of utilizing waste bamboo parenchyma cells for sustainable energy storage applications.
摘要 由于人们日益认识到超级电容器需要经济可行的碳材料,因此利用回收的生物质废物作为活性炭(AC)的前体受到了广泛重视。本研究探讨了通过垂直排列的石墨烯纳米片阵列(VAGNAs)生产高多孔活性炭的方法,该阵列来自竹子实质细胞(一种生物质废物)。研究重点在于活化过程中碱与碳的比例。提高碱碳比可增加 AC 的比表面积,同时减少 VAGNA 的存在。令人惊讶的是,当电流密度为 0.2 A g-1 时,碱碳比为 4 的交流电产生的比电容高达 215 F g-1。当这种交流电材料集成到超级电容器装置中时,在功率密度为每千克 50 瓦(W kg-1)时,其能量密度可达每千克 11.2 瓦时(Wh kg-1)。此外,它还显示出卓越的循环稳定性,在 6 M 氢氧化钾电解液中循环 10,000 次后仍能保持 89.4% 的电容。这项研究成果强调了利用废弃竹子实质细胞进行可持续能源储存应用的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Elastic deformation analysis of rotational wood-dowel welding joint system based on the variational method 基于变分法的旋转木-道尔焊接接头系统弹性变形分析
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2024-0003
Yun Xu, Xuejiao Wang
This study aimed to investigate the elastic deformation of rotational wood-dowel welding joints by using the variational method, as there was no efficient tool to access the deformation behavior of welding joints perpendicular to axis orientation so far. Based on the variational method, the displacement control equation of axially-loaded dowel-welded wood joints was derived. By incorporating the boundary conditions and using an iterative approach, the parameters required in the control equation were determined. The analytical expression ϕ(r) for the deformation function of the wood substrate under elastic conditions was proposed, thereby determining the displacement and axial force of the single wood-dowel. The elasticity modulus was the primary influence parameter on the function ϕ(r). However, the welding depth had a more critical impact, and reasonable combination of parameters could lead to a better interaction between the wood dowel and substrate. The comparison between calculated results and test trials collected from the previous studies indicated that the elastic solution method could accurately estimate the pull-out ultimate bearing capacity and deformation characteristics of the welding joints. This work can provide unique perspective to understand the technology of rotational wood-dowel welding joints, and a good reference suggestion for the manufacture of multi-dowel welding joints.
由于迄今为止还没有一种有效的工具来获取垂直于轴线方向的焊接接头的变形行为,因此本研究旨在利用变分法研究旋转木榫焊接接头的弹性变形。基于变分法,推导出了轴向加载镙丝焊接木接头的位移控制方程。通过结合边界条件和使用迭代法,确定了控制方程中所需的参数。提出了弹性条件下木质基材变形函数的解析表达式ϕ(r),从而确定了单根木榫的位移和轴向力。弹性模量是影响函数 j(r) 的主要参数。然而,焊接深度的影响更为关键,合理的参数组合可使木钉与基材之间产生更好的相互作用。计算结果与以往研究中收集的试验结果的对比表明,弹性解法可以准确估计焊接接头的拔出极限承载力和变形特征。这项工作可为了解旋转木钉焊接接头技术提供独特的视角,并为制造多木钉焊接接头提供良好的参考建议。
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引用次数: 0
Response relationships between the color parameters and chemical compositions of heat-treated wood 热处理木材的颜色参数与化学成分之间的响应关系
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0086
Meihong Liu, Liangliang Zhang, Jiang Chen, Shuang Chen, Yafang Lei, Zhangjing Chen, Li Yan
The magnitudes of the color changes in heat-treated wood are closely related to the chemical composition of the wood, and changes in the chemical composition are the essential reasons for changes in the mechanical properties of heat-treated wood. The response relationships among the color parameters of heat-treated wood and the chemical composition were constructed to provide a scientific basis for regulating the mechanical properties with the color. The effects and linear correlations of the lightness indicators (L*) for poplar (Populus tomentosa Carr.) and spruce (Picea asperata Mast.) after heat treatment were related to the chemical compositions of the heat-treated woods by constructing relationships between the L* values. The relative content of cellulose in the heat-treated poplar downward trend and was significantly positively correlated with the L* value; however, the correlation with the L* value for the heat-treated spruce was insignificant. The L* value of the heat-treated wood was significantly positively correlated with the relative contents of hemicellulose, and was significantly negatively correlated with lignin. The L* value of the heat-treated wood had a superior response relationship with the crystallite sizes. Therefore, the constructed response relationship provides a theoretical basis for accurate and nondestructive testing of the mechanical properties of heat-treated wood by using the color parameters as rapid detection indicators.
热处理木材的颜色变化幅度与木材的化学成分密切相关,而化学成分的变化是热处理木材机械性能变化的根本原因。构建热处理木材颜色参数与化学成分之间的响应关系,为用颜色调节力学性能提供科学依据。通过构建 L* 值之间的关系,将热处理后杨木(Populus tomentosa Carr.)和云杉(Picea asperata Mast.)的光度指标(L*)的影响和线性相关关系与热处理木材的化学成分联系起来。经热处理的杨木中纤维素的相对含量呈下降趋势,与 L* 值呈显著正相关;然而,经热处理的云杉与 L* 值的相关性不显著。热处理木材的 L* 值与半纤维素的相对含量呈显著正相关,而与木质素呈显著负相关。热处理木材的 L* 值与晶体尺寸的响应关系更优。因此,所构建的响应关系为利用颜色参数作为快速检测指标,准确、无损地检测热处理木材的力学性能提供了理论依据。
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引用次数: 0
Determination of lignin composition in compression wood-like reaction wood of angiosperm Gardenia jasminoides by pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry 利用热解-气相色谱-质谱法测定被子植物栀子的压缩类反应木中的木质素成分
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0123
Haruna Aiso, Tatsuya Ashitani, Futoshi Ishiguri
Using pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, the lignin composition was analysed in normal and reaction wood samples grown at three stem inclination angles in Gardenia jasminoides, which forms compression wood-like reaction wood. Lignin content among the samples was not significantly different. However, the reaction wood samples with larger stem inclination angles showed a lower syringyl/guaiacyl ratio. In conclusion, the degree of inclination affected the lignin composition in G. jasminoides reaction wood, and qualitative changes in lignin might be necessary to mechanically support the stems in this species.
利用热解-气相色谱-质谱法,分析了栀子花在三种茎倾角下生长的正常木材和反应木材样本中的木质素成分,栀子花会形成类似压缩木的反应木材。各样本的木质素含量没有明显差异。不过,茎倾角较大的反应木样本的丁香基/愈创木基比率较低。总之,倾斜程度会影响茉莉反应木中的木质素成分,木质素的质变可能是该物种茎部机械支撑所必需的。
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引用次数: 0
Hydrothermal enzyme pretreatment on structure and properties of apple branches 水热酶预处理对苹果枝条结构和特性的影响
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0103
Jieying Yuan, Yibo Li, Shulei Li, Zheyun Liu, Yunjing Lu, Shuoyu Dang, Fan Ding, Ruijin Yu, Jie Chu
Pretreatment serves as an important step in maximizing the efficient utilization of woody biomass feedstock. This study focused on enhancing the component and structural properties of apple wood to optimize the utilization of apple wood resources effectively. This study presents the optimization of, the apple wood pretreatment system, combining bioenzyme and hydrothermal treatments. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different bioenzyme pretreatment conditions on the components and structural properties of apple wood extract and to analyze the feasibility of enzyme solution reuse. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed an increase in cellulose content in the wood flour following enzyme treatment. Concurrently, changes in characteristic peaks indicated an increased hemicellulose content and a reduction in lignin content after the pretreatment, correlating with fraction analysis results. Scanning electron microscopy illustrated that the dense structure of the fiber surface was disrupted after treatment. Notably, the results indicated that the recovered biocomposite enzymes exhibited excellent activity, suggesting their potential for reuse.
预处理是最大限度地有效利用木质生物质原料的重要步骤。本研究的重点是提高苹果木材的成分和结构特性,从而有效优化苹果木材资源的利用。本研究介绍了结合生物酶和水热处理的苹果木材预处理系统优化。本研究旨在探讨不同生物酶预处理条件对苹果木材提取物成分和结构特性的影响,并分析酶液重复使用的可行性。傅立叶变换红外光谱分析显示,经过酶处理后,木粉中的纤维素含量有所增加。同时,特征峰的变化表明预处理后半纤维素含量增加,木质素含量减少,这与馏分分析结果相关。扫描电子显微镜显示,纤维表面的致密结构在处理后被破坏。值得注意的是,结果表明回收的生物复合酶具有极佳的活性,这表明它们具有再利用的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Cell wall composition of Camellia oleifera Abel. shell: new insights into its composition distribution and ultrastructure 油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0120
Jiawei Huang, Xiuyi Lin, Weiwei Zhang, Litao Guan, Jiangtao Xu, Jin Gu, Yonghui Zhou, Chuanshuang Hu
Camellia oleifera Abel. shell (COS) is an agricultural waste in quantities exceeding a million tons annually. The ultrastructure of the COS cell wall and the distribution of lignocellulose components were investigated. The microscopic results showed that COS contains two types of cells, sclerenchyma cells (SC) and parenchyma cells (PC). SC contained 50.4 % hemicellulose, 17.6 % cellulose and 30.9 % lignin while PC contained 35.2 % hemicellulose, 23.7 % cellulose and 35.0 % lignin. The distribution of lignocellulose components in COS is non-homogeneous. Lignin is alternately distributed with polysaccharides in the PC wall. In SC, hemicellulose is mainly present in the secondary wall S2, while lignin was mainly found in the compound middle lamella, and cellulose mainly exists in the secondary wall, S3. A comprehensive model of the cell wall ultrastructure and lignocellulose distribution of COS was given. This study provides a fundamental understanding of COS cell walls and can aid in the future graded utilization of COS.
油茶果壳(COS)是一种农业废弃物,每年的产量超过一百万吨。研究人员对 COS 细胞壁的超微结构和木质纤维素成分的分布进行了调查。显微镜结果显示,COS 包含两种类型的细胞,即小叶细胞(SC)和实质细胞(PC)。SC含有50.4%的半纤维素、17.6%的纤维素和30.9%的木质素,而PC含有35.2%的半纤维素、23.7%的纤维素和35.0%的木质素。木质纤维素成分在 COS 中的分布并不均匀。木质素与多糖交替分布在 PC 壁中。在 SC 中,半纤维素主要存在于次生壁 S2 中,而木质素主要存在于复合中层中,纤维素主要存在于次生壁 S3 中。该研究给出了 COS 细胞壁超微结构和木质纤维素分布的综合模型。这项研究提供了对 COS 细胞壁的基本认识,有助于今后对 COS 的分级利用。
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