Marta Cortina-Escribano, Aitor Barbero-López, Petri Kilpeläinen, Henri Vanhanen, Antti Haapala
Wood chips and sawdust are used for cultivating Ganoderma lucidum mushrooms. In Northern Europe, side-streams of Pinus sylvestris are highly abundant, however as cultivation substrate they inhibit the growth of G. lucidum. To identify the changes in lignocellulosic composition after fungal degradation, the major lignocellulosic components in P. sylvestris and an optimal substrate for G. lucidum, Populus tremula were analyzed. Populus tremula was evenly degraded while the glucan fraction of P. sylvestris was not degraded and its lignin fraction was consumed almost completely. Despite not being an optimal substrate, P. sylvestris was successfully delignified by G. lucidum.
{"title":"Degradation of Pinus sylvestris and Populus tremula by laccate Ganoderma species","authors":"Marta Cortina-Escribano, Aitor Barbero-López, Petri Kilpeläinen, Henri Vanhanen, Antti Haapala","doi":"10.1515/hf-2024-0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2024-0052","url":null,"abstract":"Wood chips and sawdust are used for cultivating <jats:italic>Ganoderma lucidum</jats:italic> mushrooms. In Northern Europe, side-streams of <jats:italic>Pinus sylvestris</jats:italic> are highly abundant, however as cultivation substrate they inhibit the growth of <jats:italic>G. lucidum</jats:italic>. To identify the changes in lignocellulosic composition after fungal degradation, the major lignocellulosic components in <jats:italic>P. sylvestris</jats:italic> and an optimal substrate for <jats:italic>G. lucidum</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Populus tremula</jats:italic> were analyzed. <jats:italic>Populus tremula</jats:italic> was evenly degraded while the glucan fraction of <jats:italic>P. sylvestris</jats:italic> was not degraded and its lignin fraction was consumed almost completely. Despite not being an optimal substrate, <jats:italic>P. sylvestris</jats:italic> was successfully delignified by <jats:italic>G. lucidum</jats:italic>.","PeriodicalId":13083,"journal":{"name":"Holzforschung","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vaniele Bento dos Santos, Maria Fernanda Vieira Rocha, João Filipi Rodrigues Guimarães, Leonardo Sarno Soares Oliveira, Maria Naruna Felix de Almeida, Nauan Ribeiro Marques Cirilo, Thayanne Caroline Castor Neto, Ana Márcia Macedo Ladeira Carvalho, Graziela Baptista Vidaurre
Variability in Eucalyptus wood density and chemical properties is crucial to understanding important factors for the forest-based industry, such as sampling methods and wood suitability as raw material. This study aimed to evaluate the basic density and chemical composition of the radial positions of young wood from the Eucalyptus urophylla clone grown under different precipitation levels. Trees from E. urophylla clonal plantations were collected in Inhambupe, Jandaíra and Itanagra, Bahia State, Brazil. Trees’ basic density and chemical composition (total extractive, lignin, hemicelluloses and α-cellulose) were determined based on the basal log of each tree, at four radial positions (1, 2, 3 and 4). It was found that the basic density and α-cellulose of wood are influenced by the cambial age and the site rainfall. There was greater increase in sections close to the bark (positions 1 and 4) and in more humid environments (sites Itanagra and Jandaríra). This finding highlights the association between wood basic density and chemical composition, mainly in the holocellulose content.
{"title":"Wood density and chemical composition variation of Eucalyptus urophylla clone in different environments","authors":"Vaniele Bento dos Santos, Maria Fernanda Vieira Rocha, João Filipi Rodrigues Guimarães, Leonardo Sarno Soares Oliveira, Maria Naruna Felix de Almeida, Nauan Ribeiro Marques Cirilo, Thayanne Caroline Castor Neto, Ana Márcia Macedo Ladeira Carvalho, Graziela Baptista Vidaurre","doi":"10.1515/hf-2024-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2024-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Variability in <jats:italic>Eucalyptus</jats:italic> wood density and chemical properties is crucial to understanding important factors for the forest-based industry, such as sampling methods and wood suitability as raw material. This study aimed to evaluate the basic density and chemical composition of the radial positions of young wood from the <jats:italic>Eucalyptus urophylla</jats:italic> clone grown under different precipitation levels. Trees from <jats:italic>E. urophylla</jats:italic> clonal plantations were collected in Inhambupe, Jandaíra and Itanagra, Bahia State, Brazil. Trees’ basic density and chemical composition (total extractive, lignin, hemicelluloses and <jats:italic>α</jats:italic>-cellulose) were determined based on the basal log of each tree, at four radial positions (1, 2, 3 and 4). It was found that the basic density and <jats:italic>α</jats:italic>-cellulose of wood are influenced by the cambial age and the site rainfall. There was greater increase in sections close to the bark (positions 1 and 4) and in more humid environments (sites Itanagra and Jandaríra). This finding highlights the association between wood basic density and chemical composition, mainly in the holocellulose content.","PeriodicalId":13083,"journal":{"name":"Holzforschung","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Lu, Lichao Jiao, Shoujia Liu, Tuo He, Xiaomei Jiang, Yafang Yin
Phoebe and Machilus trees, whose wood is known as Nanmu in China, face endangerment owing to long-term manmade destruction and climate change. Therefore, effective and accurate forensic tools to identify Nanmu species are required. This study developed a method for DNA identification of woods from six commonly traded Phoebe and Machilus species. DNA was efficiently extracted from oil cell-rich wood tissues, DNA barcodes were screened, species were compared, and a Nanmu DNA database was constructed. Comparison and analysis involved 26 sets of plastid genomes of Phoebe and Machilus. The five highest variable regions (Pi>0.009; psbA-trnH, psbJ, psbJ-petA, rpl32-trnL, and ycf1) were identified, and three nuclear regions (ITS, LEAFY, and RPB2) were compared. Among single DNA fragments, the nuclear DNA region LEAFY proved optimal for identifying Nanmu species, while psbA-trnH+psbJ+ycf1 was the optimal plastid combination locus. Compared with distance-based (TaxonDNA) and machine-learning analyses, the tree-based method had a lower success rate for species identification. Four labelled Nanmu samples were selected to validate the method and clustered with P. zhennan and P. sheareri data based on the LEAFY region and plastid combination locus. These findings will contribute to the conservation, classification, architecture maintenance, and trade monitoring of Nanmu natural resources.
由于长期的人为破坏和气候变化，其木材在中国被称为楠木的凤凰木和楠木面临濒危。因此，需要有效、准确的法医工具来鉴定楠木树种。本研究开发了一种对六种常见楠木品种进行 DNA 鉴定的方法。从富含油细胞的木材组织中有效提取 DNA，筛选 DNA 条形码，比较物种，并构建楠木 DNA 数据库。比较和分析涉及 26 套 Phoebe 和 Machilus 的质体基因组。确定了五个最高可变区（Pi>0.009; psbA-trnH、psbJ、psbJ-petA、rpl32-trnL 和 ycf 1），并比较了三个核区（ITS、LEAFY 和 RPB2）。在单个 DNA 片段中，核 DNA 区域 LEAFY 被证明是鉴定楠木物种的最佳区域，而 psbA-trnH+psbJ+ycf1 则是最佳的质体组合位点。与基于距离（TaxonDNA）和机器学习的分析方法相比，基于树的方法鉴定物种的成功率较低。研究人员选取了四个楠木标本对该方法进行了验证，并根据叶绿体区域和质体组合位点与浙南楠木和剪股颖楠木数据进行了聚类。这些发现将有助于楠木自然资源的保护、分类、结构维护和贸易监测。
{"title":"Wood discrimination of six commonly traded Phoebe and Machilus species using high-resolution plastid and nuclear DNA barcodes","authors":"Yang Lu, Lichao Jiao, Shoujia Liu, Tuo He, Xiaomei Jiang, Yafang Yin","doi":"10.1515/hf-2024-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2024-0012","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Phoebe</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Machilus</jats:italic> trees, whose wood is known as Nanmu in China, face endangerment owing to long-term manmade destruction and climate change. Therefore, effective and accurate forensic tools to identify Nanmu species are required. This study developed a method for DNA identification of woods from six commonly traded <jats:italic>Phoebe</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Machilus</jats:italic> species. DNA was efficiently extracted from oil cell-rich wood tissues, DNA barcodes were screened, species were compared, and a Nanmu DNA database was constructed. Comparison and analysis involved 26 sets of plastid genomes of <jats:italic>Phoebe</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Machilus</jats:italic>. The five highest variable regions (Pi>0.009; <jats:italic>psbA-trnH, psbJ, psbJ-petA, rpl32-trnL,</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ycf</jats:italic> <jats:italic>1</jats:italic>) were identified, and three nuclear regions (ITS, <jats:italic>LEAFY,</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>RPB2</jats:italic>) were compared. Among single DNA fragments, the nuclear DNA region <jats:italic>LEAFY</jats:italic> proved optimal for identifying Nanmu species, while <jats:italic>psbA-trnH</jats:italic>+<jats:italic>psbJ</jats:italic>+<jats:italic>ycf1</jats:italic> was the optimal plastid combination locus. Compared with distance-based (TaxonDNA) and machine-learning analyses, the tree-based method had a lower success rate for species identification. Four labelled Nanmu samples were selected to validate the method and clustered with <jats:italic>P. zhennan</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. sheareri</jats:italic> data based on the <jats:italic>LEAFY</jats:italic> region and plastid combination locus. These findings will contribute to the conservation, classification, architecture maintenance, and trade monitoring of Nanmu natural resources.","PeriodicalId":13083,"journal":{"name":"Holzforschung","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pernambuco is the archetypal wood in modern bows of the violin-family. This species (Paubrasilia echinata) is endangered. Existing literature suggests remaining questions on how its properties’ variability relates to qualification in bow-making, and to diversity. Here 61 pernambuco specimens, with various qualitative evaluations by makers, are characterised for physical, elastic, dynamic, and optical properties. Results are compared with standard relations between-properties, and with 53 pre-selected tropical hardwoods. The tested pernambuco stands in the medium-upper range of these pre-selected species for density (ρ) and modulus of elasticity (E). It is exceptional for its very low damping coefficient (tanδ) and very intense colour (red a*, yellow b* and chroma C*). Within-species variability is high. Qualification is mostly associated to ρ, colour hue angle h° and gloss, then to elasticity – but E and E/ρ (specific modulus) overlap between groups. Qualification involves appearance (L*, h°, gloss) when freshly cut, and with anticipation of changes after ageing or finishing. The properties (damping, chroma) that make pernambuco exceptional among species, are not clearly related to the qualification within the studied sampling. Analyses help better understand the specificities of pernambuco, and highlight the multifactorial nature of wood selection at two levels: between-species preference, and within-species qualification.
{"title":"Physical, vibro-mechanical and optical properties of pernambuco in relation to bow-making qualitative evaluation and wood diversity","authors":"Iris Brémaud","doi":"10.1515/hf-2023-0112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2023-0112","url":null,"abstract":"Pernambuco is the archetypal wood in modern bows of the violin-family. This species (<jats:italic>Paubrasilia echinata</jats:italic>) is endangered. Existing literature suggests remaining questions on how its properties’ variability relates to qualification in bow-making, and to diversity. Here 61 pernambuco specimens, with various qualitative evaluations by makers, are characterised for physical, elastic, dynamic, and optical properties. Results are compared with standard relations between-properties, and with 53 pre-selected tropical hardwoods. The tested pernambuco stands in the medium-upper range of these pre-selected species for density (<jats:italic>ρ</jats:italic>) and modulus of elasticity (<jats:italic>E</jats:italic>). It is exceptional for its very low damping coefficient (tan<jats:italic>δ</jats:italic>) and very intense colour (red <jats:italic>a*</jats:italic>, yellow <jats:italic>b*</jats:italic> and chroma <jats:italic>C*</jats:italic>). Within-species variability is high. Qualification is mostly associated to <jats:italic>ρ</jats:italic>, colour hue angle <jats:italic>h</jats:italic>° and gloss, then to elasticity – but <jats:italic>E</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E/ρ</jats:italic> (specific modulus) overlap between groups. Qualification involves appearance (<jats:italic>L*</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>h</jats:italic>°, gloss) when freshly cut, and with anticipation of changes after ageing or finishing. The properties (damping, chroma) that make pernambuco exceptional among species, are not clearly related to the qualification within the studied sampling. Analyses help better understand the specificities of pernambuco, and highlight the multifactorial nature of wood selection at two levels: between-species preference, and within-species qualification.","PeriodicalId":13083,"journal":{"name":"Holzforschung","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cibelle Amaral Reis, Daniela Minini, Eliane L. da Silva, Pedro Henrique G. de Cademartori, Graziela B. Vidaurre, Simone R. Morrone, Graciela I. B. de Muñiz, Silvana Nisgoski
The anatomical description of wood and charcoal for a wide variety of purposes is an essential tool for compiling databases to correctly identify species. This study describes and compares the anatomy of the wood and charcoal of Manilkara sp., collected in a protected area in the Pará state, Brazil. The qualitative anatomical characteristics of the wood, such as diffuse-porosity; vessels in radial multiples; alternate intervessel pits; axial parenchyma in lines or reticulate; rays uniseriate or biseriate, not storied, are corroborated in the literature. Moreover, this work reports the presence of helical thickenings in the vessel elements and possible helical thickenings in fibres in Manilkara. After the carbonization process, there were morphometric changes in the anatomical elements, as an increase in vessel frequency between 23 % and 141 %, and in ray frequency between 2.8 % and 12.9 %; while ray height decreased and ray width increased. Overall, some anatomical variations could be related to, or a result of the interaction between species plasticity, genetics, age and environmental factors. These characteristics enabled the identification of the samples at the genus level and the anatomical description of the wood and charcoal can be useful for forest inspections.
{"title":"Comparative wood and charcoal anatomy of Manilkara sp.: contribution for market inspections","authors":"Cibelle Amaral Reis, Daniela Minini, Eliane L. da Silva, Pedro Henrique G. de Cademartori, Graziela B. Vidaurre, Simone R. Morrone, Graciela I. B. de Muñiz, Silvana Nisgoski","doi":"10.1515/hf-2023-0129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2023-0129","url":null,"abstract":"The anatomical description of wood and charcoal for a wide variety of purposes is an essential tool for compiling databases to correctly identify species. This study describes and compares the anatomy of the wood and charcoal of <jats:italic>Manilkara</jats:italic> sp., collected in a protected area in the Pará state, Brazil. The qualitative anatomical characteristics of the wood, such as diffuse-porosity; vessels in radial multiples; alternate intervessel pits; axial parenchyma in lines or reticulate; rays uniseriate or biseriate, not storied, are corroborated in the literature. Moreover, this work reports the presence of helical thickenings in the vessel elements and possible helical thickenings in fibres in <jats:italic>Manilkara</jats:italic>. After the carbonization process, there were morphometric changes in the anatomical elements, as an increase in vessel frequency between 23 % and 141 %, and in ray frequency between 2.8 % and 12.9 %; while ray height decreased and ray width increased. Overall, some anatomical variations could be related to, or a result of the interaction between species plasticity, genetics, age and environmental factors. These characteristics enabled the identification of the samples at the genus level and the anatomical description of the wood and charcoal can be useful for forest inspections.","PeriodicalId":13083,"journal":{"name":"Holzforschung","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141939917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Max L. Flaig, Jens Berger, Stephanie Helmling, Andrea Olbrich, Heinz J. Schaffrath, Daniel Zahn, Bodo Saake
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the blind test outcomes of two independent methods for the identification of tropical wood species in pulp and paper products. Both, the established anatomical and the relatively new chemotaxonomic method support the European Deforestation Regulation 2023/1115 (EUDR), which aims to ensure that only legally harvested timber that has not contributed to deforestation is traded in the EU. The blind test involved 570 decisions on 15 test sheets of 37 self-manufactured mixed tropical hardwood pulps and an industrial beech pulp, used as a matrix. Both detection techniques demonstrated robust performance with over 80 % hit rates. The results show that the synergies and combination of the strengths of both methods can be utilized and lead to even better combined performance. In order to establish the chemotaxonomic identification method as a complement to the conventional anatomy-based method, statistical analyses were performed to assess its intermediate precision between three different GC-MS systems. In most cases, the method gave consistent results independent of the instrument used.
{"title":"Chemotaxonomic and anatomic wood species identification in bleached pulp: blind test and method validation","authors":"Max L. Flaig, Jens Berger, Stephanie Helmling, Andrea Olbrich, Heinz J. Schaffrath, Daniel Zahn, Bodo Saake","doi":"10.1515/hf-2024-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2024-0025","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a comparative analysis of the blind test outcomes of two independent methods for the identification of tropical wood species in pulp and paper products. Both, the established anatomical and the relatively new chemotaxonomic method support the European Deforestation Regulation 2023/1115 (EUDR), which aims to ensure that only legally harvested timber that has not contributed to deforestation is traded in the EU. The blind test involved 570 decisions on 15 test sheets of 37 self-manufactured mixed tropical hardwood pulps and an industrial beech pulp, used as a matrix. Both detection techniques demonstrated robust performance with over 80 % hit rates. The results show that the synergies and combination of the strengths of both methods can be utilized and lead to even better combined performance. In order to establish the chemotaxonomic identification method as a complement to the conventional anatomy-based method, statistical analyses were performed to assess its intermediate precision between three different GC-MS systems. In most cases, the method gave consistent results independent of the instrument used.","PeriodicalId":13083,"journal":{"name":"Holzforschung","volume":"1285 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141865171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Oberle, Eva Výbohová, Jan Baar, Zuzana Paschová, Štěpán Beránek, Igor Drobyshev, Iveta Čabalová, Petr Čermák
Wood modification (by thermal or chemical treatment) helps to improve the dimensional stability of wood and enhance its resistance to biological agents. Beech wood is non-durable and exposure in exterior settings dramatically shortens its service life. To determine the full potential of beech wood for advanced applications, a better understanding of the chemical changes induced by modification is needed. Two chemical treatments (acetylation and melamine formaldehyde resin impregnation) and three thermal treatments (heating to 180, 200 and 220 °C) were performed on beech wood. The modification effect was examined based on (i) molecular changes in functional groups by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR); (ii) extractive content; and (iii) pH changes. Moreover, the explanation of these changes was supported by the FTIR-analysis of isolated main wood components (cellulose, holocellulose and lignin) from the modified wood. The high temperatures applied to samples during thermal modification promoted the deacetylation and degradation of hemicelluloses. Hemicelluloses were targeted also by acetic anhydride and melamine resin, the bonding of which was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The formation of fewer methylene bridges affected the properties of the melamine network. This observation suggests the need to determine optimal curing conditions in future research, to reduce melamine-wood hydrophilicity.
{"title":"Chemical changes in thermally modified, acetylated and melamine formaldehyde resin impregnated beech wood","authors":"Anna Oberle, Eva Výbohová, Jan Baar, Zuzana Paschová, Štěpán Beránek, Igor Drobyshev, Iveta Čabalová, Petr Čermák","doi":"10.1515/hf-2024-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2024-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Wood modification (by thermal or chemical treatment) helps to improve the dimensional stability of wood and enhance its resistance to biological agents. Beech wood is non-durable and exposure in exterior settings dramatically shortens its service life. To determine the full potential of beech wood for advanced applications, a better understanding of the chemical changes induced by modification is needed. Two chemical treatments (acetylation and melamine formaldehyde resin impregnation) and three thermal treatments (heating to 180, 200 and 220 °C) were performed on beech wood. The modification effect was examined based on (i) molecular changes in functional groups by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR); (ii) extractive content; and (iii) pH changes. Moreover, the explanation of these changes was supported by the FTIR-analysis of isolated main wood components (cellulose, holocellulose and lignin) from the modified wood. The high temperatures applied to samples during thermal modification promoted the deacetylation and degradation of hemicelluloses. Hemicelluloses were targeted also by acetic anhydride and melamine resin, the bonding of which was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The formation of fewer methylene bridges affected the properties of the melamine network. This observation suggests the need to determine optimal curing conditions in future research, to reduce melamine-wood hydrophilicity.","PeriodicalId":13083,"journal":{"name":"Holzforschung","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141741328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to reveal the strength mechanism of the mortise-and-tenon (M–T) joint at a deeper level. The effects of tenon fit on bending and withdrawal load resistances, and strain distributions outside and inside beech (Fagus sylvatica) wooden round-end M–T joints were experimentally investigated using mechanical testing synchronizing digital image correlation method (DICM). The results showed that (1) the tenon fit had greater significance on withdrawal properties than that of bending properties of M–T joints; (2) the bending load resistance was linearly proportional to withdrawal load resistance based on both theoretic analysis and regression methods; (3) strain distributions outside M–T joints during the loading process were not sufficient to evaluate the mechanical behaviors of the M–T joint; (4) strain distributions inside M–T joints showed that the maximum strains on top and bottom parts of the tenon were significantly greater than that of middle part, but the difference decreased with the growth of tenon fit; (5) the method of determining the optimal tenon fit of the M–T joint based on the DICM was proposed, and optimal tenon fit of beech wooden round-end M–T joint evaluated ranged from 0.4 to 0.5 mm.
{"title":"Study on the strength mechanism of the wooden round-end mortise-and-tenon joint using the digital image correlation method","authors":"Wengang Hu, Runzhong Yu","doi":"10.1515/hf-2024-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2024-0029","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to reveal the strength mechanism of the mortise-and-tenon (M–T) joint at a deeper level. The effects of tenon fit on bending and withdrawal load resistances, and strain distributions outside and inside beech (<jats:italic>Fagus sylvatica</jats:italic>) wooden round-end M–T joints were experimentally investigated using mechanical testing synchronizing digital image correlation method (DICM). The results showed that (1) the tenon fit had greater significance on withdrawal properties than that of bending properties of M–T joints; (2) the bending load resistance was linearly proportional to withdrawal load resistance based on both theoretic analysis and regression methods; (3) strain distributions outside M–T joints during the loading process were not sufficient to evaluate the mechanical behaviors of the M–T joint; (4) strain distributions inside M–T joints showed that the maximum strains on top and bottom parts of the tenon were significantly greater than that of middle part, but the difference decreased with the growth of tenon fit; (5) the method of determining the optimal tenon fit of the M–T joint based on the DICM was proposed, and optimal tenon fit of beech wooden round-end M–T joint evaluated ranged from 0.4 to 0.5 mm.","PeriodicalId":13083,"journal":{"name":"Holzforschung","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141741327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carolina Marion de Godoy, Merima Hasani, Hans Theliander
Local evolution of delignification and xylan removal inside wood chips was investigated throughout the initial stages of kraft cooking. Model chips of birch sapwood were pulped at 145, 155 and 165 °C, utilizing white liquors with hydroxide content ranging from 0.25 to 0.55 mol/kg. The composition of different sections in each cooked sample was then determined. Xylan was isolated from selected samples and analyzed using size exclusion chromatography and HSQC NMR. Most changes in concentration and structure of residual xylan occurred early in the process (<45 min). Furthermore, xylan samples isolated from the tissue of different cooked chips had similar average molecular weights, indicating that temperature and alkali content had little impact over the extent of reactions affecting residual xylan. In contrast, xylan dissolution was significantly dependent on pulping conditions, increasing with hydroxide concentration. The lignin profile inside the cooked chips also varied with alkali content and temperature, and it was shown to be more uniform when applying low cooking temperatures (145 °C). Finally, increased delignification and xylan removal were detected close to the transverse surfaces of chips (likely due to the fast mass transport in vessels/lumen), implying that anatomical features of wood can have a significant impact on pulping.
{"title":"Kraft pulping of model wood chips: local impact of process conditions on hardwood delignification and xylan retention","authors":"Carolina Marion de Godoy, Merima Hasani, Hans Theliander","doi":"10.1515/hf-2024-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2024-0033","url":null,"abstract":"Local evolution of delignification and xylan removal inside wood chips was investigated throughout the initial stages of kraft cooking. Model chips of birch sapwood were pulped at 145, 155 and 165 °C, utilizing white liquors with hydroxide content ranging from 0.25 to 0.55 mol/kg. The composition of different sections in each cooked sample was then determined. Xylan was isolated from selected samples and analyzed using size exclusion chromatography and HSQC NMR. Most changes in concentration and structure of residual xylan occurred early in the process (<45 min). Furthermore, xylan samples isolated from the tissue of different cooked chips had similar average molecular weights, indicating that temperature and alkali content had little impact over the extent of reactions affecting residual xylan. In contrast, xylan dissolution was significantly dependent on pulping conditions, increasing with hydroxide concentration. The lignin profile inside the cooked chips also varied with alkali content and temperature, and it was shown to be more uniform when applying low cooking temperatures (145 °C). Finally, increased delignification and xylan removal were detected close to the transverse surfaces of chips (likely due to the fast mass transport in vessels/lumen), implying that anatomical features of wood can have a significant impact on pulping.","PeriodicalId":13083,"journal":{"name":"Holzforschung","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141550031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeong-Wook Seo, En-Bi Choi, Jun-Hui Park, Yo-Seob Lee, Hyun-Mi Lee, Eun-Sook Kim
The tracheid length (TL) in conifer species is a primary factor to determine quality of paper and wood products. However, TL in Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., a dominant conifer species in Korea, has not been monitored systematically across the country yet. To this end, the TL of early- and latewoods of Korean red pine from 16 provinces of the Republic of Korea was measured and compared to verify the differences (1) between the monitoring years (2014–2018), (2) between early- and latewoods of the trees from the same provinces, and (3) between the early- and latewoods from different provinces. Analysis of 31,500 tracheids revealed that the variation of TL of early- and latewood from two and six out of 16 sites, respectively, were not statistically meaningful and the TL of latewood displayed a lower annual variation than that of the earlywood during the monitoring years. The TL of the latewood was longer than that of the earlywood; however, four out of 16 sites showed shorter TL for the latewood. So, it was verified that the relationship between the TL of the early- and latewood can change. Moreover, the TL was longer for the trees located in the southeast regions.
{"title":"Comparisons of tracheid lengths in Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.: earlywood versus latewood and province versus province","authors":"Jeong-Wook Seo, En-Bi Choi, Jun-Hui Park, Yo-Seob Lee, Hyun-Mi Lee, Eun-Sook Kim","doi":"10.1515/hf-2023-0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2023-0107","url":null,"abstract":"The tracheid length (TL) in conifer species is a primary factor to determine quality of paper and wood products. However, TL in <jats:italic>Pinus densiflora</jats:italic> Siebold & Zucc., a dominant conifer species in Korea, has not been monitored systematically across the country yet. To this end, the TL of early- and latewoods of Korean red pine from 16 provinces of the Republic of Korea was measured and compared to verify the differences (1) between the monitoring years (2014–2018), (2) between early- and latewoods of the trees from the same provinces, and (3) between the early- and latewoods from different provinces. Analysis of 31,500 tracheids revealed that the variation of TL of early- and latewood from two and six out of 16 sites, respectively, were not statistically meaningful and the TL of latewood displayed a lower annual variation than that of the earlywood during the monitoring years. The TL of the latewood was longer than that of the earlywood; however, four out of 16 sites showed shorter TL for the latewood. So, it was verified that the relationship between the TL of the early- and latewood can change. Moreover, the TL was longer for the trees located in the southeast regions.","PeriodicalId":13083,"journal":{"name":"Holzforschung","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141513003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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