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Effects of molecule weight on the emulsifying properties of dodecenyl succinic anhydride modified glucuronoxylans 分子量对十二烷基丁二酸酐改性葡萄糖醛酸聚糖乳化性能的影响
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0077
Zhenhua Hu, Xiaotong Fan, Zhouyang Xiang, Luliang Wang, Shengdan Wang, Yushen Liu
Glucuronoxylans have been considered as an alternative polymer for petroleum polymers in coatings, films, emulsifiers, and other industries. In this study, different molecule weight glucuronoxylans were obtained through xylanase hydrolysis. Dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA) was used as a modifying agent to functionalize glucuronoxylans. At the same degree of substitution (DS), higher molecule weight glucuronoxylans led to better emulsifying properties and emulsion stability. Higher molecule weight DDSA modified glucuronoxylans showed smaller droplets size, lower zeta potential, higher EA (emulsifying activity) and better emulsion stability. These results suggested that molecule weight has positive impact on the emulsifying properties of DDSA modified glucuronoxylans. Furthermore, DS had positive impact on the emulsifying properties of DDSA modified glucuronoxylans.
在涂料、薄膜、乳化剂和其他工业中,葡萄糖醛酸氧聚糖被认为是石油聚合物的替代品。本研究通过木聚糖酶水解得到不同分子量的葡萄糖醛酸氧化酶。以十二烷基丁二酸酐(DDSA)为改性剂,对葡萄糖醛酸苷进行了官能化修饰。在相同取代度(DS)下,高分子量的葡萄糖醛酸氧基聚糖具有更好的乳化性能和乳液稳定性。高分子量DDSA修饰的葡萄糖醛酸氧聚糖具有更小的液滴大小、更低的zeta电位、更高的EA(乳化活性)和更好的乳液稳定性。结果表明,分子量对DDSA修饰的葡萄糖醛酸氧聚糖的乳化性能有正向影响。此外,DS对DDSA修饰的葡萄糖醛酸氧聚糖的乳化性能有积极的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Natural durability indicators in young plantation and native forest regrowth Gympie messmate (Eucalyptus cloeziana) 幼林与原生林再生金皮树自然耐久性指标研究
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0057
Lesley P. Francis, Kate E. Semple, Babar Hassan, Jeffrey J. Morrell
Understanding the durability of emerging plantation hardwood resources is important for optimising their production and use. This study compared timber density, extractives content and decay resistance in 12–13-year-old plantation and native forest regrowth Gympie messmate (Eucalyptus cloeziana) trees. Density increased from pith to bark for both plantation and native forest trees. Inner heartwood density of the plantation timber was significantly lower than that of the native forest regrowth timber. While the total extractives content of the outer heartwood was comparable in the plantation and native forest regrowth trees, the inner heartwood of the latter contained significantly greater extractives levels. Laboratory decay tests showed that all heartwood zones of plantation and native forest regrowth Gympie messmate were resistant to decay by the white rot Pycnoporus coccineus. The inner heartwood of the plantation timber was, however, susceptible to decay by the brown rot Fomitopsis ostreiformis. The results illustrate the potential variations in wood quality parameters to be considered when moving from native forest to plantation resources that are harvested at a younger age and managed for more rapid wood production.
了解新兴人工林硬木资源的耐久性对于优化其生产和利用具有重要意义。本研究比较了12 ~ 13年生人工林和原生林再生木的木材密度、提取物含量和抗腐性。人工林和原生林树木的密度从髓到树皮都有所增加。人工林木材的内心材密度显著低于原生林再生木材。人工林和原生林再生树外心材的总提取物含量相当,而原生林内心材的提取物含量明显高于原生林。室内腐变试验表明,人工林和原生林再生金桃的所有心材区都对白腐病有较强的抗腐性。然而,人工林木材的内心材易受褐腐菌ostreiformis的腐蚀。结果表明,当从原始森林转移到人工林资源时,木材质量参数的潜在变化需要考虑,这些人工林资源在较年轻的年龄采伐并进行管理以更快地生产木材。
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引用次数: 0
Radial cracks in Castanopsis hystrix wood and its dimensional stability improvement by resin-impregnated modification 蓖麻木材径向裂纹及树脂浸渍改性对其尺寸稳定性的改善
3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0073
Surong Meng, Yingying Su, Anmin Huang, Bailing Sun
Abstract This study investigated the characteristics of radial cracks in Castanopsis hystrix wood and evaluated its dimensional stability after impregnation with low-molecular-weight polyacrylate (PA), melamine-urea-glyoxal (MUG), and melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resins. The physical properties were examined by dimensional stability measurements, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that radial cracks were easily produced in the transverse section of untreated wood during drying. The surfaces of the radial cracks exhibited an even and clean structure without fluffs on the pair of surfaces, and cracks spanned 4–5 annual rings. The resin-impregnated wood showed no radial cracks on its transverse surface. C. hystrix wood modified with MUG and MUF exhibited a higher weight percentage gain (WPG) than wood modified with the same concentration of PA resin. The resin-impregnated C. hystrix wood also showed reduced anisotropy and improved dimensional stability. The SEM images of the modified wood showed that the wood pits and cells were filled with resin, while the cell wall surfaces were covered with a layer of resin.
摘要研究了桃壳栲木材径向裂纹的特征,并评价了低分子聚丙烯酸酯(PA)、三聚氰胺-尿素-乙二醛(MUG)和三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛(MUF)树脂浸渍后桃壳栎木材的尺寸稳定性。通过尺寸稳定性测量、动态蒸气吸收(DVS)分析和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)检查了其物理性质。结果表明:未经处理的木材在干燥过程中,其横截面容易产生径向裂纹;径向裂纹表面结构均匀干净,对表面无绒毛,裂纹跨越4 ~ 5年轮。树脂浸渍木材的横向表面无径向裂纹。与相同浓度的PA树脂改性的木材相比,用MUG和MUF改性的木材具有更高的增重百分比(WPG)。树脂浸渍后的木丝各向异性降低,尺寸稳定性提高。改性木材的SEM图像显示,木坑和细胞被树脂填充,细胞壁表面覆盖了一层树脂。
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引用次数: 0
Impact bending strength of thermally-modified timber 热改性木材的冲击弯曲强度
3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0046
Mojtaba Hassan Vand, Jan Tippner
Abstract The article offers a perspective on how thermal-modification affects the impact bending strength of five different wood species, an aspect that has not received as much attention as the well-studied static load behavior of thermally-modified timber (TMT). Since the TMTs are mainly employed as outdoor materials, where they may encounter impact forces, a comparative investigation into the flexibility and strength of these materials under impact is useful. This article evaluates different aspects of the TMT, such as deflection, strain in the impact region, the maximum force needed to initiate cracks, and the energy required for rupture. Wood planks from ash, beech, larch, oak, and spruce were thermally modified at 180 and 220 °C. They were cut into test specimens, while a separate set of unmodified specimens from each wood species served as the reference group. The specimens were subjected to an impact 3-point bending test, and an ultra-high-speed camera meticulously recorded the results. The images were processed by the digital image correlation (DIC) method to determine the deflection and strain distribution of the beams during the impact test. The deflection, maximum force, maximum longitudinal strain, and required work for rupture of each group were determined. The results showed that thermal-modification decreases the wood deflection and maximum longitudinal strain by approximately 50 %. In addition, the impact bending strength decreased by nearly 60 %. However, the impact bending strength did not exhibit a statistically significant decrease at 180 °C; in some cases, it even increased.
摘要:本文提供了一个关于热改性如何影响五种不同木材的冲击弯曲强度的观点,这方面还没有像热改性木材(TMT)的静载荷行为那样得到那么多的关注。由于tmt主要用作户外材料,在那里它们可能会遇到冲击力,因此对这些材料在冲击下的柔韧性和强度进行比较研究是有用的。本文评估了TMT的不同方面,例如挠度,冲击区域的应变,启动裂缝所需的最大力以及破裂所需的能量。白蜡树、山毛榉、落叶松、橡树和云杉的木板在180和220°C下进行热改性。它们被切割成测试标本,而每一种木材的单独一组未修改的标本作为参照组。试件进行了冲击三点弯曲试验,超高速摄像机对试验结果进行了细致的记录。采用数字图像相关(DIC)方法对图像进行处理,确定梁在冲击试验过程中的挠度和应变分布。测定各组试件的挠度、最大受力、最大纵向应变和断裂所需功。结果表明,热改性可使木材挠度和最大纵向应变降低约50%。此外,冲击弯曲强度降低了近60%。然而,在180°C时,冲击弯曲强度没有统计学上的显著降低;在某些情况下,它甚至增加了。
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引用次数: 0
A deep learning multimodal fusion framework for wood species identification using near-infrared spectroscopy GADF and RGB image 基于近红外光谱GADF和RGB图像的木材树种识别深度学习多模态融合框架
3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0062
Xi Pan, Zhiming Yu, Zhong Yang
Abstract Accurate and rapid wood species identification is vital for wood utilization and trade. This goal is achievable with the fast development of deep learning (DL). Several studies have been published related to this topic; however, they were limited by their generalization performance in practical applications. Therefore, this study proposed a DL multimodal fusion framework to bridge this gap. The study utilized a state-of-the-art convolutional neural network (CNN) to simultaneously extract both short-wavelength near-infrared (NIR) spectra and RGB image feature, fully leveraging the advantages of both data types. Using portable devices for collecting spectra and image data enhances the feasibility of onsite rapid identification. In particular, a two-branch CNN framework was developed to extract spectra and image features. For NIR spectra feature extraction, 1 dimensional NIR (1D NIR) spectra were innovatively encoded as 2 dimensional (2D) images using the Gramian angular difference field (GADF) method. This representation enhances better data alignment with CNN operations, facilitating more robust discriminative feature extraction. Moreover, wood’s spectral and image features were fused at the full connection layer for species identification. In the experimental phase conducted on 16 difficult-to-distinguish wood samples from the Lauraceae family, all achieved identification metrics results exceed 99 %. The findings illustrate that the proposed multimodal fusion framework effectively extracts and fully integrates the wood’s features, thereby, improving wood species identification.
摘要准确、快速的树种鉴定对木材的利用和贸易至关重要。随着深度学习(DL)的快速发展,这个目标是可以实现的。已经发表了几项与此主题相关的研究;然而,在实际应用中,它们的泛化性能受到了限制。因此,本研究提出了一种DL多模态融合框架来弥补这一差距。该研究利用最先进的卷积神经网络(CNN)同时提取短波近红外(NIR)光谱和RGB图像特征,充分利用了两种数据类型的优势。使用便携式设备采集光谱和图像数据,提高了现场快速识别的可行性。特别是,开发了一种双分支CNN框架来提取光谱和图像特征。在近红外光谱特征提取方面,创新性地采用格拉曼角差场(GADF)方法将一维近红外光谱编码为二维(2D)图像。这种表示增强了与CNN操作的更好的数据一致性,促进了更鲁棒的判别特征提取。在全连接层融合木材的光谱和图像特征,进行物种识别。在实验阶段对16个樟科难辨木材样品进行了鉴定,鉴定指标均达到99%以上。结果表明,所提出的多模态融合框架能够有效地提取和充分融合木材的特征,从而提高木材的种类识别。
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引用次数: 0
An overview of lab-based micro computed tomography aided finite element modelling of wood and its current bottlenecks 基于实验室的微计算机断层扫描辅助木材有限元建模及其当前的瓶颈概述
3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0061
Sara Florisson, Erik Kristofer Gamstedt
Abstract Microscopic lab-based X-ray computed tomography (XµCT) aided finite element (FE) modelling is a popular method with increasing nature within material science to predict local material properties of heterogeneous materials, e.g. elastic, hygroexpansion and diffusion. This method is relatively new to wood and lacks a clear methodology. Research intended to optimise the XµCT aided FE process often focuses on specific aspects within this process such as the XµCT scanning, segmentation or meshing, but not the entirety of the process. The compatibility and data transfer between aspects have not been investigated to the same extent, which creates errors that propagate and negatively impact the end results. In the current study, a methodology for the XµCT aided FE process of wood is suggested and its bottlenecks are identified based on a thorough literature review. Although the complexity of wood as a material makes it difficult to automate the XµCT aided FE process, the proposed methodology can assist in a more considered design and execution of this process. The main challenges that were identified include an automatic procedure to reconstruct the fibre orientation and to perform segmentation and meshing. A combined deep-learning segmentation method with geometry-based meshing can be suggested.
基于实验室的微观X射线计算机断层扫描(XµCT)辅助有限元(FE)建模是一种在材料科学中越来越受欢迎的方法,用于预测非均质材料的局部材料特性,例如弹性、湿膨胀和扩散。这种方法相对较新,缺乏明确的方法。旨在优化XµCT辅助有限元过程的研究通常侧重于该过程中的特定方面,如XµCT扫描、分割或网格划分,而不是整个过程。方面之间的兼容性和数据传输没有得到相同程度的研究,这就产生了传播错误并对最终结果产生负面影响的错误。在目前的研究中,提出了一种XµCT辅助木材有限元过程的方法,并根据全面的文献综述确定了其瓶颈。尽管木材作为一种材料的复杂性使得XµCT辅助FE过程的自动化变得困难,但所提出的方法可以帮助更周到的设计和执行该过程。确定的主要挑战包括重建纤维方向的自动程序以及执行分割和网格划分。提出了一种结合深度学习和几何网格划分的分割方法。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of tropical wood species in paper: a new chemotaxonomic method based on extractives 纸上热带树种的鉴定:一种基于提取物的化学分类新方法
3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0048
Max L. Flaig, Jens Berger, Philip Wenig, Andrea Olbrich, Bodo Saake
Abstract The European Deforestation Regulation 2023/1115 (EUDR) prohibits trading of wood and wood products obtained from illegal logging on the EU market. While the identification of solid wood via anatomy, chemistry and genetics has already been established, there is a lack of identification methods for pulp and paper that complement anatomy. This publication presents a newly developed chemotaxonomic method for identifying mixed tropical hardwood (MTH) species in pulp and paper products based on their extractives analyzed with thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). The measured data was processed and compared to identify marker substances and was then merged into a fingerprint database for identifying MTH species in paper of unknown composition. As database references, fully bleached kraft pulps were produced from 38 anatomically identified wood samples and then cryo-ball milled and extracted successively with n -hexane and acetone. The results show that the remaining wood extractives generated from bleached pulps are specific enough to find chemical relevant marker substances to detect MTH species. As chemical composition and anatomy are independent characteristics of wood, this paper makes a completely independent method available, which potentially improves the screening for Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) protected species.
欧洲森林砍伐条例2023/1115 (EUDR)禁止在欧盟市场上进行非法采伐木材和木制品的交易。虽然已经建立了通过解剖学、化学和遗传学鉴定实木的方法,但缺乏对纸浆和纸张的鉴定方法来补充解剖学。本文介绍了一种基于热解吸-气相色谱-质谱(TD-GC-MS)分析方法对纸浆和纸制品中混合热带硬木(MTH)树种进行化学分类的新方法。对测量数据进行处理和比对,识别标记物质,然后合并到指纹库中,用于鉴定未知成分纸张中的MTH物种。作为数据库参考,从38个解剖鉴定的木材样品中制备出完全漂白的硫酸盐纸浆,然后用正己烷和丙酮依次进行冷球研磨和提取。结果表明,漂白纸浆产生的剩余木材萃取物具有足够的特异性,可以找到与MTH物种相关的化学标记物质。由于木材的化学成分和解剖结构是木材的独立特征,本文提供了一种完全独立的方法,有可能提高《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)保护物种的筛选。
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引用次数: 0
Decay resistance and dimensional stability of wood impregnated with castor oil using a pressure treatment 用压力处理蓖麻油浸渍木材的抗腐性和尺寸稳定性
3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0050
Ohkyoung Kwon, Yeong Seo Choi, Wonsil Choi, Young-kyu Lee, Jongyeol Choi, Joon weon Choi, In Yang
Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the uptake of castor oil (CAO) in some wood specimens and the effect of CAO on the leaching ability, dimensional stability and fungal-decay resistance of the wood specimens. CAO was infused into the specimens using a pressure treatment. Uptakes of CAO penetrated in yellow poplar (YEP), Japanese cedar (JAC) and Douglas fir (DOF) blocks were higher than 100 %. The leaching ability of the CAO-based suspensions against saline water was the lowest in YEP, followed by Japanese larch (LAR), JAC and DOF. The retention values were 90 % or higher in most of the specimens. Radial and tangential swellings of CAO-treated strips submerged in saline water for 2 weeks were restrained compared to control specimens. No significant differences were found between bending strength and Janka hardness of CAO-treated and control strips. CAO treatment provided acceptable decay resistance to most wood specimens against Fomitopsis palustris and Trametes versicolor . Retention of CAO in the leached strips were identified through X-ray microscopic observation. Based on the results, CAO was determined to be an effective agent for improving the dimensional stability of wood. These results demonstrate the great potential of CAO as an environmentally friendly wood preservative and dimensional stabilizer, allowing CAO-permeated wood as raw materials for both indoor and outdoor use.
摘要本试验研究了蓖麻油(CAO)在某些木材样品中的吸收情况,以及CAO对木材样品浸出能力、尺寸稳定性和抗真菌腐性的影响。通过压力处理将CAO注入标本中。黄杨(yem)、杉木(JAC)和花旗松(DOF) 3个砧木对CAO的渗透吸收量均高于100%。cao基悬浮液对咸水的浸出能力在杨木中最低,其次是落叶松(LAR)、JAC和DOF。大多数标本的保留值为90%或更高。与对照标本相比,经cao处理的条带在盐水中浸泡2周后,径向和切向肿胀受到抑制。cao处理的带材抗弯强度和Janka硬度与对照无显著差异。CAO处理对大多数木材样品具有可接受的抗古拟虫和花斑曲菌的腐殖性。通过x射线显微镜观察,确定了CAO在浸出条带中的保留情况。结果表明,CAO是提高木材尺寸稳定性的有效剂。这些结果证明了CAO作为环保木材防腐剂和尺寸稳定剂的巨大潜力,允许CAO渗透木材作为室内和室外使用的原材料。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative study of the stable carbon isotope ratio of cellulose, lignin and whole wood powder of Balanites aegyptiaca 埃及巴兰木纤维素、木质素和全木粉稳定碳同位素比值的比较研究
3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0070
Dao Dougabka, Tikri Bianzeube, Togbé Armel Amadji, Jean Gérard, Wel-Doret Djonglibet, Ilham Bentaleb
Abstract This study involved analysing the carbon-13 isotope ratio (δ 13 C) of cellulose, lignin, and whole wood powder of Balanites aegyptiaca to determine the optimal substrate for future ecophysiological studies. From seven different trees (i.e., three from the Sudanian zone and four from the Chadian Sahelian zone), 21 samples were taken for this study. Identical variation trends were observed with cellulose, lignin, and whole wood powder, with δ 13 C values for cellulose always higher than for the other substrates, although the trees were located under different climatic conditions. The means obtained were −26.0 ‰, −28.7 ‰, and −27.1 ‰, for cellulose, lignin, and whole wood powder, respectively. Spearman’s correlation test, which was used to analyse relationships between the results, revealed a strong correlation ( r 2 = 0.93) between the δ 13 C cellulose values and those of whole wood powder from B . aegyptiaca , as well as between the δ 13 C cellulose values and those of lignin ( r 2 = 0.73). This strong correlation between cellulose and wood powder results, and between cellulose and lignin, suggests that the isolation of cellulose is not necessary for δ 13 C analysis of B . aegyptiaca wood.
摘要本研究通过分析埃及巴兰虫(Balanites aegyptiaca)纤维素、木质素和全木粉的碳-13同位素比值(δ 13c)来确定未来生态生理研究的最佳底物。从七棵不同的树(即三棵来自苏丹地区,四棵来自乍得萨赫勒地区),为本研究采集了21个样本。在不同的气候条件下,纤维素、木质素和全木粉的δ 13c值变化趋势相同,纤维素的δ 13c值始终高于其他基质。纤维素、木质素和全木粉的平均值分别为- 26.0‰、- 28.7‰和- 27.1‰。利用Spearman’s相关检验对结果之间的关系进行分析,结果表明木粉的δ 13c纤维素值与木粉的δ 13c纤维素值有很强的相关性(r 2 = 0.93)。δ 13c纤维素值与木质素值之间(r 2 = 0.73)。纤维素和木粉之间以及纤维素和木质素之间的强相关性表明,分离纤维素对B的δ 13c分析是不必要的。aegyptiaca木头。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanical, physical and compositional effects of Meruliporia incrassata on Southern Yellow Pine 南黄松的机械、物理和组成效应
3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0074
Garrett Tatum, Natassia Brenkus
Abstract With the growing risk of fungal degradation in timber-framed structures from significant moisture intrusion events due to climate change, it is increasingly critical to develop mechanistic relationships between fungal degradation mechanisms and the strength of untreated wood components. While extensive work has been performed characterizing wood decay, no study has yet addressed the effects of Meruliporia incrassata on untreated Southern Yellow Pine. This seeks to address this knowledge gap by evaluating the effects of the common brown rot fungus on an ubiquitous building material in the southeast United States – Southern Yellow Pine. Properties of Southern Yellow Pine were evaluated at seven decay stages over the course of 12 weeks of exposure to M. incrassata . Changes in physical properties – mass, density, and moisture content – were measured at each stage. Changes in stiffness were characterized via ultrasonic pulse velocity testing, and thermogravimetric analysis was utilized to assess compositional changes. The study found rapid and significant losses in stiffness at decay stages as early as four-weeks. Hemicellulose and cellulose degradation occurred steadily throughout the decay period. These results can be utilized to develop a stronger understanding of the mechanical behavior of timber-framed structures in the United States degraded by brown rot.
随着气候变化导致木结构中真菌降解的风险越来越大,研究真菌降解机制与未经处理的木材构件强度之间的机制关系变得越来越重要。虽然已经进行了大量的工作来表征木材的腐烂,但还没有研究解决了刺木对未经处理的南黄松的影响。本研究旨在通过评估常见的褐腐真菌对美国东南部一种普遍存在的建筑材料——南黄松的影响来解决这一知识差距。在12周的时间里,对南黄松在7个腐烂阶段的特性进行了评价。在每个阶段测量物理性质的变化——质量、密度和水分含量。通过超声脉冲速度测试表征了刚度的变化,并利用热重分析来评估成分的变化。研究发现,早在4周的腐烂阶段,刚度就会迅速而显著地下降。在整个腐烂过程中,半纤维素和纤维素的降解是稳定的。这些结果可以用来开发一个更强的理解的机械行为的木结构结构在美国退化褐腐。
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引用次数: 0
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