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3D wood-based evaporator for highly efficient solar steam generation 用于高效太阳能蒸汽生成的3D木质蒸发器
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0185
Meihua Xie, Ping Zhang, Yangbing Jin, Zhe Wang, C. Jin
Abstract Interfacial solar-driven steam generation is one of the most promising techniques used to produce clean water. However, achieving rapid water evaporation using solar steam generation devices is challenging because of their two-dimensional (2D) planar structures and confined evaporation areas. The three-dimensional (3D) structural design of evaporation devices improves water evaporation rates, thereby enhancing solar-driven steam generation. This study developed a 3D wood-based evaporator through 3D structure shaping and the flexible treatment of wood that involved coating photothermal materials with tannic acid. Because of the ampliative evaporation area and outstanding absorption, the water evaporation rate of the prepared 3D wood-based evaporator was as high as 2.5 kg m−2 h−1, and the efficiency of energy transformation was up to 101 % under simulated 1-sun irradiation; the evaporation rate and efficiency of energy transformation were considerably higher than those of 2D planar wood evaporators. Furthermore, the effective seawater desalination performance and good durability of the 3D wood-based evaporator were demonstrated. This study provides different insights into the fabrication of high-efficiency wood-based solar steam generators with high prospects for application in seawater desalination.
摘要界面太阳能蒸汽发电是生产清洁水最有前景的技术之一。然而,由于其二维(2D)平面结构和有限的蒸发面积,使用太阳能蒸汽产生装置实现快速水蒸发是具有挑战性的。蒸发装置的三维(3D)结构设计提高了水的蒸发率,从而增强了太阳能驱动的蒸汽生成。本研究通过3D结构成型和木材的柔性处理,包括用单宁酸涂覆光热材料,开发了一种3D木质蒸发器。由于蒸发面积大、吸收能力强,所制备的三维木质蒸发器的水分蒸发率高达2.5 公斤 m−2 h−1,能量转换效率高达101 % 在模拟1太阳照射下;蒸发速率和能量转换效率显著高于2D平面木材蒸发器。此外,还证明了三维木质蒸发器的有效海水淡化性能和良好的耐用性。这项研究为高效木质太阳能蒸汽发生器的制造提供了不同的见解,在海水淡化中具有很高的应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Wood color modification with iron salts aqueous solutions: effect on wood grain contrast and surface roughness. 铁盐水溶液对木色的改性:对木纹对比度和表面粗糙度的影响。
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0189
Roberta Dagher, Tatjana Stevanovic, Véronic Landry

Wood is a biosourced material with unique aesthetic features due to its anatomy and chemical composition. White oak wood surface color can be modified with the use of iron salts, which react with wood phenolic extractives, present as free molecules in wood porous structure. The impact of modifying wood surface color with iron salts on the final appearance of wood, including its color, grain contrast and surface roughness, was evaluated in this study. Results showed that following the application of iron (III) sulphate aqueous solutions on white oak wood surface, its roughness increased, which is due to grain raising after wetting of wood surface. The color modification of wood surface with iron (III) sulphate aqueous solutions was compared with a non-reactive water based blue stain. The contrast associated to wood grain that was expressed by the standard deviation of luminance values in wood images, also increased after application of the iron (III) sulphate aqueous solution on white oak wood surface. The comparison of contrast changes showed that wood samples stained with iron (III) sulphate on their curved surface had the highest increase in grain contrast compared to iron-stained wood showing the straight grain and to wood surfaces colored by a non-reactive water-based stain for both curved and straight grains.

木材是一种生物材料,由于其解剖结构和化学成分而具有独特的美学特征。使用铁盐可以改变白橡木的表面颜色,铁盐与木材酚类提取物反应,在木材多孔结构中以自由分子的形式存在。本研究评估了用铁盐修饰木材表面颜色对木材最终外观的影响,包括其颜色,颗粒对比度和表面粗糙度。结果表明:在白栎木材表面施用硫酸铁溶液后,木材表面粗糙度增大,这是由于木材表面湿润后产生的颗粒升高所致。比较了硫酸铁(III)水溶液对木材表面的着色效果和非活性水基蓝色染色剂的效果。在白栎木表面使用硫酸铁水溶液后,木材图像中亮度值的标准差所表示的木纹对比度也有所增加。对比变化的比较表明,与显示直纹的铁染色木材和显示弯曲和直纹的非活性水基染色木材表面相比,在其弯曲表面上染色硫酸铁(III)的木材样品具有最高的纹理对比度增加。
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引用次数: 0
Radial distribution of vascular bundle morphology in Chinese bamboos: machine learning methodology for rapid sampling and classification 中国竹子维管束形态的径向分布:快速采样和分类的机器学习方法
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0165
Jing Li, Haocheng Xu, Ying Zhang, Tuhua Zhong, Katherine Semple, V. Nasir, Hankun Wang, C. Dai
Abstract Variation in anatomical features of the culm wall namely the shape and size distributions of vascular bundles between different genera and species of bamboo is not well understood due to the cumbersome task of manual measurements. Using machine learning methodology, this work presents a universal vascular bundle detection model for rapid, reliable, and automatic characterization of vascular bundles in culm cross sections of 213 species across 23 genera of Chinese bamboos. The number of vascular bundles and the fiber sheath area have positive linear correlations with the outer circumference and the wall thickness, respectively. The distribution density of vascular bundles has a decay exponential correlation with the outer circumference and the wall thickness. The average fiber volume fraction was 35.2 % ± 7 % with relatively small variation between species. Bamboo species could be grouped into three categories based the endodermis to epidermis distribution pattern of radial and tangential length of vascular bundles, two categories of radial-to-tangential ratio and four categories of fiber sheath area distribution pattern. Implications on bamboo classification, structural and pulp/paper applications were discussed. The findings from this study provide groundwork for the establishment of a unified, authoritative and objective bamboo classification system based on the vascular tissue morphology.
摘要:由于人工测量的繁琐,不同属种竹子的茎壁解剖特征的变化,即维管束的形状和大小分布,尚未得到很好的了解。利用机器学习方法,提出了一种通用的维管束检测模型,用于快速、可靠和自动地表征中国23属213种竹子的茎横截面维管束。维管束数量和纤维鞘面积分别与外周长和壁厚呈线性正相关。维管束分布密度与外周长和管壁厚度呈衰减指数相关。平均纤维体积分数为35.2%±7%,种间差异较小。根据维管束径向长度和切向长度的内表皮分布模式可分为3类,径向与切向比例可分为2类,纤维鞘面积分布模式可分为4类。讨论了竹材分类、结构和制浆造纸应用的意义。本研究结果为建立统一、权威、客观的基于维管组织形态的竹分类体系奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 1
Role of monolignol glucosides in supramolecular assembly of cell wall components in ginkgo xylem formation 单素糖苷在银杏木质部形成过程中细胞壁组分超分子组装中的作用
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-05-11 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0163
N. Terashima, Y. Matsushita, Sachie Yagami, H. Nishimura, Masato Yoshida, K. Fukushima
Abstract The physical, chemical and biological properties of wood depend on the supramolecular assembly of cellulose microfibrils (CMFs), hemicelluloses (HCs) and lignin in the growing cell walls. Based on the 13C-tracer studies of ginkgo xylem formation, a hypothetical scenario for the role of monolignol glucosides (MLGs) in the assembly is proposed as follows: (1) Both moieties, aglycone monolignols and glycone d-glucose (d-Glc), play essential roles in a cooperative manner in delivery of hydrophobic and highly reactive p-hydroxycinnamyl- (H), coniferyl- (G) alcohols to the hydrophilic site of lignin deposition. (2) The d-Glc liberated at lignification site is converted into essential HCs mainly via Golgi apparatus under the influence of diurnally changing turgor pressure, and partly converted in the apoplast. (3) At cell corner middle lamella, a pressure-resistant layer of HG-lignin-HCs-CMFs is formed, and allows expansion of new cells in cambium region by elevation of turgor pressure. The deformable G-lignin-HCs-CMFs layer at secondary wall shrinks by dehydration of the swollen gel of HCs-CMFs during differentiation, and contributes posture control of standing tree. On-demand quick supply of a large amount of monolignols and HCs can be achieved by the large storage and delivery of MLGs in the growing ginkgo xylem.
木材的物理、化学和生物学特性取决于生长细胞壁中纤维素微原纤维(CMFs)、半纤维素(hc)和木质素的超分子组装。基于银杏木质部形成的13c示踪研究,提出了单脂醇糖苷(MLGs)在木质素组装中的作用假设:(1)糖醛基单脂醇和糖醛基d-葡萄糖(d-Glc)这两个部分在将疏水和高活性的对羟基肉桂基- (H)、针叶树基- (G)醇传递到木质素沉积的亲水性位点中发挥重要作用。(2)木质化部位释放的d-Glc在日变化的膨胀压力影响下主要通过高尔基体转化为必需的hc,部分在外质体中转化。(3)在细胞角的中间片层,形成了一层hg -木质素- hc - cmfs耐压层,并通过膨胀压力的升高使形成层区域的新细胞膨胀。次级壁上可变形的g -木质素-HCs-CMFs层在分化过程中因HCs-CMFs肿胀凝胶脱水而收缩,对立木姿态控制起作用。在生长中的银杏木质部中,MLGs的大量储存和输送可以实现大量单素醇和hc的按需快速供应。
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引用次数: 0
Frontmatter 头版头条
3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-frontmatter5
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引用次数: 0
Role of α-Fe2O3 nano-particles in protecting wood from ultraviolet light degradation α-Fe2O3纳米颗粒对木材抗紫外线降解的保护作用
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0001
Tengfei Yi, J. Morrell
Abstract The incorporation of nano-particles into coatings to protect wood against UV light has tremendous potential for improving coating performance. However, the understanding of the mechanisms by which these particles function on wood surfaces remains limited. The distribution and potential chemical interactions between alpha Fe2O3 and wood were studied. The ability of different sizes of Fe2O3 particles to intercept various wavelengths of light was assessed using ultraviolet/visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy using TiO2 and ZnO particles for comparison. All particles intercepted UV light, but α-Fe2O3 also intercepted a portion of the visible spectrum which might help explain its better performance. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis of α-Fe2O3 nano-particle distribution on different wood orientations of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) and shining gum (Eucalyptus nitens) showed that iron particles were uniformly distributed on both pine and shining gum, but provided better UV protection to the more permeable radiata pine surfaces. Characterization of chemical interactions between α-Fe2O3 and isolated lignin and cellulose by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) suggested substantial interactions between these particles and lignin components, but little interaction with cellulose. The results suggest that the role of nano-particles in the UV protection of wood surface is to intercept and disperse the light energy while interacting with the wood.
摘要将纳米粒子掺入涂层中以保护木材免受紫外线照射,对提高涂层性能具有巨大潜力。然而,对这些颗粒在木材表面发挥作用的机制的理解仍然有限。研究了α-Fe2O3与木材之间的分布和潜在的化学相互作用。使用紫外线/可见光(UV–vis)光谱评估不同尺寸的Fe2O3颗粒拦截不同波长光的能力,并使用TiO2和ZnO颗粒进行比较。所有粒子都拦截了紫外线,但α-Fe2O3也拦截了一部分可见光谱,这可能有助于解释其更好的性能。扫描电子显微镜/能量色散X射线光谱(SEM-EDS)分析了α-Fe2O3纳米粒子在辐射松(Pinus radiata D.Don)和闪胶(Eucalyptus nitens)不同木材取向上的分布,结果表明,铁粒子均匀分布在松和闪胶上,但对渗透性更强的辐射松表面提供了更好的紫外线防护。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征α-Fe2O3与分离的木质素和纤维素之间的化学相互作用,表明这些颗粒与木质素组分之间存在大量相互作用,但与纤维素的相互作用很少。结果表明,纳米粒子在木材表面紫外线防护中的作用是在与木材相互作用时拦截和分散光能。
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引用次数: 0
Synergistic improvement to dimensional stability of Populus cathay ana via hemicellulose removal/alkali lignin impregnation 半纤维素去除/碱木质素浸渍协同提高杨的尺寸稳定性
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0147
Meng Yang, Runhua Zhang, E. Ma
Abstract Poor dimensional stability restricts the commercial utilization of fast-growing wood. In this study, fast-growing poplar (Populus cathayana) was treated by removing hemicellulose with hydrothermal treatment and impregnating alkali lignin via full-cell process, synergistically, for enhanced dimensional stability. After modification, hydroxyl groups were reduced in hemicellulose removed wood (DHC), alkali lignin was observed to fill in the cell lumens of vessels and wood fibers in the impregnated wood (AL) and in the wood modified by hemicellulose removal with alkali lignin impregnation (DHCAL). Compared with untreated wood, the volumetric swelling ratio of DHC and AL decreased by 11 % and 21 % under relative humidity (RH) of 89 %, respectively. The volumetric swelling ratio of DHCAL decreased by over 50 %, indicating a positive synergistic effect. The combination of hemicellulose removal and alkali lignin impregnation treatment improved the dimensional stability of wood significantly by reconstructing wood chemical components with various levels of hygroscopicity. This work could meaningfully contribute to the efficient utilization of fast-growing wood and promote the added value of industrial alkali lignin.
尺寸稳定性差限制了速生木材的商业利用。本研究以速生杨(Populus cathayana)为材料,采用水热处理去除半纤维素和全细胞浸渍碱木质素的方法进行处理,协同提高杨的尺寸稳定性。改性后,半纤维素去除木材(DHC)中的羟基减少,在浸渍木材(AL)和用碱木质素浸渍半纤维素去除改性的木材(DHCAL)中,观察到碱木质素填充在容器和木材纤维的细胞腔中。与未处理的木材相比,DHC和AL的体积膨胀比降低了11 % 和21 % 相对湿度(RH)为89 %, 分别地DHCAL的体积膨胀率降低了50以上 %, 表明了积极的协同作用。半纤维素去除和碱木质素浸渍处理相结合,通过重建具有不同吸湿性水平的木材化学成分,显著提高了木材的尺寸稳定性。这项工作有助于速生木材的有效利用,提高工业碱木质素的附加值。
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引用次数: 0
Structural comparison of different isolated eucalyptus lignins and analysis of their interaction mechanism with bovine serum albumin solution under QCM-D 不同分离桉树木质素的结构比较及其与牛血清白蛋白溶液相互作用机制的QCM-D分析
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0170
Haonan Zhang, Qi Liu, Yanchen Zhu, Zhang Feng, Hao Ren, H. Zhai
Abstract In this study, representative lignin samples differing in hydroxyl content, molecular weight, linkage composition and lignin units ratio were prepared from eucalyptus wood by different isolation means and modification means: milled wood lignin (MWL), kraft lignin classified at different pH (KL), lignocresol (LC), lignoresorcinol (LR), lignopyrogallol (LP) as well as lignocresol secondary functional switched samples (LC 2ndderiv). The structure of various lignins was characterized in detail by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In order to eliminate the interference of other factors, bovine serum albumin (BSA) with relatively simple protein structure and different kinds of lignin and their derivatives were selected as the research objects. The adsorption/desorption behavior and mechanism between lignin samples and BSA were studied by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The results showed that the content of phenolic hydroxyl was the main factor affecting the interaction of lignin and BSA, but in addition, the molecular size, linkages composition and the types of lignin units also had important effects on its adsorption behavior. The research will provide theoretical guidance and all-round reliable basic data for the interaction of lignin on lignocellulose hydrolysis enzymes in industrial application.
摘要本研究以桉树为原料,采用不同的分离和改性方法制备了羟基含量、分子量、连接组成和木质素单元比不同的代表性木质素样品:磨木木质素(MWL)、不同pH下分类的硫酸盐木质素(KL)、木质甲酚(LC)、木质间苯二酚(LR),木质邻苯三酚(LP)以及木质甲酚二级功能切换样品(LC 2ndderiv)。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱和核磁共振对各种木质素的结构进行了详细表征。为了消除其他因素的干扰,选择蛋白质结构相对简单的牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和不同种类的木质素及其衍生物作为研究对象。采用耗散监测石英晶体微天平(QCM-D)研究了木质素样品与BSA的吸附/解吸行为及其机理。结果表明,酚羟基含量是影响木质素与BSA相互作用的主要因素,但分子大小、键组成和木质素单元类型对其吸附行为也有重要影响。该研究将为木质素与木质纤维素水解酶的相互作用在工业应用中提供理论指导和全方位可靠的基础数据。
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引用次数: 0
Adding gaseous ammonia with heat treatment to improve the mechanical properties of spruce wood 热处理添加氨水改善云杉木材力学性能
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0179
Yiqin Gao, Li Li, Yao Chen
Abstract Degradation of the mechanical properties of heat-treated wood is a significant problem that needs to be addressed. This study aimed to stabilize the mechanical strength of heat-treated spruce wood by adding gaseous ammonia during the heat treatment. Gaseous ammonia penetrates rapidly into wood and is expected to form ammonium hydroxide when combined with water in the wood. This modification strategy neutralizes the acids produced by the degradation of hemicelluloses and reduces the degradation of the wood polymer composition and cell-wall structure. The preservation of wood polymer composition and cell-wall structure increases the indentation modulus of the wood cell walls. This increases the strength of the wood cell walls, resulting in an improvement in the mechanical properties of the heat-treated wood. The heat-treated wood’s dimensional stability and equilibrium moisture content are only slightly affected by the weak alkalinity modification.
摘要热处理木材力学性能的退化是一个需要解决的重大问题。本研究旨在通过在热处理过程中添加气态氨来稳定热处理云杉木材的机械强度。气态氨迅速渗透到木材中,当与木材中的水结合时,预计会形成氢氧化铵。这种改性策略中和了半纤维素降解产生的酸,并减少了木材聚合物组合物和细胞壁结构的降解。木材聚合物成分和细胞壁结构的保存增加了木材细胞壁的压痕模量。这增加了木材细胞壁的强度,从而改善了热处理木材的机械性能。弱碱性改性对热处理木材的尺寸稳定性和平衡含水量影响不大。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of seismic strain rates on the perpendicular-to-grain compression behaviour of Dahurian larch, Mongolian pine and Chinese poplar: tests and stress-strain model 地震应变速率对落叶松、蒙古松和白杨垂直颗粒压缩行为的影响:试验和应力-应变模型
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-04-14 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0135
Lipeng Zhang, Qifang Xie, Yajie Wu, Baozhuang Zhang, Ningfen Su
Abstract Wood is mainly subjected to transverse compression in many critical parts of Chinese traditional timber structures, e.g. the mortise-tenon and Dou-Gong joints. Seismic is one of the dynamic actions faced by these structures and will cause wood to suffer higher loading speeds than quasi-static loads. The investigation of the seismic strain rates (SSRs) effects of wood under perpendicular-to-grain compression (PTGc) is important. One hundred and forty-four radial small clear wood specimens were prepared using Dahurian larch, Mongolian pine and Chinese poplar. Monotonic and cyclic compression tests were conducted under three SSRs (10−3 s−1, 10−2 s−1, and 10−1 s−1) and the quasi-static strain rate (10−4 s−1). Failure modes, stress-strain curves, yield strengths, elastic moduli and the unloading/reloading moduli were analyzed. Results indicated that the PTGc properties were highly sensitive to SSRs under both the monotonic and cyclic compression. Strengths showed higher sensitivity to SSRs than elastic moduli. The SSRs effects of wood under cyclic compression have greater variability than the monotonic counterparts. The unloading/reloading moduli shows little SSR effects statistically. Comparisons were made between the existing PTG and the parallel-to-grain test results and a fitted general expression was obtained. Furthermore, an SSR-dependent stress-strain model was proposed and verified by tests.
摘要在中国传统木结构的许多关键部位,如榫卯和斗拱节点,木材主要承受横向压缩。地震是这些结构所面临的动力作用之一,它将使木材承受比准静态载荷更高的加载速度。研究木材在垂直压粒作用下的地震应变率(SSRs)效应非常重要。以大湖落叶松、油松和白杨为原料,制备了144个径向小清木标本。在3种SSRs(10−3 s−1、10−2 s−1和10−1 s−1)和准静态应变率(10−4 s−1)下进行单调和循环压缩试验。分析了试件的破坏模式、应力-应变曲线、屈服强度、弹性模量和卸载/再加载模量。结果表明,无论是单调压缩还是循环压缩,PTGc的性能都对SSRs高度敏感。强度对ssr的敏感性高于弹性模量。木材在循环压缩下的SSRs效应比单调压缩下的SSRs效应具有更大的变异性。卸载/重新加载模量在统计上没有明显的SSR效应。将现有的PTG与平行晶粒试验结果进行了比较,得到了拟合的一般表达式。在此基础上,提出了基于ssr的应力-应变模型,并进行了试验验证。
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