Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3393350
Stefano Maci
In this article, we embark on a historical journey through the development of radio-frequency (RF) metamaterials (MTMs) and metasurfaces (MTSs), tracing their evolution from theoretical concepts well before the name was coined. Along the way, we explore key milestones, breakthroughs, and the profound impact of these engineered materials on antennas, microwaves, and beyond.
{"title":"Electromagnetic Metamaterials and Metasurfaces: A historical journey","authors":"Stefano Maci","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3393350","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3393350","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we embark on a historical journey through the development of radio-frequency (RF) metamaterials (MTMs) and metasurfaces (MTSs), tracing their evolution from theoretical concepts well before the name was coined. Along the way, we explore key milestones, breakthroughs, and the profound impact of these engineered materials on antennas, microwaves, and beyond.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":"66 3","pages":"84-101"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3392440
Guido Lombardi
This article outlines the steps, the decision process, the motivations, and the story that inspired the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) to have a new logo—starting from the beginning and acknowledging the historical path.
{"title":"A Brief History of Our Logo: A long and exciting initiative","authors":"Guido Lombardi","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3392440","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3392440","url":null,"abstract":"This article outlines the steps, the decision process, the motivations, and the story that inspired the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) to have a new logo—starting from the beginning and acknowledging the historical path.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":"66 3","pages":"110-114"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10537057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3398051
Trevor S. Bird
The IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) in 2024 is 75 years old. This article describes the evolution of the Society from 1949 up to its 75th anniversary. The AP-S has come a long way since its beginning in 1949. From a mainly male Society to its present-day makeup, it has had four women presidents and is encouraging younger members through scholarships and activities, such as Women in Engineering (WIE) and Young Professionals (YPs). Another major change has been the internationalization of the Society from North American to having members distributed across the globe. This is also reflected in now holding its annual IEEE conferences in other countries. The strength of AP-S technical content is measured by the success of the Society’s transactions, which ranks in the top three of all IEEE publications by downloads, and the creation of four other Society publications. The growth of the Society since the early 2000s and its solid financial position are driven by the wireless revolution and the use of electromagnetics and radiation in a wide range of applications.
{"title":"The IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society in Its 75th Year: A historical overview","authors":"Trevor S. Bird","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3398051","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3398051","url":null,"abstract":"The IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) in 2024 is 75 years old. This article describes the evolution of the Society from 1949 up to its 75th anniversary. The AP-S has come a long way since its beginning in 1949. From a mainly male Society to its present-day makeup, it has had four women presidents and is encouraging younger members through scholarships and activities, such as Women in Engineering (WIE) and Young Professionals (YPs). Another major change has been the internationalization of the Society from North American to having members distributed across the globe. This is also reflected in now holding its annual IEEE conferences in other countries. The strength of AP-S technical content is measured by the success of the Society’s transactions, which ranks in the top three of all IEEE publications by downloads, and the creation of four other Society publications. The growth of the Society since the early 2000s and its solid financial position are driven by the wireless revolution and the use of electromagnetics and radiation in a wide range of applications.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":"66 3","pages":"28-41"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10536614","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-09DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3389456
Jae-Yeong Lee;Jaehyun Choi;Myoungsun Kim;Dongseop Lee;Minkyung Kim;Wonbin Hong
This article presents a cost-effective, multifunctional far-field measurement system for high-directive and multibeam scenarios across the desired half-plane space of the 3D spherical range in millimeter-wave (mm-wave)/subterahertz (sub-THz) antennas. To realize these far-field measurement systems that can be widely utilized in various mm-wave/sub-THz applications, three representative measurement scenarios consisting of distinctly different antenna types and feed interfaces are exemplified and discussed under realistic constraints amid pragmatic antenna measurement challenges. In particular, cost-effective device-under-test (DUT) sample-fixturing methods and considerations of metallic weights for minimizing undesired vibrations in the rotary stage are utilized in the proposed far-field system to enhance the measurement capability and accuracy. Afterward, each measurement scenario is demonstrated using the exemplified samples. Finally, the main features and possibilities for further improvement are extensively discussed regarding the proposed measurement methods and system through a comparison with state-of-the-art references.
{"title":"Streamlined Millimeter-Wave and Subterahertz Spherical Far-Field Measurement System Supporting Various Antenna Types and Feed Interfaces: Use cases of antenna measurement system","authors":"Jae-Yeong Lee;Jaehyun Choi;Myoungsun Kim;Dongseop Lee;Minkyung Kim;Wonbin Hong","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3389456","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3389456","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a cost-effective, multifunctional far-field measurement system for high-directive and multibeam scenarios across the desired half-plane space of the 3D spherical range in millimeter-wave (mm-wave)/subterahertz (sub-THz) antennas. To realize these far-field measurement systems that can be widely utilized in various mm-wave/sub-THz applications, three representative measurement scenarios consisting of distinctly different antenna types and feed interfaces are exemplified and discussed under realistic constraints amid pragmatic antenna measurement challenges. In particular, cost-effective device-under-test (DUT) sample-fixturing methods and considerations of metallic weights for minimizing undesired vibrations in the rotary stage are utilized in the proposed far-field system to enhance the measurement capability and accuracy. Afterward, each measurement scenario is demonstrated using the exemplified samples. Finally, the main features and possibilities for further improvement are extensively discussed regarding the proposed measurement methods and system through a comparison with state-of-the-art references.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":"66 4","pages":"65-82"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140930534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The requirements of next-generation wireless communications have been growing exponentially in recent years, not only in terms of data rates, but also of reliability, latency, and massiveness. These demands have been inspiring new paradigms for hardware and for underlying communication protocols. In this context, metasurfaces have been enabling a range of functionalities and enhanced control over the electromagnetic wavefront, of direct relevance to wireless communications. A concerted effort between electromagnetic and system engineers may leverage these advances, with wireless systems taking advantage of metasurfaces, and metasurfaces adapting to address the needs of wireless communications. While this is already happening in the area of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS), here we outline possibilities for new wireless communication modes that arise when metasurfaces are integrated with active, nonlinear, programmable and time-varying elements. We envision metasurfaces that can control the communication spectrum, channel properties and scattering features with flexibility, self-adapting to changes in the environment and users, and maximize relevant metrics of interest. Programmable multifunctional surfaces and underlying communication protocols hold the promise for opportunities in a new generation of wireless systems, changing the way we think about the propagation space and the frequency spectrum.
{"title":"Nonlinear, Active, and Time-Varying Metasurfaces for Wireless Communications: A perspective and opportunities","authors":"Younes Ra’di;Nikita Nefedkin;Petar Popovski;Andrea Alù","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3389488","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3389488","url":null,"abstract":"The requirements of next-generation wireless communications have been growing exponentially in recent years, not only in terms of data rates, but also of reliability, latency, and massiveness. These demands have been inspiring new paradigms for hardware and for underlying communication protocols. In this context, metasurfaces have been enabling a range of functionalities and enhanced control over the electromagnetic wavefront, of direct relevance to wireless communications. A concerted effort between electromagnetic and system engineers may leverage these advances, with wireless systems taking advantage of metasurfaces, and metasurfaces adapting to address the needs of wireless communications. While this is already happening in the area of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS), here we outline possibilities for new wireless communication modes that arise when metasurfaces are integrated with active, nonlinear, programmable and time-varying elements. We envision metasurfaces that can control the communication spectrum, channel properties and scattering features with flexibility, self-adapting to changes in the environment and users, and maximize relevant metrics of interest. Programmable multifunctional surfaces and underlying communication protocols hold the promise for opportunities in a new generation of wireless systems, changing the way we think about the propagation space and the frequency spectrum.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":"66 5","pages":"52-62"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140930593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3393889
Constantine A. Balanis
This article is a historical review of the introduction, development, and advancement of antenna technology, starting with the spark-gap transmission and reception by Hertz in the late 1880s. The article underscores some of the basic antenna designs that contributed to the evolution of antenna technology, especially linear dipoles and loops, which were part of Hertz’s 1886 spark-gap dipole transmitter and loop receiver experiment, and also describes some of their basic radiation characteristics.
{"title":"The Evolution of Antenna Technology: History, dipoles, and loops","authors":"Constantine A. Balanis","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3393889","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3393889","url":null,"abstract":"This article is a historical review of the introduction, development, and advancement of antenna technology, starting with the spark-gap transmission and reception by Hertz in the late 1880s. The article underscores some of the basic antenna designs that contributed to the evolution of antenna technology, especially linear dipoles and loops, which were part of Hertz’s 1886 spark-gap dipole transmitter and loop receiver experiment, and also describes some of their basic radiation characteristics.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":"66 3","pages":"42-51"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140930621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3358236
Fengchun Zhang;Zhengpeng Wang;Tian-Hong Loh;Yunsong Gui;Si Tang;Wei Fan
Millimeter wave (mm-wave) antenna array systems with high-gain beam-steerable capability play a key role in fulfilling the high data-rate demands of the 5G and beyond wireless technologies. Rigorous array calibration is essential to ensure that their radiation performance fulfills the standard requirements before massive rollout. These tests will exclusively transition to over-the-air (OTA) testing approaches with antennas included due to the lack of antenna connectors and their compact and highly integrated designs in emerging mm-wave radio systems. This has posed huge challenges for measurement and calibration of mm-wave antenna arrays due to the more demanding requirement on system complexity, implementation cost, measurement time, and measurement uncertainty. In this article, a multiprobe framework for phased-array calibration is introduced, aiming to achieve objectives including measurement range reduction, measurement efficiency improvement, and measurement accuracy enhancement compared with the conventional single-probe method. The basic principle, capabilities, limitations, and design of multiprobe configuration are detailed for each measurement objective. Moreover, extensive measurement results were presented to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed multiprobe-based array calibration algorithms for each measurement objective.
{"title":"Multiprobe-Enabled Over-the-Air Calibration of Millimeter-Wave Antenna Arrays: Concepts and experimental validations","authors":"Fengchun Zhang;Zhengpeng Wang;Tian-Hong Loh;Yunsong Gui;Si Tang;Wei Fan","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3358236","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3358236","url":null,"abstract":"Millimeter wave (mm-wave) antenna array systems with high-gain beam-steerable capability play a key role in fulfilling the high data-rate demands of the 5G and beyond wireless technologies. Rigorous array calibration is essential to ensure that their radiation performance fulfills the standard requirements before massive rollout. These tests will exclusively transition to over-the-air (OTA) testing approaches with antennas included due to the lack of antenna connectors and their compact and highly integrated designs in emerging mm-wave radio systems. This has posed huge challenges for measurement and calibration of mm-wave antenna arrays due to the more demanding requirement on system complexity, implementation cost, measurement time, and measurement uncertainty. In this article, a multiprobe framework for phased-array calibration is introduced, aiming to achieve objectives including measurement range reduction, measurement efficiency improvement, and measurement accuracy enhancement compared with the conventional single-probe method. The basic principle, capabilities, limitations, and design of multiprobe configuration are detailed for each measurement objective. Moreover, extensive measurement results were presented to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed multiprobe-based array calibration algorithms for each measurement objective.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":"66 4","pages":"14-25"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140075898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3362251
Juan R. Mosig
The method of moments (MOM), as introduced by Roger F. Harrington more than 50 years ago, is reviewed in the context of the classic potential integral equation (IE) formulations applied to both electrostatic (part 1) and electrodynamic or full-wave problems (part 2). A systematic treatment is presented, based on the concept of discrete Green’s functions (GFs). For the sake of simplicity and clarity, the development is restricted to geometries composed of 2D metallic plates embedded in a homogeneous medium. Within this framework, original analytical developments are presented that simplify the formulations and enable the implementation of point-matching (PM) and Galerkin strategies without the need for a numerical evaluation of multidimensional integrals. Simple Matlab codes are provided, allowing the reader not only to reproduce but also to go beyond the pioneering results of Harrington, to whom this article pays an undisguised homage.
本文结合应用于静电问题（第 1 部分）和电动或全波问题（第 2 部分）的经典势积分方程 (IE) 公式，回顾了 Roger F. Harrington 50 多年前提出的矩方法 (MOM)。本文以离散格林函数（GFs）的概念为基础，提出了系统的处理方法。为简单明了起见，本文仅限于由嵌入均质介质中的二维金属板组成的几何结构。在这一框架内，提出了原创的分析发展，简化了公式，并使点匹配（PM）和 Galerkin 策略的实施成为可能，而无需对多维积分进行数值评估。文章提供了简单的 Matlab 代码，使读者不仅能再现而且能超越哈林顿的开创性成果。
{"title":"Roger F. Harrington and the Method of Moments: Part 2: Electrodynamics","authors":"Juan R. Mosig","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3362251","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3362251","url":null,"abstract":"The method of moments (MOM), as introduced by Roger F. Harrington more than 50 years ago, is reviewed in the context of the classic potential integral equation (IE) formulations applied to both electrostatic (part 1) and electrodynamic or full-wave problems (part 2). A systematic treatment is presented, based on the concept of discrete Green’s functions (GFs). For the sake of simplicity and clarity, the development is restricted to geometries composed of 2D metallic plates embedded in a homogeneous medium. Within this framework, original analytical developments are presented that simplify the formulations and enable the implementation of point-matching (PM) and Galerkin strategies without the need for a numerical evaluation of multidimensional integrals. Simple Matlab codes are provided, allowing the reader not only to reproduce but also to go beyond the pioneering results of Harrington, to whom this article pays an undisguised homage.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":"66 2","pages":"24-34"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140046440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subterahertz (sub-THz) wireless links are investigated on small and thin metamaterial structures as part of an antenna measurement system. In order to realize the device under test (DUT) at 330 GHz beyond the millimeter-wave bands, Schott glass as ultrathin glass (UTG) is chosen as the substrate more than Teflon and laminates, and it goes through the sputter deposition of a metallic thin-film process to form a pattern on its surface as the metamaterial. The signal strength at the receiver (RX) antenna for the line-of-sight (LoS) becomes weaker when the glass analogous to the phone display or room window is in between the transmitter (TX) and the RX. This problem is circumvented by placing the metallic patterned glass metamaterial in the signal path from the TX to the RX. The wireless links for cases of the LoS, the glass plane inserted, and the metasurface inserted in the propagation axis are constructed, and their electromagnetic (EM) functions are experimentally characterized. The degradation in S 21 is increased by more than 3 dB, both in simulation and measurement. In conjunction, the 64-QAM constellation as a communication standpoint of indicator of 6G mobile is evaluated in the three cases, revealing positive effects of the sub-THz metamaterial surface.
{"title":"Measurement-Based Characterization of Subterahertz Metasurfaces Designed to Work in a 300-GHz Band: Suitability for broader band communication in 6G","authors":"Yejune Seo;Inyeol Moon;Jiyeon Jang;Heejun Park;Sungtek Kahng","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3360855","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3360855","url":null,"abstract":"Subterahertz (sub-THz) wireless links are investigated on small and thin metamaterial structures as part of an antenna measurement system. In order to realize the device under test (DUT) at 330 GHz beyond the millimeter-wave bands, Schott glass as ultrathin glass (UTG) is chosen as the substrate more than Teflon and laminates, and it goes through the sputter deposition of a metallic thin-film process to form a pattern on its surface as the metamaterial. The signal strength at the receiver (RX) antenna for the line-of-sight (LoS) becomes weaker when the glass analogous to the phone display or room window is in between the transmitter (TX) and the RX. This problem is circumvented by placing the metallic patterned glass metamaterial in the signal path from the TX to the RX. The wireless links for cases of the LoS, the glass plane inserted, and the metasurface inserted in the propagation axis are constructed, and their electromagnetic (EM) functions are experimentally characterized. The degradation in S\u0000<sub>21</sub>\u0000 is increased by more than 3 dB, both in simulation and measurement. In conjunction, the 64-QAM constellation as a communication standpoint of indicator of 6G mobile is evaluated in the three cases, revealing positive effects of the sub-THz metamaterial surface.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":"66 4","pages":"26-36"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140037784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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