The IEEE Society’s 140th anniversary and the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society’s 75th anniversary mark significant milestones in their enduring academic and industrial contributions. Notably, there is a discernible rise in demand for high-performance antennas, continually challenging the boundaries of manufacturing techniques. Innovations in manufacturing act as catalysts, propelling researchers and engineers to explore unconventional design paradigms and push modern antenna performance limits. The evolution of printed lens and transmitarray antenna technologies exemplifies collaborative out-of-the-box developments at the intersection of antenna design and manufacturing methods. In this invited review article, we delineate key advancements in lens and transmitarray antenna manufacturing technologies and their consequential impact on antenna design methodologies. Commencing with foundational techniques, such as milling and injection molding, advancing through printed circuit board (PCB) processes, and culminating in the cutting-edge capabilities of 3D printing, this article reviews the chronological progression that significantly enhances the design possibilities and functionality of lens and transmitarray antennas. Ample representative references are provided to facilitate further exploration of research conducted by other researchers.
IEEE 学会成立 140 周年和 IEEE 天线与传播学会成立 75 周年标志着这两个学会在学术和工业领域做出的持久贡献具有重要的里程碑意义。值得注意的是，对高性能天线的需求明显增加，不断挑战制造技术的极限。制造技术的创新就像催化剂一样，推动着研究人员和工程师探索非传统的设计范式，并突破现代天线的性能极限。印刷透镜和透射阵列天线技术的发展体现了天线设计和制造方法交汇点上的合作突破发展。在这篇特邀评论文章中，我们将介绍透镜和透射阵列天线制造技术的主要进展及其对天线设计方法的影响。从铣削和注塑等基础技术开始，到印刷电路板（PCB）工艺，再到 3D 打印的尖端功能，本文按时间顺序回顾了这些技术的发展历程，这些技术大大提高了透镜和发射天线的设计可能性和功能性。文章还提供了大量有代表性的参考文献，以方便读者进一步了解其他研究人员的研究成果。
{"title":"The Evolution of Printed Lens and Transmitarray Antennas: Navigating representative past, present, and future designs and manufacturing techniques","authors":"Yahya Rahmat-Samii;Junbo Wang;Anastasios Papathanasopoulos","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3398564","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3398564","url":null,"abstract":"The IEEE Society’s 140th anniversary and the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society’s 75th anniversary mark significant milestones in their enduring academic and industrial contributions. Notably, there is a discernible rise in demand for high-performance antennas, continually challenging the boundaries of manufacturing techniques. Innovations in manufacturing act as catalysts, propelling researchers and engineers to explore unconventional design paradigms and push modern antenna performance limits. The evolution of printed lens and transmitarray antenna technologies exemplifies collaborative out-of-the-box developments at the intersection of antenna design and manufacturing methods. In this invited review article, we delineate key advancements in lens and transmitarray antenna manufacturing technologies and their consequential impact on antenna design methodologies. Commencing with foundational techniques, such as milling and injection molding, advancing through printed circuit board (PCB) processes, and culminating in the cutting-edge capabilities of 3D printing, this article reviews the chronological progression that significantly enhances the design possibilities and functionality of lens and transmitarray antennas. Ample representative references are provided to facilitate further exploration of research conducted by other researchers.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141169144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3392442
Cynthia Furse
The IEEE Antennas and Propagation Education Committee was established over 50 years ago to further the mission of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) in supporting the educational needs of the Society. This article describes the activities that have been generated over the years including graduate and undergraduate fellowships and summer research opportunities, travel funds, tutorials, and Expert Now online classes.
{"title":"A History of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Education Committee: A visionary past and a vision for the future","authors":"Cynthia Furse","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3392442","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3392442","url":null,"abstract":"The IEEE Antennas and Propagation Education Committee was established over 50 years ago to further the mission of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) in supporting the educational needs of the Society. This article describes the activities that have been generated over the years including graduate and undergraduate fellowships and summer research opportunities, travel funds, tutorials, and Expert Now online classes.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10539366","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141173364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3399169
C. J. Reddy
Young Professionals (YPs) of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) are excited to announce that the AP-S won the prestigious 2023 IEEE Young Professionals Hall of Fame award from IEEE YPs. This award is meant to recognize active and inspiring YPs affinity groups and Society groups worldwide, based on their activities [1] . As the winner of the award, the AP-S received a plaque ( Figure 1 ) and US ${$}$ 500 cash prize designated for future activities. AP-S YPs were recognized for this achievement at the IEEE Student Activities Committee (SAC)/YPs/Women in Engineering (WIE) Joint Meeting on 15–17 March 2024, in Lisbon, Portugal, in the presence of Saifur Rahman, 2023 IEEE president and chief executive officer; Fred Schindler, IEEE vice president of technical activities; Antonio Luque, chair-elect/vice president-elect, IEEE Member and Geographic Activities Board; and Hasala Dharmawardena, chair, IEEE YPs ( Figure 2 ).
{"title":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Wins the IEEE Young Professionals Hall of Fame Award: Recognizing Young Professionals’ activities and contributions","authors":"C. J. Reddy","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3399169","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3399169","url":null,"abstract":"Young Professionals (YPs) of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) are excited to announce that the AP-S won the prestigious 2023 IEEE Young Professionals Hall of Fame award from IEEE YPs. This award is meant to recognize active and inspiring YPs affinity groups and Society groups worldwide, based on their activities \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000. As the winner of the award, the AP-S received a plaque (\u0000<xref>Figure 1</xref>\u0000) and US\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>${$}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000500 cash prize designated for future activities. AP-S YPs were recognized for this achievement at the IEEE Student Activities Committee (SAC)/YPs/Women in Engineering (WIE) Joint Meeting on 15–17 March 2024, in Lisbon, Portugal, in the presence of Saifur Rahman, 2023 IEEE president and chief executive officer; Fred Schindler, IEEE vice president of technical activities; Antonio Luque, chair-elect/vice president-elect, IEEE Member and Geographic Activities Board; and Hasala Dharmawardena, chair, IEEE YPs (\u0000<xref>Figure 2</xref>\u0000).","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10536602","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3393350
Stefano Maci
In this article, we embark on a historical journey through the development of radio-frequency (RF) metamaterials (MTMs) and metasurfaces (MTSs), tracing their evolution from theoretical concepts well before the name was coined. Along the way, we explore key milestones, breakthroughs, and the profound impact of these engineered materials on antennas, microwaves, and beyond.
{"title":"Electromagnetic Metamaterials and Metasurfaces: A historical journey","authors":"Stefano Maci","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3393350","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3393350","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we embark on a historical journey through the development of radio-frequency (RF) metamaterials (MTMs) and metasurfaces (MTSs), tracing their evolution from theoretical concepts well before the name was coined. Along the way, we explore key milestones, breakthroughs, and the profound impact of these engineered materials on antennas, microwaves, and beyond.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3392440
Guido Lombardi
This article outlines the steps, the decision process, the motivations, and the story that inspired the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) to have a new logo—starting from the beginning and acknowledging the historical path.
{"title":"A Brief History of Our Logo: A long and exciting initiative","authors":"Guido Lombardi","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3392440","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3392440","url":null,"abstract":"This article outlines the steps, the decision process, the motivations, and the story that inspired the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) to have a new logo—starting from the beginning and acknowledging the historical path.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10537057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3398051
Trevor S. Bird
The IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) in 2024 is 75 years old. This article describes the evolution of the Society from 1949 up to its 75th anniversary. The AP-S has come a long way since its beginning in 1949. From a mainly male Society to its present-day makeup, it has had four women presidents and is encouraging younger members through scholarships and activities, such as Women in Engineering (WIE) and Young Professionals (YPs). Another major change has been the internationalization of the Society from North American to having members distributed across the globe. This is also reflected in now holding its annual IEEE conferences in other countries. The strength of AP-S technical content is measured by the success of the Society’s transactions, which ranks in the top three of all IEEE publications by downloads, and the creation of four other Society publications. The growth of the Society since the early 2000s and its solid financial position are driven by the wireless revolution and the use of electromagnetics and radiation in a wide range of applications.
{"title":"The IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society in Its 75th Year: A historical overview","authors":"Trevor S. Bird","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3398051","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3398051","url":null,"abstract":"The IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) in 2024 is 75 years old. This article describes the evolution of the Society from 1949 up to its 75th anniversary. The AP-S has come a long way since its beginning in 1949. From a mainly male Society to its present-day makeup, it has had four women presidents and is encouraging younger members through scholarships and activities, such as Women in Engineering (WIE) and Young Professionals (YPs). Another major change has been the internationalization of the Society from North American to having members distributed across the globe. This is also reflected in now holding its annual IEEE conferences in other countries. The strength of AP-S technical content is measured by the success of the Society’s transactions, which ranks in the top three of all IEEE publications by downloads, and the creation of four other Society publications. The growth of the Society since the early 2000s and its solid financial position are driven by the wireless revolution and the use of electromagnetics and radiation in a wide range of applications.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10536614","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-09DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3389456
Jae-Yeong Lee;Jaehyun Choi;Myoungsun Kim;Dongseop Lee;Minkyung Kim;Wonbin Hong
This article presents a cost-effective, multifunctional far-field measurement system for high-directive and multibeam scenarios across the desired half-plane space of the 3D spherical range in millimeter-wave (mm-wave)/subterahertz (sub-THz) antennas. To realize these far-field measurement systems that can be widely utilized in various mm-wave/sub-THz applications, three representative measurement scenarios consisting of distinctly different antenna types and feed interfaces are exemplified and discussed under realistic constraints amid pragmatic antenna measurement challenges. In particular, cost-effective device-under-test (DUT) sample-fixturing methods and considerations of metallic weights for minimizing undesired vibrations in the rotary stage are utilized in the proposed far-field system to enhance the measurement capability and accuracy. Afterward, each measurement scenario is demonstrated using the exemplified samples. Finally, the main features and possibilities for further improvement are extensively discussed regarding the proposed measurement methods and system through a comparison with state-of-the-art references.
{"title":"Streamlined Millimeter-Wave and Subterahertz Spherical Far-Field Measurement System Supporting Various Antenna Types and Feed Interfaces: Use cases of antenna measurement system","authors":"Jae-Yeong Lee;Jaehyun Choi;Myoungsun Kim;Dongseop Lee;Minkyung Kim;Wonbin Hong","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3389456","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3389456","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a cost-effective, multifunctional far-field measurement system for high-directive and multibeam scenarios across the desired half-plane space of the 3D spherical range in millimeter-wave (mm-wave)/subterahertz (sub-THz) antennas. To realize these far-field measurement systems that can be widely utilized in various mm-wave/sub-THz applications, three representative measurement scenarios consisting of distinctly different antenna types and feed interfaces are exemplified and discussed under realistic constraints amid pragmatic antenna measurement challenges. In particular, cost-effective device-under-test (DUT) sample-fixturing methods and considerations of metallic weights for minimizing undesired vibrations in the rotary stage are utilized in the proposed far-field system to enhance the measurement capability and accuracy. Afterward, each measurement scenario is demonstrated using the exemplified samples. Finally, the main features and possibilities for further improvement are extensively discussed regarding the proposed measurement methods and system through a comparison with state-of-the-art references.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140930534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3358236
Fengchun Zhang;Zhengpeng Wang;Tian-Hong Loh;Yunsong Gui;Si Tang;Wei Fan
Millimeter wave (mm-wave) antenna array systems with high-gain beam-steerable capability play a key role in fulfilling the high data-rate demands of the 5G and beyond wireless technologies. Rigorous array calibration is essential to ensure that their radiation performance fulfills the standard requirements before massive rollout. These tests will exclusively transition to over-the-air (OTA) testing approaches with antennas included due to the lack of antenna connectors and their compact and highly integrated designs in emerging mm-wave radio systems. This has posed huge challenges for measurement and calibration of mm-wave antenna arrays due to the more demanding requirement on system complexity, implementation cost, measurement time, and measurement uncertainty. In this article, a multiprobe framework for phased-array calibration is introduced, aiming to achieve objectives including measurement range reduction, measurement efficiency improvement, and measurement accuracy enhancement compared with the conventional single-probe method. The basic principle, capabilities, limitations, and design of multiprobe configuration are detailed for each measurement objective. Moreover, extensive measurement results were presented to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed multiprobe-based array calibration algorithms for each measurement objective.
{"title":"Multiprobe-Enabled Over-the-Air Calibration of Millimeter-Wave Antenna Arrays: Concepts and experimental validations","authors":"Fengchun Zhang;Zhengpeng Wang;Tian-Hong Loh;Yunsong Gui;Si Tang;Wei Fan","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3358236","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3358236","url":null,"abstract":"Millimeter wave (mm-wave) antenna array systems with high-gain beam-steerable capability play a key role in fulfilling the high data-rate demands of the 5G and beyond wireless technologies. Rigorous array calibration is essential to ensure that their radiation performance fulfills the standard requirements before massive rollout. These tests will exclusively transition to over-the-air (OTA) testing approaches with antennas included due to the lack of antenna connectors and their compact and highly integrated designs in emerging mm-wave radio systems. This has posed huge challenges for measurement and calibration of mm-wave antenna arrays due to the more demanding requirement on system complexity, implementation cost, measurement time, and measurement uncertainty. In this article, a multiprobe framework for phased-array calibration is introduced, aiming to achieve objectives including measurement range reduction, measurement efficiency improvement, and measurement accuracy enhancement compared with the conventional single-probe method. The basic principle, capabilities, limitations, and design of multiprobe configuration are detailed for each measurement objective. Moreover, extensive measurement results were presented to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed multiprobe-based array calibration algorithms for each measurement objective.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140075898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2024.3393889
Constantine A. Balanis
This article is a historical review of the introduction, development, and advancement of antenna technology, starting with the spark-gap transmission and reception by Hertz in the late 1880s. The article underscores some of the basic antenna designs that contributed to the evolution of antenna technology, especially linear dipoles and loops, which were part of Hertz’s 1886 spark-gap dipole transmitter and loop receiver experiment, and also describes some of their basic radiation characteristics.
{"title":"The Evolution of Antenna Technology: History, dipoles, and loops","authors":"Constantine A. Balanis","doi":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3393889","DOIUrl":"10.1109/MAP.2024.3393889","url":null,"abstract":"This article is a historical review of the introduction, development, and advancement of antenna technology, starting with the spark-gap transmission and reception by Hertz in the late 1880s. The article underscores some of the basic antenna designs that contributed to the evolution of antenna technology, especially linear dipoles and loops, which were part of Hertz’s 1886 spark-gap dipole transmitter and loop receiver experiment, and also describes some of their basic radiation characteristics.","PeriodicalId":13090,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140930621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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