The shared-aperture antenna is considered an attractive high-integration solution to support the cooperative work of sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave (mmW) frequency bands. Current share-aperture designs, however, face challenges in simultaneously realizing dual polarization, low-profile, and mmW beam-scanning arrays. In this communication, to deal with this issue, a dual-polarized coplanar shared-aperture antenna integrating sub-6-GHz metasurface (MTS) and mmW magnetoelectric (ME) dipole for 5G (4.9, 26 GHz) wireless terminals is proposed. By leveraging the sub wavelength characteristics of MTS unit cells, each cell integrates an embedded ME-dipole element. Meanwhile, the MTS unit cells are perforated for the miniaturization of the sub-6-GHz antenna while accommodating the $4times 4$ mmW ME-dipole array. Therefore, both the sub-6-GHz MTS and the mmW ME-dipole share the same aperture and profile, resulting in a very compact size of $0.46times 0.46times 0.028~lambda _{L}^{3}$ ($lambda _{L}$ is the wavelength in free space at 4.9 GHz). The open-loop resonator (OLR) structure is introduced to MTS for decoupling between the MTS cell and the ME-dipole in the mmW band. For validation, an antenna prototype is fabricated and tested.
{"title":"Low-Profile Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Coplanar Shared-Aperture Antenna Using Perforated Metasurface for 5G (4.9, 26 GHz) Mobile Terminals","authors":"Jun-Yao Yang;Tian-Yu Yan;Xin-Hao Ding;Jie-Er Zhang;Wen-Wen Yang;Yichun Shen;Jian-Xin Chen","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3592807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3592807","url":null,"abstract":"The shared-aperture antenna is considered an attractive high-integration solution to support the cooperative work of sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave (mmW) frequency bands. Current share-aperture designs, however, face challenges in simultaneously realizing dual polarization, low-profile, and mmW beam-scanning arrays. In this communication, to deal with this issue, a dual-polarized coplanar shared-aperture antenna integrating sub-6-GHz metasurface (MTS) and mmW magnetoelectric (ME) dipole for 5G (4.9, 26 GHz) wireless terminals is proposed. By leveraging the sub wavelength characteristics of MTS unit cells, each cell integrates an embedded ME-dipole element. Meanwhile, the MTS unit cells are perforated for the miniaturization of the sub-6-GHz antenna while accommodating the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mmW ME-dipole array. Therefore, both the sub-6-GHz MTS and the mmW ME-dipole share the same aperture and profile, resulting in a very compact size of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.46times 0.46times 0.028~lambda _{L}^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda _{L}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the wavelength in free space at 4.9 GHz). The open-loop resonator (OLR) structure is introduced to MTS for decoupling between the MTS cell and the ME-dipole in the mmW band. For validation, an antenna prototype is fabricated and tested.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 11","pages":"9607-9612"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3592794
Zengdi Bao;Yinbo Zhao;Kexin Chen;Yijie Zhao;Yang Li;Xueyao Hu;Zaiping Nie
A compact single-layer substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) slot array antenna with high aperture efficiency and low sidelobe level (SLL) is proposed in this work. The array antenna comprises four linear slot arrays in parallel. By feeding at the center using a novel serial SIW power divider, each linear array is converted into two shorter ones. In addition, to resolve the problem of aperture blockage, slots are etched on the top surface of the designed SIW power divider without damaging the divider. Consequently, high aperture efficiency and suppressed SLL in H-plane can be obtained. Meanwhile, the cross-polarization (X-pol) of the antenna is not compromised by these added slots, reason of which is elaborated. Moreover, the proposed antenna is realized on a single-layer substrate, thus slashing the fabrication complexity and cost, which is critical for mass production. Experiments show that the proposed antenna maintains low SLL in both E- and H-planes throughout the entire impedance bandwidth from 77.6 to 81.8 GHz (5.3%). At the center frequency, the gain is 19.1 dBi (53.4% aperture efficiency), and the SLL is −17.1 dB in H-plane and −16.8 dB in E-plane. Due to good overall characteristics, the proposed center-fed SIW slot array antenna is a good candidate for millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications.
{"title":"Compact Center-Fed SIW Slot Array Antenna With Low Sidelobe Level","authors":"Zengdi Bao;Yinbo Zhao;Kexin Chen;Yijie Zhao;Yang Li;Xueyao Hu;Zaiping Nie","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3592794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3592794","url":null,"abstract":"A compact single-layer substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) slot array antenna with high aperture efficiency and low sidelobe level (SLL) is proposed in this work. The array antenna comprises four linear slot arrays in parallel. By feeding at the center using a novel serial SIW power divider, each linear array is converted into two shorter ones. In addition, to resolve the problem of aperture blockage, slots are etched on the top surface of the designed SIW power divider without damaging the divider. Consequently, high aperture efficiency and suppressed SLL in H-plane can be obtained. Meanwhile, the cross-polarization (X-pol) of the antenna is not compromised by these added slots, reason of which is elaborated. Moreover, the proposed antenna is realized on a single-layer substrate, thus slashing the fabrication complexity and cost, which is critical for mass production. Experiments show that the proposed antenna maintains low SLL in both E- and H-planes throughout the entire impedance bandwidth from 77.6 to 81.8 GHz (5.3%). At the center frequency, the gain is 19.1 dBi (53.4% aperture efficiency), and the SLL is −17.1 dB in H-plane and −16.8 dB in E-plane. Due to good overall characteristics, the proposed center-fed SIW slot array antenna is a good candidate for millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 11","pages":"9589-9594"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3592726
Wanping Zhang;Bo Li;Lei Zhu
This communication presents a unified method for extracting and characterizing the equivalent-circuit parameters of frequency-selective surface (uniformly abbreviated as FSS), by introducing the concept of numerical short-open and short-open-load (SOL) calibration techniques using a “field-circuit” combination approach. Each periodic element of an FSS is modeled as a two-port network, which is then divided into three cascaded subnetworks: two spatially excited feedlines and a core element loading. By establishing the perfect standards of ideal short-circuit, open-circuit, and matching load at reference planes along all the feeding parts, the entire network parameters can be solved across a wide frequency band under periodic boundary conditions (PBCs). A suitable equivalent-circuit model (ECM) is then formulated, allowing for systematic and quantitative characterization of all circuit parameters via extractions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by extracting simple and regular 2-D element models, as well as 3-D stacked slotline element models. The method yields accurate extraction results with specified ECM for arbitrary incident angles or polarizations within fundamental mode operation.
{"title":"Numerical Short-Open (and Load) Calibration Technique for Unified Extraction of Equivalent-Circuit Parameters in FSS Design","authors":"Wanping Zhang;Bo Li;Lei Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3592726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3592726","url":null,"abstract":"This communication presents a unified method for extracting and characterizing the equivalent-circuit parameters of frequency-selective surface (uniformly abbreviated as FSS), by introducing the concept of numerical short-open and short-open-load (SOL) calibration techniques using a “field-circuit” combination approach. Each periodic element of an FSS is modeled as a two-port network, which is then divided into three cascaded subnetworks: two spatially excited feedlines and a core element loading. By establishing the perfect standards of ideal short-circuit, open-circuit, and matching load at reference planes along all the feeding parts, the entire network parameters can be solved across a wide frequency band under periodic boundary conditions (PBCs). A suitable equivalent-circuit model (ECM) is then formulated, allowing for systematic and quantitative characterization of all circuit parameters via extractions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by extracting simple and regular 2-D element models, as well as 3-D stacked slotline element models. The method yields accurate extraction results with specified ECM for arbitrary incident angles or polarizations within fundamental mode operation.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 11","pages":"9642-9647"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3592819
Xin-Yue Lou;Jun-Bo Zhang;Da-Miao Yu;Deng-Feng Wang;Xiao-Min Pan
This work develops a solver based on the neural networks, where the discrete form of integral equations (IEs) is embedded to address both forward and inverse dynamic electromagnetic scattering problems. Since the input is the real-valued coordinates while the output is the complex-valued fields, our proposed solver distinguishes itself from existing neural network solvers. Different network structures to handle the phase information contained in the complex-valued numbers are investigated. Improvements are developed to enhance the performance of the proposed solver. Numerical simulations for 2-D electromagnetic scattering in both forward and inverse problems were conducted to validate the proposed solver.
{"title":"Solution of Electromagnetic Scattering and Inverse Scattering by Integral Equations Through Neural Networks","authors":"Xin-Yue Lou;Jun-Bo Zhang;Da-Miao Yu;Deng-Feng Wang;Xiao-Min Pan","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3592819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3592819","url":null,"abstract":"This work develops a solver based on the neural networks, where the discrete form of integral equations (IEs) is embedded to address both forward and inverse dynamic electromagnetic scattering problems. Since the input is the real-valued coordinates while the output is the complex-valued fields, our proposed solver distinguishes itself from existing neural network solvers. Different network structures to handle the phase information contained in the complex-valued numbers are investigated. Improvements are developed to enhance the performance of the proposed solver. Numerical simulations for 2-D electromagnetic scattering in both forward and inverse problems were conducted to validate the proposed solver.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 11","pages":"9654-9659"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-29DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3591898
Minjie Huang;Ziyuan Xu;Xiangrui Meng;Tianfang Sun;Xiaoyu Pang;Da Liang;Yixiang Fu
This communication presents an efficient approach for designing high-performance multilayer frequency-selective structures (MFSS). First, based on the approximate equivalent transmission line (TL) model of symmetric MFSS, the general characteristics of its transmission matrix and power loss ratio (PLR) are derived. By matching this PLR expression with that of standard filter responses, the required circuit parameters in the TL model are solved to achieve standard filtering characteristics. Furthermore, a cascaded matching method (CMM) is proposed to identify array elements with the desired equivalent LC parameters, thereby enabling the design of MFSS with standard filter responses. The proposed approach eliminates the need for impedance inverters, phase shifters, and tedious calculations between equivalent circuit transformations of dielectric layers and metallic array layers. However, the CMM method avoids reliance on empirical formulas or prior knowledge when searching for array elements with specified equivalent LC parameters.
{"title":"An Efficient Design Method for Multilayer Frequency-Selective Structures Based on Transmission Line Filter Model","authors":"Minjie Huang;Ziyuan Xu;Xiangrui Meng;Tianfang Sun;Xiaoyu Pang;Da Liang;Yixiang Fu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3591898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3591898","url":null,"abstract":"This communication presents an efficient approach for designing high-performance multilayer frequency-selective structures (MFSS). First, based on the approximate equivalent transmission line (TL) model of symmetric MFSS, the general characteristics of its transmission matrix and power loss ratio (PLR) are derived. By matching this PLR expression with that of standard filter responses, the required circuit parameters in the TL model are solved to achieve standard filtering characteristics. Furthermore, a cascaded matching method (CMM) is proposed to identify array elements with the desired equivalent <italic>LC</i> parameters, thereby enabling the design of MFSS with standard filter responses. The proposed approach eliminates the need for impedance inverters, phase shifters, and tedious calculations between equivalent circuit transformations of dielectric layers and metallic array layers. However, the CMM method avoids reliance on empirical formulas or prior knowledge when searching for array elements with specified equivalent <italic>LC</i> parameters.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 11","pages":"9631-9635"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-29DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3591969
Wan Jun Yang;Peng Fei Hu;Xin Dai
A wideband circularly polarized (CP) filtering antenna based on the crossed dipole is presented in this communication. The proposed CP filtering antenna is composed of an L-shaped crossed-dipole antenna and parasitic elements. The novel parasitic elements consist of four rotationally symmetric shorted L-shaped patches, four symmetric L-shaped patches, and one shorting post. They can not only broaden the CP bandwidth but also introduce multiple radiation nulls for filtering response. The L-shaped crossed dipole and the shorting post are used to improve the CP performance. A prototype of the proposed design is fabricated and measured for verification. The prototype with a profile of $0.17lambda _{l}$ has a wide usable bandwidth ($vert text {S}_{11}vert lt -10$ dB and axial ratio (AR) <3> $lambda _{l}$ denotes the wavelength in vacuum at the lowest operating frequency. It also has stable radiation patterns with an antenna gain of 7.8 dBic within the passband. In addition, good filtering performance is obtained with a high out-of-band suppression level of more than 17 dB.
提出了一种基于交叉偶极子的宽带圆极化滤波天线。所提出的CP滤波天线由l型交叉偶极子天线和寄生元件组成。该新型寄生元件由四个旋转对称的l形短片、四个对称的l形短片和一个短柱组成。它们不仅可以拓宽CP带宽，而且可以引入多个辐射零点来滤波响应。采用l型交叉偶极子和短柱来提高CP性能。制作了所提出设计的原型并进行了测量以进行验证。轮廓为$0.17lambda _{l}$的原型具有较宽的可用带宽（$vert text {S}_{11}vert lt -10$ dB），轴向比（AR） $lambda _{l}$表示真空中最低工作频率下的波长。它还具有稳定的辐射模式，在通带内的天线增益为7.8 dBic。此外，具有良好的滤波性能，带外抑制水平超过17db。
{"title":"A Filtering, Wideband Circularly Polarized Crossed-Dipole Antenna","authors":"Wan Jun Yang;Peng Fei Hu;Xin Dai","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3591969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3591969","url":null,"abstract":"A wideband circularly polarized (CP) filtering antenna based on the crossed dipole is presented in this communication. The proposed CP filtering antenna is composed of an L-shaped crossed-dipole antenna and parasitic elements. The novel parasitic elements consist of four rotationally symmetric shorted L-shaped patches, four symmetric L-shaped patches, and one shorting post. They can not only broaden the CP bandwidth but also introduce multiple radiation nulls for filtering response. The L-shaped crossed dipole and the shorting post are used to improve the CP performance. A prototype of the proposed design is fabricated and measured for verification. The prototype with a profile of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.17lambda _{l}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> has a wide usable bandwidth (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$vert text {S}_{11}vert lt -10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB and axial ratio (AR) <3> <tex-math>$lambda _{l}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> denotes the wavelength in vacuum at the lowest operating frequency. It also has stable radiation patterns with an antenna gain of 7.8 dBic within the passband. In addition, good filtering performance is obtained with a high out-of-band suppression level of more than 17 dB.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 11","pages":"9583-9588"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-28DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3589720
Ya Pan;Juhua Liu;Zhihong Deng
In this communication, a novel technique is proposed to enhance the front-to-back ratio (FTBR) for an endfire traveling wave antenna by using shorting posts. Without matching load at the terminal, the proposed technique has the advantage of low cost and avoids heating caused by load, especially for high-power application. An endfire traveling wave antenna is developed to achieve high gain with a simple structure, comprising an air-filled offset parallel transmission line with closely loaded identical dipoles. However, the initial design suffers from the substantial reflected wave that degrades the FTBR. To enhance the FTBR of the antenna, two shorting posts are introduced. With multiple reflections induced by the shorting posts and the opened end, the magnitude of the total reflected wave is substantially suppressed and the FTBR is enhanced consequently. The final design, with simple structure and lost cost, is fabricated and measured. With a compact size of $4.76~lambda _{mathbf {0}} times 0.43~lambda _{mathbf {0}} times 0.03~lambda _{mathbf {0}}$ , the antenna achieves a peak gain of 15.45 dBi and a high FTBR of over 15 dB in a fractional band of about 12%.
{"title":"Enhancement of Front-to-Back Ratio for a High-Gain Endfire Traveling Wave Antenna Using Shorting Posts","authors":"Ya Pan;Juhua Liu;Zhihong Deng","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3589720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3589720","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, a novel technique is proposed to enhance the front-to-back ratio (FTBR) for an endfire traveling wave antenna by using shorting posts. Without matching load at the terminal, the proposed technique has the advantage of low cost and avoids heating caused by load, especially for high-power application. An endfire traveling wave antenna is developed to achieve high gain with a simple structure, comprising an air-filled offset parallel transmission line with closely loaded identical dipoles. However, the initial design suffers from the substantial reflected wave that degrades the FTBR. To enhance the FTBR of the antenna, two shorting posts are introduced. With multiple reflections induced by the shorting posts and the opened end, the magnitude of the total reflected wave is substantially suppressed and the FTBR is enhanced consequently. The final design, with simple structure and lost cost, is fabricated and measured. With a compact size of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4.76~lambda _{mathbf {0}} times 0.43~lambda _{mathbf {0}} times 0.03~lambda _{mathbf {0}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, the antenna achieves a peak gain of 15.45 dBi and a high FTBR of over 15 dB in a fractional band of about 12%.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 11","pages":"9547-9552"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This communication proposes a novel technique for designing a broadside-radiating, low-profile grounded-dipole antenna—referred to here as a low-profile thin-microstrip antenna—which achieves wide bandwidth using characteristic mode analysis (CMA) and a holographic metasurface (HM). Initially, a $3 times 3$ subwavelength patch array is stacked on a grounded dipole antenna to achieve wideband impedance matching. There are two resonant frequencies: one corresponding to the thin microstrip and the other to the patch array. To separate these resonant frequencies, a thin-microstrip-oriented slot is implemented in the center patch of the array. The deteriorated impedance matching at the center of the bandwidth (14 GHz) caused by the center patch slot is addressed by integrating an HM around the patch array, which introduces an additional surface-wave propagating mode. The simulated and measured −10-dB impedance bandwidths are 25.5% and 24.9%, respectively, with an ultrathin profile of $0.025lambda _{0}$ at the center frequency.
{"title":"Broadband Holographic Mode Synthesis Between Adjacent Resonances for a Low-Profile Thin-Microstrip Antenna-Fed Metasurface","authors":"Byeongjin Kim;Seungwoo Bang;Sumin Yun;Hosaeng Kim;Jungsuek Oh","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3590571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3590571","url":null,"abstract":"This communication proposes a novel technique for designing a broadside-radiating, low-profile grounded-dipole antenna—referred to here as a low-profile thin-microstrip antenna—which achieves wide bandwidth using characteristic mode analysis (CMA) and a holographic metasurface (HM). Initially, a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3 times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> subwavelength patch array is stacked on a grounded dipole antenna to achieve wideband impedance matching. There are two resonant frequencies: one corresponding to the thin microstrip and the other to the patch array. To separate these resonant frequencies, a thin-microstrip-oriented slot is implemented in the center patch of the array. The deteriorated impedance matching at the center of the bandwidth (14 GHz) caused by the center patch slot is addressed by integrating an HM around the patch array, which introduces an additional surface-wave propagating mode. The simulated and measured −10-dB impedance bandwidths are 25.5% and 24.9%, respectively, with an ultrathin profile of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.025lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at the center frequency.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 11","pages":"9577-9582"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-24DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3590573
Yat Sing To;Hang Wong
In the sub-terahertz (sub-THz) spectrum, high-frequency horn antennas face stringent design constraints, including microscale fabrication challenges, wide bandwidth requirements, and symmetric radiation for advanced applications like metasurface feeding. This communication presents a novel horn antenna featuring a parasitic dipole integrated with a compact conical horn, innovatively addressing these constraints. The dipole, inspired by the complementary antenna concept, ensures axially symmetric amplitude and phase distributions, achieving symmetric E-/H-plane patterns critical for metasurface feeds. Unlike complex ridged or corrugated horns, the proposed design leverages simple computer numerical control (CNC) fabrication, mitigating sub-THz manufacturing difficulties while maintaining a compact form. Simulated and measured results show excellent agreement, with measured gain ranging from 11 to 14 dBi, wide 43.48% impedance bandwidth, low back radiation of −30 dB, and low cross-polarization of −40 dB. The proposed design offers a unique combination of bandwidth, symmetry, and fabrication simplicity that outperforms traditional high-frequency horns, showing significant potential for metasurface-based sub-THz applications.
{"title":"Wideband Sub-Terahertz Horn Antenna With Parasitic Dipole for Metasurface Feeding Network","authors":"Yat Sing To;Hang Wong","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3590573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3590573","url":null,"abstract":"In the sub-terahertz (sub-THz) spectrum, high-frequency horn antennas face stringent design constraints, including microscale fabrication challenges, wide bandwidth requirements, and symmetric radiation for advanced applications like metasurface feeding. This communication presents a novel horn antenna featuring a parasitic dipole integrated with a compact conical horn, innovatively addressing these constraints. The dipole, inspired by the complementary antenna concept, ensures axially symmetric amplitude and phase distributions, achieving symmetric E-/H-plane patterns critical for metasurface feeds. Unlike complex ridged or corrugated horns, the proposed design leverages simple computer numerical control (CNC) fabrication, mitigating sub-THz manufacturing difficulties while maintaining a compact form. Simulated and measured results show excellent agreement, with measured gain ranging from 11 to 14 dBi, wide 43.48% impedance bandwidth, low back radiation of −30 dB, and low cross-polarization of −40 dB. The proposed design offers a unique combination of bandwidth, symmetry, and fabrication simplicity that outperforms traditional high-frequency horns, showing significant potential for metasurface-based sub-THz applications.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 11","pages":"9571-9576"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-24DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3590586
Lingguo Min;Yang Hu;Tianxiang Jin;Yang You;Kai Wang;Ye Wang;Yunlong Lu
This communication introduces a millimeter-wave (mmW) wideband scalable ±45° dual-polarized antenna array (DPAA) based on low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology. The patch antennas, serving as dual-polarized elements, are rotated 45° to generate a low-sidelobe radiation patterns in E- and H-planes for both polarizations. A rectangular slot and a pair of Z-shaped probes are used to excite each patch element to generate ±45° dual-polarized radiation in a wideband. The rotation of radiating elements also creates adequate space for integrating differential feeding networks (FNs) within the footprint of the radiating part. This configuration enables the proposed DPAA to achieve the features of wideband dual-polarized radiation performance and array scalability simultaneously. Two separate differential FNs are embedded in multiple substrate layers to reduce the occupied space. They integrate cascaded wideband in-phase and out-of-phase power dividers (PDs), implemented by substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) and substrate-integrated coaxial line (SICL) technologies, respectively. A prototype of a $4times 4$ -element wideband ±45° DPAA is fabricated for demonstration. Experimental results show that the proposed DPAA exhibits stable radiation patterns with low sidelobe levels (SLLs) for both polarizations across the frequency range of 24.5–32.5 GHz [fractional bandwidth (FBW): 28%]. In the same frequency range, the measured cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) is better than 38.2 dB and peak gain surpasses 16.5 dBi.
{"title":"LTCC-Based Millimeter-Wave Wideband Scalable ±45° Dual-Polarized Antenna Array","authors":"Lingguo Min;Yang Hu;Tianxiang Jin;Yang You;Kai Wang;Ye Wang;Yunlong Lu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3590586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3590586","url":null,"abstract":"This communication introduces a millimeter-wave (mmW) wideband scalable ±45° dual-polarized antenna array (DPAA) based on low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology. The patch antennas, serving as dual-polarized elements, are rotated 45° to generate a low-sidelobe radiation patterns in E- and H-planes for both polarizations. A rectangular slot and a pair of Z-shaped probes are used to excite each patch element to generate ±45° dual-polarized radiation in a wideband. The rotation of radiating elements also creates adequate space for integrating differential feeding networks (FNs) within the footprint of the radiating part. This configuration enables the proposed DPAA to achieve the features of wideband dual-polarized radiation performance and array scalability simultaneously. Two separate differential FNs are embedded in multiple substrate layers to reduce the occupied space. They integrate cascaded wideband in-phase and out-of-phase power dividers (PDs), implemented by substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) and substrate-integrated coaxial line (SICL) technologies, respectively. A prototype of a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-element wideband ±45° DPAA is fabricated for demonstration. Experimental results show that the proposed DPAA exhibits stable radiation patterns with low sidelobe levels (SLLs) for both polarizations across the frequency range of 24.5–32.5 GHz [fractional bandwidth (FBW): 28%]. In the same frequency range, the measured cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) is better than 38.2 dB and peak gain surpasses 16.5 dBi.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 11","pages":"9613-9618"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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