Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3456380
Haixia Liu;Xiaonan Wu;Hao Xue;Song Zhang;Yicen Li;Shihao Zhao;Long Li
In order to solve the key problems of wireless communication and wireless power supply of the current growing number of wireless devices in the 5G/6G era, a multitarget simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) scheme based on anisotropy-metasurface field (AMF) synthesis is proposed and analyzed. By designing an anisotropic-metasurface unit and proposing a field synthesis algorithm, metasurfaces are capable of independently modulating double linear-polarization waves can be designed. The metasurface radiates dual-polarization multifocal beams and carries wireless power with x-polarization waves and information with y-polarization waves, which enables the cooperative transmission of information and power to multiple targets while retaining easy separation. For various multitarget SWIPT scenarios, a single-feed and multiple-focus (SFMF) metasurface and a dual-feed and multiple-focus (DFMF) metasurface are designed to radiate dual-polarization multifocal beams both with a total transfer efficiency of over 40%. Besides, a dual-polarization and dual-port receiving array antenna is designed for harvesting power and information in SWIPT systems. Based on polarization diversity (PD), this work provides a simple and feasible idea for the design of multitarget SWIPT systems.
为了解决目前 5G/6G 时代无线设备日益增多所带来的无线通信和无线供电等关键问题，本文提出并分析了一种基于各向异性-元面场（AMF）合成的多目标同步无线信息和电力传输（SWIPT）方案。通过设计各向异性元面单元并提出场合成算法，可以设计出能够独立调制双线性极化波的元面。元表面辐射双极化多焦波束，以 x 极化波承载无线电功率，以 y 极化波承载信息，从而实现向多个目标协同传输信息和功率，同时又能保持轻松分离。针对各种多目标 SWIPT 场景，设计了单馈电多聚焦（SFMF）元面和双馈电多聚焦（DFMF）元面来辐射双偏振多焦光束，总传输效率均超过 40%。此外，还设计了一种双极化、双端口接收阵列天线，用于在 SWIPT 系统中收集功率和信息。基于极化分集（PD），这项研究为多目标 SWIPT 系统的设计提供了一个简单可行的思路。
{"title":"Multitarget Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) Scheme Based on Anisotropy-Metasurface Field Synthesis","authors":"Haixia Liu;Xiaonan Wu;Hao Xue;Song Zhang;Yicen Li;Shihao Zhao;Long Li","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3456380","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3456380","url":null,"abstract":"In order to solve the key problems of wireless communication and wireless power supply of the current growing number of wireless devices in the 5G/6G era, a multitarget simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) scheme based on anisotropy-metasurface field (AMF) synthesis is proposed and analyzed. By designing an anisotropic-metasurface unit and proposing a field synthesis algorithm, metasurfaces are capable of independently modulating double linear-polarization waves can be designed. The metasurface radiates dual-polarization multifocal beams and carries wireless power with x-polarization waves and information with y-polarization waves, which enables the cooperative transmission of information and power to multiple targets while retaining easy separation. For various multitarget SWIPT scenarios, a single-feed and multiple-focus (SFMF) metasurface and a dual-feed and multiple-focus (DFMF) metasurface are designed to radiate dual-polarization multifocal beams both with a total transfer efficiency of over 40%. Besides, a dual-polarization and dual-port receiving array antenna is designed for harvesting power and information in SWIPT systems. Based on polarization diversity (PD), this work provides a simple and feasible idea for the design of multitarget SWIPT systems.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8466-8475"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3455567
Marianna Biscarini;Roberto Nebuloni;Laura Dossi;Saverio Di Fabio;Paolo Scaccia;Tiziana Cherubini;Carlo Riva;Lorenzo Luini
To minimize the impact of propagation impairments occurring at Ka-band and beyond, satellite communication (SatCom) systems operating at such high frequencies require the implementation of adaptive fade mitigation techniques (FMTs). As beacon measurements are rarely available (especially with the spatial distribution and the time resolution required by FMTs), time-series generators represent a key tool for the design stage of such systems. This article proposes a novel three-module model chain to generate a time series of rain attenuation. The first module is a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model that forecasts meteorological parameters across a continental grid with $9times 9$ km and 15-min resolution in space and time, respectively. The NWP model outputs feed a radio propagation model, which produces time series of the attenuation components (gas, clouds, and rain). Finally, the rain attenuation is generated ex-novo at a 1-s sampling rate, by taking advantage of the multisite time-series synthesizer (MTS). Each step of the process is validated against measurements covering a 28-day period.
{"title":"A Model-Chain to Generate Q-/V-Band Attenuation Time Series From Short-Term Numerical Weather Predictions at Continental Scale","authors":"Marianna Biscarini;Roberto Nebuloni;Laura Dossi;Saverio Di Fabio;Paolo Scaccia;Tiziana Cherubini;Carlo Riva;Lorenzo Luini","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3455567","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3455567","url":null,"abstract":"To minimize the impact of propagation impairments occurring at Ka-band and beyond, satellite communication (SatCom) systems operating at such high frequencies require the implementation of adaptive fade mitigation techniques (FMTs). As beacon measurements are rarely available (especially with the spatial distribution and the time resolution required by FMTs), time-series generators represent a key tool for the design stage of such systems. This article proposes a novel three-module model chain to generate a time series of rain attenuation. The first module is a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model that forecasts meteorological parameters across a continental grid with \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$9times 9$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 km and 15-min resolution in space and time, respectively. The NWP model outputs feed a radio propagation model, which produces time series of the attenuation components (gas, clouds, and rain). Finally, the rain attenuation is generated ex-novo at a 1-s sampling rate, by taking advantage of the multisite time-series synthesizer (MTS). Each step of the process is validated against measurements covering a 28-day period.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8696-8708"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10679676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3455776
Lap Kun Yeung;Yuanxun Ethan Wang
Antenna arrays can achieve better signal-to-noise/interference ratios in receivers, but the spacing among the antenna elements is typically required to be around half wavelength to avoid mutual coupling. Closely spaced ( ${d} lt 0.1~{lambda }$ ) antenna elements with multiport matching networks can overcome the mutual coupling at the price of reduced impedance matching bandwidth. In this article, it is proposed to use a combination of active direct matching for the antenna and a mode-based beamforming signal processing approach at the receiver to achieve a broadband gain of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that approaches the theoretical directivity of the array. The theory of such “supergain” reception is presented for a small number of infinitesimal dipole antennas, and numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate an SNR improvement that is consistent with the theoretical prediction. The proposed approach avoids the loss and complexity of using multiport matching networks yet can achieve an SNR gain over a broad bandwidth. It may find applications in wireless sensing that demands high sensitivity from antenna arrays in small form factors.
{"title":"Theory of Broadband Super Sensitivity Receiving With Closely Spaced Antenna Arrays","authors":"Lap Kun Yeung;Yuanxun Ethan Wang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3455776","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3455776","url":null,"abstract":"Antenna arrays can achieve better signal-to-noise/interference ratios in receivers, but the spacing among the antenna elements is typically required to be around half wavelength to avoid mutual coupling. Closely spaced (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${d} lt 0.1~{lambda }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) antenna elements with multiport matching networks can overcome the mutual coupling at the price of reduced impedance matching bandwidth. In this article, it is proposed to use a combination of active direct matching for the antenna and a mode-based beamforming signal processing approach at the receiver to achieve a broadband gain of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that approaches the theoretical directivity of the array. The theory of such “supergain” reception is presented for a small number of infinitesimal dipole antennas, and numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate an SNR improvement that is consistent with the theoretical prediction. The proposed approach avoids the loss and complexity of using multiport matching networks yet can achieve an SNR gain over a broad bandwidth. It may find applications in wireless sensing that demands high sensitivity from antenna arrays in small form factors.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8294-8306"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3455786
Yang Cheng;Yuandan Dong
This article proposes a mechanically scanned, broadband, low-cost, dual-polarized parallel-plate lens antenna (PPLA). The dominant TM0 mode and the higher order TE1 mode are utilized to achieve dual-polarized radiation. Drawing on the theory of constant refractive index lenses, we initially fill the parallel-plate waveguide with a material of uniform refractive index to ensure beam focusing for vertical polarization (TM0 mode). Subsequently, by adjusting the waveguide spacing—a modification that does not affect the effective refractive index for vertical polarization—we align the effective refractive index for horizontal polarization closely with that of vertical polarization, thereby maintaining relative stability and achieving beam focusing for the horizontal polarization. This approach obviates the need for gradient refractive index materials, thus substantially reducing design complexity and manufacturing costs. To validate our proposed concept, we designed, fabricated, and tested a transmission-type circular PPLA and a reflection-type semicircular PPLA. The test results demonstrate that the impedance bandwidth of the proposed lens antenna can cover the entire Ka-band and potentially extend to even higher frequency bands. Moreover, the peak gain of the antenna increases with frequency within the Ka-band. The proposed antenna offers wideband, dual-polarization, and high-gain radiation characteristics. Additionally, it boasts a simple structure, low cost, and a low profile, rendering it highly suitable for 5G millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communication applications.
本文提出了一种机械扫描、宽带、低成本、双极化平行板透镜天线（PPLA）。利用主要的 TM0 模式和高阶的 TE1 模式实现双极化辐射。借鉴恒定折射率透镜理论，我们首先在平行板波导中填充均匀折射率材料，以确保垂直极化（TM0 模式）的光束聚焦。随后，通过调整波导间距--这种调整不会影响垂直偏振的有效折射率--使水平偏振的有效折射率与垂直偏振的有效折射率接近，从而保持相对稳定性，实现水平偏振的光束聚焦。这种方法无需使用梯度折射率材料，从而大大降低了设计复杂性和制造成本。为了验证我们提出的概念，我们设计、制造并测试了透射型圆形 PPLA 和反射型半圆形 PPLA。测试结果表明，拟议的透镜天线的阻抗带宽可覆盖整个 Ka 波段，并有可能扩展到更高的频段。此外，在 Ka 波段内，天线的峰值增益随着频率的增加而增加。拟议的天线具有宽带、双极化和高增益辐射特性。此外，它结构简单、成本低、外形小巧，非常适合 5G 毫米波（mm-wave）通信应用。
{"title":"Wideband Dual-Polarized Parallel-Plate Waveguide Lens Antenna for 5G Applications","authors":"Yang Cheng;Yuandan Dong","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3455786","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3455786","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a mechanically scanned, broadband, low-cost, dual-polarized parallel-plate lens antenna (PPLA). The dominant TM0 mode and the higher order TE1 mode are utilized to achieve dual-polarized radiation. Drawing on the theory of constant refractive index lenses, we initially fill the parallel-plate waveguide with a material of uniform refractive index to ensure beam focusing for vertical polarization (TM0 mode). Subsequently, by adjusting the waveguide spacing—a modification that does not affect the effective refractive index for vertical polarization—we align the effective refractive index for horizontal polarization closely with that of vertical polarization, thereby maintaining relative stability and achieving beam focusing for the horizontal polarization. This approach obviates the need for gradient refractive index materials, thus substantially reducing design complexity and manufacturing costs. To validate our proposed concept, we designed, fabricated, and tested a transmission-type circular PPLA and a reflection-type semicircular PPLA. The test results demonstrate that the impedance bandwidth of the proposed lens antenna can cover the entire Ka-band and potentially extend to even higher frequency bands. Moreover, the peak gain of the antenna increases with frequency within the Ka-band. The proposed antenna offers wideband, dual-polarization, and high-gain radiation characteristics. Additionally, it boasts a simple structure, low cost, and a low profile, rendering it highly suitable for 5G millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communication applications.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8328-8338"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3453394
Kamel Sultan;Amin Abbosh
Electromagnetic imaging (EMI) technology has witnessed an increasing interest in medical applications due to its ability to provide noninvasive, portable, and low-cost imaging solutions. The antennas needed in EMI should meet specific requirements to enable efficient and accurate detection of targets with any shape and orientation with reasonable spatial resolution and compatibility with the human body. Therefore, a compact, unidirectional on-body antenna with pattern and polarization diversity is presented as a potential candidate for various medical EMI systems. It comprises two elements of ring slots based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). Each element is fed using two orthogonal lines to achieve dual polarization with the same phase center. A matching layer with average dielectric properties of the human tissues is developed, fabricated, and integrated with the antenna to enhance power penetration inside the human body. The antenna has a compact size of $22 {times }41.5 times 1.5~{mathrm {mm}}^{3}$ ( $ 0.058 {times }0.11 times 0.004 {lambda }_{o}^{3}$ , where ${lambda }_{o}$ is the free space wavelength at the low operating frequency) with wide operational bandwidth (BW) from 0.8 to 2.7 GHz with a front-to-back ratio of 18 dB and a safe level of the specific absorption rate (SAR). The antenna system is tested in the presence of head, torso, and knee models. The results confirm its superior performance compared to recent relevant designs and its suitability for various medical EMI applications.
{"title":"On-Body Cavity-Backed Slot Antenna With Pattern and Polarization Diversity for Medical Imaging","authors":"Kamel Sultan;Amin Abbosh","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3453394","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3453394","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic imaging (EMI) technology has witnessed an increasing interest in medical applications due to its ability to provide noninvasive, portable, and low-cost imaging solutions. The antennas needed in EMI should meet specific requirements to enable efficient and accurate detection of targets with any shape and orientation with reasonable spatial resolution and compatibility with the human body. Therefore, a compact, unidirectional on-body antenna with pattern and polarization diversity is presented as a potential candidate for various medical EMI systems. It comprises two elements of ring slots based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). Each element is fed using two orthogonal lines to achieve dual polarization with the same phase center. A matching layer with average dielectric properties of the human tissues is developed, fabricated, and integrated with the antenna to enhance power penetration inside the human body. The antenna has a compact size of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$22 {times }41.5 times 1.5~{mathrm {mm}}^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$ 0.058 {times }0.11 times 0.004 {lambda }_{o}^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, where \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${lambda }_{o}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 is the free space wavelength at the low operating frequency) with wide operational bandwidth (BW) from 0.8 to 2.7 GHz with a front-to-back ratio of 18 dB and a safe level of the specific absorption rate (SAR). The antenna system is tested in the presence of head, torso, and knee models. The results confirm its superior performance compared to recent relevant designs and its suitability for various medical EMI applications.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8239-8250"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this communication, a millimeter-wave high-order-mode 1-D phased array with advantages of wide bandwidth, high gain and low cost is proposed for 5G communication. Theoretical analysis proves that the $textit {TE}_{m10}$ -type high-order-mode back-cavity slot antenna (HOM-BSA) can be utilized to design low-grating-lobe 1-D phased array. Furthermore, through multimode mixing, impedance bandwidth of the HOM-BSA element is extended, and the simulated results can reach 36.73% (27.03–39.19 GHz). For the proof of concept, a 1-D symmetrically arranged phased array composed of the $textit {TE}_{310}$ HOM-BSA element is demonstrated. The measured −10 dB impedance bandwidth of the prototype array is 35.5% (27.5–39.37 GHz), and the scanning range of less than 3-dB gain variation in the full impedance bandwidth is ±42° (±61° at 28 GHz). Within the scanning range at 39 GHz, the measured sidelobe level (SLL) is less than −8.66 dB, and the measured radiation efficiency is 88.85% at beam direction of $theta = 0^{circ } $ . The proposed array is constructed with only one dielectric layer which contributes to low complexity and low cost.
{"title":"Low-Cost Broadband and High-Gain Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Based on High-Order-Mode Back-Cavity Slot Antenna","authors":"Genqiang Kou;Xiuping Li;Wenyu Zhao;Kexu Li;Jie Zhang;Zihang Qi","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3455789","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3455789","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, a millimeter-wave high-order-mode 1-D phased array with advantages of wide bandwidth, high gain and low cost is proposed for 5G communication. Theoretical analysis proves that the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$textit {TE}_{m10}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-type high-order-mode back-cavity slot antenna (HOM-BSA) can be utilized to design low-grating-lobe 1-D phased array. Furthermore, through multimode mixing, impedance bandwidth of the HOM-BSA element is extended, and the simulated results can reach 36.73% (27.03–39.19 GHz). For the proof of concept, a 1-D symmetrically arranged phased array composed of the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$textit {TE}_{310}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 HOM-BSA element is demonstrated. The measured −10 dB impedance bandwidth of the prototype array is 35.5% (27.5–39.37 GHz), and the scanning range of less than 3-dB gain variation in the full impedance bandwidth is ±42° (±61° at 28 GHz). Within the scanning range at 39 GHz, the measured sidelobe level (SLL) is less than −8.66 dB, and the measured radiation efficiency is 88.85% at beam direction of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta = 0^{circ } $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. The proposed array is constructed with only one dielectric layer which contributes to low complexity and low cost.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8846-8851"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3454982
Kang Yu Yang;Wen Jian Zhu;Liang Hua Ye;Shao-Qiu Xiao;Xinrong Shi;Duo-Long Wu
A miniaturized broadband dual-polarized magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna with extremely high isolation and bandpass filtering response is proposed. A miniaturized $Pi $ -shaped folded ME dipole antenna is presented to introduce extra capacitor and inductance for achieving a wide bandwidth. Then, a special feed network, which includes a microstrip-to-slot feed scheme and a $Gamma $ -shaped feeding probe, is utilized to excite the ME dipole antenna for realizing current cancellation between the two ports, thus resulting in extremely high isolation.In addition, good filtering performance is generated by using the $Pi $ -shaped folded ME dipole radiator and low-pass filters in the feed network. By employing this new structure, a wideband ME dipole antenna having high isolation, excellent out-of-band suppression, and small size is designed. It achieves very high isolation of beyond 45 dB over a wide bandwidth of 47.7% (1.68–2.73 GHz) and small size of $0.38lambda _{0} ; times ; 0.38lambda _{0} ; times ; 0.15lambda _{0}$ ( $lambda _{0}$ is the wavelength at the center frequency). Our antenna also achieves a good bandpass filtering response and the out-of-band sup(pression level) is beyond 18 dB.
提出了一种具有极高隔离度和带通滤波响应的小型化宽带双极化磁电偶极子天线。本文提出了一种小型化的 $Pi $ 形折叠式 ME 偶极子天线，以引入额外的电容和电感来实现宽带。然后，利用一种特殊的馈电网络（包括微带-槽馈电方案和一个γ形馈电探头）来激励ME偶极子天线，以实现两个端口之间的电流抵消，从而实现极高的隔离度。此外，通过在馈电网络中使用π形折叠ME偶极子辐射器和低通滤波器，还产生了良好的滤波性能。通过采用这种新结构，设计出了一种具有高隔离度、出色带外抑制和小尺寸的宽带 ME 偶极子天线。它在 47.7% 的宽带宽（1.68-2.73 GHz）内实现了超过 45 dB 的极高隔离度，而且体积小，仅为 0.38 美元/λ_{0}；（times λ_{0}）。; times ; 0.38lambda _{0}0.15 （$lambda _{0}$为中心频率的波长）。我们的天线还实现了良好的带通滤波响应，带外超压电平超过 18 dB。
{"title":"Miniaturized Broadband Dual-Polarized Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna With High Isolation and Filtering Response","authors":"Kang Yu Yang;Wen Jian Zhu;Liang Hua Ye;Shao-Qiu Xiao;Xinrong Shi;Duo-Long Wu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454982","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454982","url":null,"abstract":"A miniaturized broadband dual-polarized magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna with extremely high isolation and bandpass filtering response is proposed. A miniaturized \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-shaped folded ME dipole antenna is presented to introduce extra capacitor and inductance for achieving a wide bandwidth. Then, a special feed network, which includes a microstrip-to-slot feed scheme and a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-shaped feeding probe, is utilized to excite the ME dipole antenna for realizing current cancellation between the two ports, thus resulting in extremely high isolation.In addition, good filtering performance is generated by using the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-shaped folded ME dipole radiator and low-pass filters in the feed network. By employing this new structure, a wideband ME dipole antenna having high isolation, excellent out-of-band suppression, and small size is designed. It achieves very high isolation of beyond 45 dB over a wide bandwidth of 47.7% (1.68–2.73 GHz) and small size of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.38lambda _{0} ; times ; 0.38lambda _{0} ; times ; 0.15lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 is the wavelength at the center frequency). Our antenna also achieves a good bandpass filtering response and the out-of-band sup(pression level) is beyond 18 dB.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8272-8281"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In contrast to phased array (PA), a frequency diverse array (FDA) exhibits a superior ability to utilize the 2-D domains information on the angle and distance, attributed to its distinctive “S”-shaped or dot-shaped beampattern. This confers increased adaptability in distance-sensitive applications. However, challenges remain due to the coupled angle and distance within the “S”-shaped beampattern and the limited bandwidth of the traditional electronic signal generation methods. In this work, microwave photonic (MWP) technology is introduced to realize wideband dot-shaped beamforming of FDA. The angle and distance are decoupled by generating FDA signals with nonfixed frequency offset using a dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (DPMZM) and several phase modulators (PMs). This architecture fulfills the frequency shift and phase shift requirements of the input radio frequency (RF) signal. In the experiment, 16-channel FDA signals with fixed and nonfixed frequency offset are generated, including the FDA with logarithmic frequency offset (log-FDA), sinusoidal frequency offset (sin-FDA), and exponential frequency offset (exp-FDA). Beampatterns are calculated and measured based on the generated signals. The results conclusively demonstrate that the experiment accurately produces an “S”-shaped beampattern with the fixed frequency offset, while distinct dot-shaped beampatterns are produced with all the nonfixed ones, thus underscoring the versatility and precision of the proposed method in realizing diverse FDA signal configurations.
与相控阵（PA）相比，频率多样化阵列（FDA）因其独特的 "S "形或点状蜂鸣器，在利用角度和距离的二维域信息方面表现出卓越的能力。这提高了距离敏感应用的适应性。然而，由于 "S "形振斑内的角度和距离耦合以及传统电子信号生成方法的带宽有限，挑战依然存在。在这项工作中，引入了微波光子（MWP）技术来实现 FDA 的宽带点形波束成形。通过使用双并行马赫-泽恩德调制器（DPMZM）和多个相位调制器（PM）生成非固定频率偏移的 FDA 信号，实现角度和距离的解耦。这种结构满足了输入射频（RF）信号的频移和相移要求。在实验中，产生了具有固定和非固定频率偏移的 16 通道 FDA 信号，包括具有对数频率偏移（log-FDA）、正弦频率偏移（sin-FDA）和指数频率偏移（exp-FDA）的 FDA。根据生成的信号计算和测量 Beampatterns。实验结果确凿表明，固定频率偏移能准确生成 "S "形蜂鸣器，而所有非固定频率偏移都能生成明显的点状蜂鸣器，从而凸显了所提方法在实现不同 FDA 信号配置方面的通用性和精确性。
{"title":"Photonic-Assisted Dot-Shaped Beamforming for Frequency Diverse Array With Nonfixed Frequency Offset","authors":"Xirui Zhong;Weile Zhai;Jiajun Tan;Yuanliang Wu;Ruihao Wang;Wen Wen;Donglin Zhang;Wanzhao Cui;Yongsheng Gao","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454751","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454751","url":null,"abstract":"In contrast to phased array (PA), a frequency diverse array (FDA) exhibits a superior ability to utilize the 2-D domains information on the angle and distance, attributed to its distinctive “S”-shaped or dot-shaped beampattern. This confers increased adaptability in distance-sensitive applications. However, challenges remain due to the coupled angle and distance within the “S”-shaped beampattern and the limited bandwidth of the traditional electronic signal generation methods. In this work, microwave photonic (MWP) technology is introduced to realize wideband dot-shaped beamforming of FDA. The angle and distance are decoupled by generating FDA signals with nonfixed frequency offset using a dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (DPMZM) and several phase modulators (PMs). This architecture fulfills the frequency shift and phase shift requirements of the input radio frequency (RF) signal. In the experiment, 16-channel FDA signals with fixed and nonfixed frequency offset are generated, including the FDA with logarithmic frequency offset (log-FDA), sinusoidal frequency offset (sin-FDA), and exponential frequency offset (exp-FDA). Beampatterns are calculated and measured based on the generated signals. The results conclusively demonstrate that the experiment accurately produces an “S”-shaped beampattern with the fixed frequency offset, while distinct dot-shaped beampatterns are produced with all the nonfixed ones, thus underscoring the versatility and precision of the proposed method in realizing diverse FDA signal configurations.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8307-8318"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3454826
Talha Arshed;Stefano Maci;Enrica Martini
This article presents an accurate analytical-based approach for the synthesis of modulated metasurfaces (MTSs) that efficiently convert an arbitrary impinging field into a surface wave (SW) with a given wavenumber and convert a given SW into an arbitrary amplitude-phase shaped aperture leaky wave (LW) that produces a desired radiation pattern. The considered MTSs consist of dense metallic claddings printed over a dielectric slab, which are modeled through homogenized penetrable impedance boundary conditions (PIBCs). The desired conversion is obtained through a proper locally periodic modulation of the PIBC, whose profile is designed through an effective systematic procedure based on analytical formulas. These latter are derived from the Floquet-wave (FW) expansion of fields and currents over the sinusoidally modulated impedance surface that locally matches the actual structure. This approach provides an accurate control of both the amplitude and phase of the aperture field, which allows for high conversion efficiencies and a general radiation pattern. Another advantage of the proposed analytically driven procedure is that it leads to impedance profiles with smooth spatial variations, which can be easily implemented through subwavelength patches of variable size. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated by designing MTSs that couple SWs and space waves (SPWs) in different scenarios. Moreover, MTSs are designed, which first convert the impinging signal into an SW and then convert it back to an SPW with prescribed characteristics. This latter example can find application in future smart radio environments (SREs), making it a valid alternative to reflecting intelligent surfaces (RISs).
{"title":"Direct Synthesis of Metasurfaces for Efficient Space- to Surface-Wave Conversion and Beamforming","authors":"Talha Arshed;Stefano Maci;Enrica Martini","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454826","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454826","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an accurate analytical-based approach for the synthesis of modulated metasurfaces (MTSs) that efficiently convert an arbitrary impinging field into a surface wave (SW) with a given wavenumber and convert a given SW into an arbitrary amplitude-phase shaped aperture leaky wave (LW) that produces a desired radiation pattern. The considered MTSs consist of dense metallic claddings printed over a dielectric slab, which are modeled through homogenized penetrable impedance boundary conditions (PIBCs). The desired conversion is obtained through a proper locally periodic modulation of the PIBC, whose profile is designed through an effective systematic procedure based on analytical formulas. These latter are derived from the Floquet-wave (FW) expansion of fields and currents over the sinusoidally modulated impedance surface that locally matches the actual structure. This approach provides an accurate control of both the amplitude and phase of the aperture field, which allows for high conversion efficiencies and a general radiation pattern. Another advantage of the proposed analytically driven procedure is that it leads to impedance profiles with smooth spatial variations, which can be easily implemented through subwavelength patches of variable size. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated by designing MTSs that couple SWs and space waves (SPWs) in different scenarios. Moreover, MTSs are designed, which first convert the impinging signal into an SW and then convert it back to an SPW with prescribed characteristics. This latter example can find application in future smart radio environments (SREs), making it a valid alternative to reflecting intelligent surfaces (RISs).","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 10","pages":"7793-7806"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10678852","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3454813
Yi He;Gengming Wei;Richard W. Ziolkowski;Y. Jay Guo
An innovative ultrawideband (UWB) frequency-reconfigurable tightly coupled dipole array (FR-TCDA) is presented. The design realizes high radiation efficiency and wide beam-scan angles with its custom-designed reconfigurable layer and wide-angle impedance matching (WAIM) structure. The reconfigurable layer is p-i-n-diode based; it functions as a phase-shifting structure that transforms an undesirable out-of-phase ground-plane reflection into a desirable in-phase one with low insertion losses in each of its two contiguous bands. The WAIM element is obtained by integrating dual-level, double-sided capacitively loaded loops (DLDS-CLLs) in a co-planar configuration with the dipoles and leads to enhanced beam-scanning performance. Each array unit cell is fed by a Klopfenstein tapered balun that incorporates a capacitance-loaded shorting pin, leading to a feeding scheme free from common-mode resonances across the entire working bandwidth. A $14times 14$ prototype was fabricated and tested; the measured results confirm the simulated performance characteristics. The developed array’s two frequency-reconfigurable states cover 0.37–0.93 GHz and 0.85–5.85 GHz at broadside with a VSWR <3> $pm 70^{circ },pm 50^{circ }$ } in the {E, D, H} planes, they achieve a combined bandwidth of 13.7:1 (0.42–5.77 GHz).
{"title":"An Ultrawideband Frequency-Reconfigurable Tightly Coupled Dipole Array With Wide Beam-Scanning Capability","authors":"Yi He;Gengming Wei;Richard W. Ziolkowski;Y. Jay Guo","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454813","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454813","url":null,"abstract":"An innovative ultrawideband (UWB) frequency-reconfigurable tightly coupled dipole array (FR-TCDA) is presented. The design realizes high radiation efficiency and wide beam-scan angles with its custom-designed reconfigurable layer and wide-angle impedance matching (WAIM) structure. The reconfigurable layer is p-i-n-diode based; it functions as a phase-shifting structure that transforms an undesirable out-of-phase ground-plane reflection into a desirable in-phase one with low insertion losses in each of its two contiguous bands. The WAIM element is obtained by integrating dual-level, double-sided capacitively loaded loops (DLDS-CLLs) in a co-planar configuration with the dipoles and leads to enhanced beam-scanning performance. Each array unit cell is fed by a Klopfenstein tapered balun that incorporates a capacitance-loaded shorting pin, leading to a feeding scheme free from common-mode resonances across the entire working bandwidth. A \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$14times 14$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 prototype was fabricated and tested; the measured results confirm the simulated performance characteristics. The developed array’s two frequency-reconfigurable states cover 0.37–0.93 GHz and 0.85–5.85 GHz at broadside with a VSWR <3> <tex-math>$pm 70^{circ },pm 50^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000} in the {E, D, H} planes, they achieve a combined bandwidth of 13.7:1 (0.42–5.77 GHz).","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8488-8500"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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