Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3634238
Hao Lv;Li-Ye Xiao;Zhao-Qing Xu;Wei Shao
The design of reconfigurable frequency-selective absorbers (FSAs) presents a multifunctional optimization challenge. In this communication, a machine learning-based multifunctional inverse topological design method (MF-ITDM) is proposed for efficient and convenient design of reconfigurable FSAs. This method leverages the strengths of inverse design, topological modeling, and machine learning to simultaneously consider all desired absorption bands and rapidly generate corresponding FSA structures with high degrees of freedom (DoFs). Two numerical examples of reconfigurable FSAs with varying numbers of objectives are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed MF-ITDM, as a powerful design tool for the reconfigurable FSA on the basis of high DoFs. Additionally, the performance of the designed reconfigurable FSAs is experimentally verified by measuring the fabricated topological structures.
{"title":"Multifunctional Inverse Topological Design for Reconfigurable Frequency-Selective Absorbers","authors":"Hao Lv;Li-Ye Xiao;Zhao-Qing Xu;Wei Shao","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3634238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3634238","url":null,"abstract":"The design of reconfigurable frequency-selective absorbers (FSAs) presents a multifunctional optimization challenge. In this communication, a machine learning-based multifunctional inverse topological design method (MF-ITDM) is proposed for efficient and convenient design of reconfigurable FSAs. This method leverages the strengths of inverse design, topological modeling, and machine learning to simultaneously consider all desired absorption bands and rapidly generate corresponding FSA structures with high degrees of freedom (DoFs). Two numerical examples of reconfigurable FSAs with varying numbers of objectives are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed MF-ITDM, as a powerful design tool for the reconfigurable FSA on the basis of high DoFs. Additionally, the performance of the designed reconfigurable FSAs is experimentally verified by measuring the fabricated topological structures.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 2","pages":"2173-2178"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146199246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3634162
Zeyang Jin;Ronghong Jin;Tingting Fan;Junping Geng;Yuxuan Zhao;Xue-Xia Yang
For the local convergence phenomenon in the multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D) when applied to multiconstraint sparse array optimization, a multiconstraint evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MCEA/D) is proposed in this communication. Unlike MOEA/D, which constructs subproblems through weighted aggregation of multiple objectives, MCEA/D converts objective functions into constraints while retaining a single objective function, generating subproblems via constraint value space decomposition. Consequently, MCEA/D performs optimization within different constraint subspaces, with each subproblem operating in its own search space. This novel approach effectively mitigates the diversity loss and premature convergence issues of MOEA/D caused by the shared search space among subproblems. The results of uniformly excited concentric ring sparse array (CRSA) optimization demonstrate that MCEA/D can successfully identify feasible Pareto fronts (PFs), outperforming MOEA/D algorithm in this capability. Electromagnetic simulations validate the results.
针对基于分解的多目标进化算法（MOEA/D）应用于多约束稀疏阵列优化时存在的局部收敛现象，提出了一种基于分解的多约束进化算法（MCEA/D）。与MOEA/D通过多个目标的加权聚合构造子问题不同，MCEA/D在保留单个目标函数的同时，将目标函数转化为约束，通过约束值空间分解生成子问题。因此，MCEA/D在不同的约束子空间中执行优化，每个子问题在自己的搜索空间中运行。该方法有效地缓解了由于子问题间共享搜索空间而导致的MOEA/D算法的多样性损失和过早收敛问题。均匀激励同心环稀疏阵列（CRSA）优化结果表明，MCEA/D算法能够成功识别可行的Pareto front (PFs)，优于MOEA/D算法。电磁仿真验证了结果。
{"title":"Multiconstraint Evolutionary Algorithm Based on Decomposition for the Synthesis of Concentric Ring Sparse Array","authors":"Zeyang Jin;Ronghong Jin;Tingting Fan;Junping Geng;Yuxuan Zhao;Xue-Xia Yang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3634162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3634162","url":null,"abstract":"For the local convergence phenomenon in the multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D) when applied to multiconstraint sparse array optimization, a multiconstraint evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MCEA/D) is proposed in this communication. Unlike MOEA/D, which constructs subproblems through weighted aggregation of multiple objectives, MCEA/D converts objective functions into constraints while retaining a single objective function, generating subproblems via constraint value space decomposition. Consequently, MCEA/D performs optimization within different constraint subspaces, with each subproblem operating in its own search space. This novel approach effectively mitigates the diversity loss and premature convergence issues of MOEA/D caused by the shared search space among subproblems. The results of uniformly excited concentric ring sparse array (CRSA) optimization demonstrate that MCEA/D can successfully identify feasible Pareto fronts (PFs), outperforming MOEA/D algorithm in this capability. Electromagnetic simulations validate the results.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 2","pages":"2179-2184"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146199244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3634174
Jonas Tucek;Miloslav Capek;Lukas Jelinek
A novel framework is presented that combines density-based topology optimization with characteristic mode analysis to directly optimize the eigenvalues of conducting surfaces. The density formulation enables the application of adjoint sensitivity analysis, which provides efficient computation of material gradients for local updates of the continuous material distribution. The proposed approach allows optimization of modal quantities, e.g., eigenvalues, while maintaining a natural separation between geometry design and excitation synthesis inherent to modal analysis. The framework’s properties and performance are illustrated through several examples, including single-mode resonance control and multimode optimization.
{"title":"Density-Based Topology Optimization for Characteristic Modes Manipulation","authors":"Jonas Tucek;Miloslav Capek;Lukas Jelinek","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3634174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3634174","url":null,"abstract":"A novel framework is presented that combines density-based topology optimization with characteristic mode analysis to directly optimize the eigenvalues of conducting surfaces. The density formulation enables the application of adjoint sensitivity analysis, which provides efficient computation of material gradients for local updates of the continuous material distribution. The proposed approach allows optimization of modal quantities, e.g., eigenvalues, while maintaining a natural separation between geometry design and excitation synthesis inherent to modal analysis. The framework’s properties and performance are illustrated through several examples, including single-mode resonance control and multimode optimization.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 2","pages":"2203-2208"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146199248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3634133
Wenfu Fu;Stanislav Stefanov Zhekov;Bo Xu;Carla Di Paola;Sailing He
A multimode wideband patch antenna is proposed for indoor base stations (BSs), with the antenna achieving a wide impedance bandwidth and the equipment realizing specific absorption rate (SAR) touch compliance with 0.375-W time-averaged accepted power from 3.4 to 3.8 GHz. For comparison, a narrowband canonical fundamental-mode patch antenna allows only 0.11 W under the same conditions for touch compliance. The wide bandwidth of the proposed antenna is achieved by combining three even modes excited at close frequencies. The use of even modes results in split SAR maxima and thus lower SAR levels compared to odd modes to achieve touch compliance. To further prove the applicability of the antenna, its performance is evaluated using power-dependent multiplexing efficiency based on indoor channel models. The proposed design demonstrates superior performance, e.g., 4.9–6.0 times higher median levels of the power-dependent multiplexing efficiency in various scenarios, over the canonical patch antenna.
{"title":"Wideband Patch Antenna Using Higher Order Modes for SAR Touch Compliant Indoor MIMO Base Stations","authors":"Wenfu Fu;Stanislav Stefanov Zhekov;Bo Xu;Carla Di Paola;Sailing He","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3634133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3634133","url":null,"abstract":"A multimode wideband patch antenna is proposed for indoor base stations (BSs), with the antenna achieving a wide impedance bandwidth and the equipment realizing specific absorption rate (SAR) touch compliance with 0.375-W time-averaged accepted power from 3.4 to 3.8 GHz. For comparison, a narrowband canonical fundamental-mode patch antenna allows only 0.11 W under the same conditions for touch compliance. The wide bandwidth of the proposed antenna is achieved by combining three even modes excited at close frequencies. The use of even modes results in split SAR maxima and thus lower SAR levels compared to odd modes to achieve touch compliance. To further prove the applicability of the antenna, its performance is evaluated using power-dependent multiplexing efficiency based on indoor channel models. The proposed design demonstrates superior performance, e.g., 4.9–6.0 times higher median levels of the power-dependent multiplexing efficiency in various scenarios, over the canonical patch antenna.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 2","pages":"2125-2130"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146199243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3632914
Huimin Kang;Chunhui Zhu;Yu-Ke Li;Jun Hu;Qing Huo Liu
A new spectral integral method (SIM) based on divergence-conforming Gauss–Lobatto–Legendre (GLL) polynomials is proposed to solve the electromagnetic scattering problem for 3-D nonsmooth multilayered composite bodies of revolution (BoRs). The method is based on the mixed-order divergence conforming vector basis functions that have spectral accuracy. Unlike the conventional BoR-SIM with fast Fourier transform (FFT) acceleration, this new BoR-SIM can solve the problem of smooth as well as nonsmooth objects by incorporating the higher order basis functions and pole boundary conditions. Furthermore, the Poggio–Miller–Chang–Harrington–Wu–Tsai (PMCHWT) surface integral equation (SIE) is utilized alongside the method to avoid resonance difficulties when dealing with wideband scattering from multilayered BoRs with arbitrary shapes. Numerical examples are tested to verify and show the improvements in accuracy and efficiency. The results are compared with those of commercial software FEKO and the conventional BoR method. Its practical applicability is demonstrated by modeling multilayered objects with a perfect electric conductor (PEC) parabolic antenna in a radome. All numerical results show that the BoR-SIM is an efficient alternative to other BoR methods for scattering problems.
{"title":"A Spectral Integral Method for Nonsmooth Multilayered Composite Bodies of Revolution","authors":"Huimin Kang;Chunhui Zhu;Yu-Ke Li;Jun Hu;Qing Huo Liu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3632914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3632914","url":null,"abstract":"A new spectral integral method (SIM) based on divergence-conforming Gauss–Lobatto–Legendre (GLL) polynomials is proposed to solve the electromagnetic scattering problem for 3-D nonsmooth multilayered composite bodies of revolution (BoRs). The method is based on the mixed-order divergence conforming vector basis functions that have spectral accuracy. Unlike the conventional BoR-SIM with fast Fourier transform (FFT) acceleration, this new BoR-SIM can solve the problem of smooth as well as nonsmooth objects by incorporating the higher order basis functions and pole boundary conditions. Furthermore, the Poggio–Miller–Chang–Harrington–Wu–Tsai (PMCHWT) surface integral equation (SIE) is utilized alongside the method to avoid resonance difficulties when dealing with wideband scattering from multilayered BoRs with arbitrary shapes. Numerical examples are tested to verify and show the improvements in accuracy and efficiency. The results are compared with those of commercial software FEKO and the conventional BoR method. Its practical applicability is demonstrated by modeling multilayered objects with a perfect electric conductor (PEC) parabolic antenna in a radome. All numerical results show that the BoR-SIM is an efficient alternative to other BoR methods for scattering problems.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 2","pages":"2209-2214"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146199042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3632909
Haoxuan Gong;Xing Wang;Chunheng Liu;Hairong Zhang;Lin Chen;Ying Liu
A novel and efficient wideband frequency sweep algorithm is proposed to improve the computational efficiency of electromagnetic scattering analysis for dielectric objects. The method is based on the Poggio–Miller–Chang–Harrington–Wu–Tsai (PMCHWT) integral equation. The fast dipole method (FDM) is employed to reduce the time required for impedance matrix generation. The far-field impedance elements are computed on demand, which significantly reduces memory consumption. To avoid the repeated point-by-point frequency sweep, the asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) technique is integrated into the framework. This approach eliminates the need to store high-order derivatives and further enhances computational efficiency. Additionally, the application of Padé approximation extends the fitting bandwidth. Numerical results validate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed PMCHWT combined with FDM and AWE (PMCHWT-FDM-AWE) algorithm.
{"title":"An Efficient Wideband Algorithm for Dielectric Objects: PMCHWT Combined With FDM and AWE","authors":"Haoxuan Gong;Xing Wang;Chunheng Liu;Hairong Zhang;Lin Chen;Ying Liu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3632909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3632909","url":null,"abstract":"A novel and efficient wideband frequency sweep algorithm is proposed to improve the computational efficiency of electromagnetic scattering analysis for dielectric objects. The method is based on the Poggio–Miller–Chang–Harrington–Wu–Tsai (PMCHWT) integral equation. The fast dipole method (FDM) is employed to reduce the time required for impedance matrix generation. The far-field impedance elements are computed on demand, which significantly reduces memory consumption. To avoid the repeated point-by-point frequency sweep, the asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) technique is integrated into the framework. This approach eliminates the need to store high-order derivatives and further enhances computational efficiency. Additionally, the application of Padé approximation extends the fitting bandwidth. Numerical results validate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed PMCHWT combined with FDM and AWE (PMCHWT-FDM-AWE) algorithm.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 2","pages":"2197-2202"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146199241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this communication, we present an all-metal circularly polarized (CP) endfire antenna array composed of a series of perturbed stubs and shared tightly coupled resonant elements integrated with a double-sided parallel stripline (DSPSL). By feeding one port with an SMA connector while terminating the other with a $50~Omega $ load, the antenna can achieve left-hand/right-hand circular polarization (LHCP/RHCP) radiation in the endfire direction. When the excitation and the matched load exchange positions, it can also generate RHCP/LHCP radiation. A prototype was fabricated to validate the design, and measurements conducted in an anechoic chamber demonstrated excellent agreement with simulation results. The proposed antenna exhibits an impedance bandwidth and axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 8%, an efficient of 82%91%, and an endfire gains of 12.2 dBi for LHCP and 11.9 dBi for RHCP. The compact size $(3.5lambda _{0} times 0.58lambda _{0})$ of the antenna further enhances its practicality and makes it a promising candidate for long-distance and fixed-point communication systems.
在本次通信中，我们提出了一种全金属圆极化（CP）端射天线阵列，该阵列由一系列摄动存根和共享紧密耦合谐振元件组成，并集成了双面平行带状线（DSPSL）。通过在一个端口上插入SMA连接器，同时在另一个端口上加载$50~Omega $负载，天线可以在端射方向上实现左/右圆极化（LHCP/RHCP）辐射。当励磁与匹配负载交换位置时，也能产生RHCP/LHCP辐射。制作了一个原型来验证设计，并在消声室中进行了测量，结果与仿真结果非常吻合。该天线的阻抗带宽和轴向比带宽均为8%, an efficient of 82%91%, and an endfire gains of 12.2 dBi for LHCP and 11.9 dBi for RHCP. The compact size $(3.5lambda _{0} times 0.58lambda _{0})$ of the antenna further enhances its practicality and makes it a promising candidate for long-distance and fixed-point communication systems.
{"title":"All-Metal High Gain and Circularly Polarized Endfire Antenna Based on Perturbed Horizontal Stubs and Shared Tightly Coupled Dipoles","authors":"Zhe Wu;Fantao Wu;Jian Xu;Yu Yun;Lingkun Ma;Nengwu Liu;Ying Liu;Tao Tao;Ling Sun;Ruiqi Wang;Yindi Wang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3632332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3632332","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, we present an all-metal circularly polarized (CP) endfire antenna array composed of a series of perturbed stubs and shared tightly coupled resonant elements integrated with a double-sided parallel stripline (DSPSL). By feeding one port with an SMA connector while terminating the other with a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$50~Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> load, the antenna can achieve left-hand/right-hand circular polarization (LHCP/RHCP) radiation in the endfire direction. When the excitation and the matched load exchange positions, it can also generate RHCP/LHCP radiation. A prototype was fabricated to validate the design, and measurements conducted in an anechoic chamber demonstrated excellent agreement with simulation results. The proposed antenna exhibits an impedance bandwidth and axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 8%, an efficient of 82%91%, and an endfire gains of 12.2 dBi for LHCP and 11.9 dBi for RHCP. The compact size <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(3.5lambda _{0} times 0.58lambda _{0})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of the antenna further enhances its practicality and makes it a promising candidate for long-distance and fixed-point communication systems.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 2","pages":"2119-2124"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146199237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work presents a gradual interval mapping method (IMM) integration framework for the rapid design of multiple metasurfaces. By leveraging the deep neural networks, the gradual design framework efficiently predicts both S-parameters and geometric structures using interval folding lines as input. Unlike traditional and current approaches, the proposed method integrates IMM with a filling strategy, simplifying data processing and enhancing prediction accuracy. To validate its effectiveness, three types of frequency-selective surface (FSS) are designed, one of which is fabricated and experimentally measured in a microwave chamber. Simulation and measurement results confirm the superior performance of the framework, highlighting its potential for intelligent electromagnetic device design. Finally, we conclude with a short discussion of the work, including its limitations and developability.
{"title":"The Gradual Interval Mapping Method Integration Framework for Multiple Metasurfaces Fast Design","authors":"Peng Wang;Chao Luo;Zhenning Li;Wen Jiang;Tao Hong;Gert Frølund Pedersen;Ming Shen","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3632301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3632301","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a gradual interval mapping method (IMM) integration framework for the rapid design of multiple metasurfaces. By leveraging the deep neural networks, the gradual design framework efficiently predicts both S-parameters and geometric structures using interval folding lines as input. Unlike traditional and current approaches, the proposed method integrates IMM with a filling strategy, simplifying data processing and enhancing prediction accuracy. To validate its effectiveness, three types of frequency-selective surface (FSS) are designed, one of which is fabricated and experimentally measured in a microwave chamber. Simulation and measurement results confirm the superior performance of the framework, highlighting its potential for intelligent electromagnetic device design. Finally, we conclude with a short discussion of the work, including its limitations and developability.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 2","pages":"2167-2172"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146199041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3630887
Sicheng An;Luca Di Rienzo;Hao Qin;Xiaojie Zhu;Xingqi Zhang;Lorenzo Codecasa
Radio wave propagation modeling in tunnels is crucial to designing reliable wireless communication systems. Among the techniques available, the parabolic wave equation (PWE) methods have been widely utilized, due to their balance of accuracy and efficiency. However, the accuracy of the PWE methods depends on precise knowledge of tunnel environments, which are subject to uncertainties. While Monte Carlo (MC) methods are reliable for uncertainty analysis, they are computationally intensive. Polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) methods, though efficient, struggle with high-dimensional inputs. This communication applies the multilevel MC (MLMC) method to the PWE method in a nonintrusive way. MLMC is employed to address uncertainties arising from various sources. Such an MLMC-PWE method provides efficient estimations of the mean and variance of quantities of interest (QoI) by utilizing a multiscale hierarchy of spatial discretization. Numerical examples across different tunnel geometries demonstrate that the MLMC-PWE method achieves lower computational costs and improves efficiency relative to the MC-PWE method and the PCE-PWE method.
{"title":"Multilevel Monte Carlo Coupled With the Parabolic Wave Equation Method for Uncertainty Analysis of Radio Wave Propagation in Tunnels","authors":"Sicheng An;Luca Di Rienzo;Hao Qin;Xiaojie Zhu;Xingqi Zhang;Lorenzo Codecasa","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3630887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3630887","url":null,"abstract":"Radio wave propagation modeling in tunnels is crucial to designing reliable wireless communication systems. Among the techniques available, the parabolic wave equation (PWE) methods have been widely utilized, due to their balance of accuracy and efficiency. However, the accuracy of the PWE methods depends on precise knowledge of tunnel environments, which are subject to uncertainties. While Monte Carlo (MC) methods are reliable for uncertainty analysis, they are computationally intensive. Polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) methods, though efficient, struggle with high-dimensional inputs. This communication applies the multilevel MC (MLMC) method to the PWE method in a nonintrusive way. MLMC is employed to address uncertainties arising from various sources. Such an MLMC-PWE method provides efficient estimations of the mean and variance of quantities of interest (QoI) by utilizing a multiscale hierarchy of spatial discretization. Numerical examples across different tunnel geometries demonstrate that the MLMC-PWE method achieves lower computational costs and improves efficiency relative to the MC-PWE method and the PCE-PWE method.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 2","pages":"2191-2196"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146199212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3628959
Yanhong Xu;Heming Xie;Can Cui;Jingwei Xu;Xin Dai
To address the issue of the iterative Fourier transform (IFT) method easily falling into local optima in thinned array synthesis, this communication proposes a two-stage alternating IFT (TSAIFT) approach for large thinned planar circular array synthesis, which involves an optimization stage utilizing a modified IFT density tapering (IFTDT), and a relaxation stage employing the IFT with constrained amplitude range. Specifically, the dynamic reference excitation mechanism is proposed to enhance the global exploration ability, which allows the number of active array elements in each ring to be iteratively adjusted during the optimization stage. In the relaxation stage, the excitation amplitudes are no longer constrained to be 0 or 1. Instead, a relaxation factor is introduced to gradually accumulate the small variations in the excitation coefficients. When the optimization stage gets trapped in local optima, it transitions to the relaxation stage to escape from the local optima. The two stages alternate to approach the optimal solution gradually. Due to the adoption of the low-computational IFT for both optimization and escaping from local optima, the proposed TSAIFT is capable of achieving competitive optimization results within a relatively short period of time, even when dealing with large-scale arrays. Several typical thinned planar circular arrays formed by isotropic elements and microstrip patch elements are synthesized, and the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in optimization performance and computational efficiency.
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