Pub Date : 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3596373
Aojie Zhou;Yi Lin;Ruiqi Mao;Kai Yang;Zhenke Ding;Weipeng Wan;Yunqi Fu
High-sensitivity amplitude and frequency detection of microwave electric fields is of significant importance in various fields, including communications, microwave quantum technology, aerospace, medicine, and meteorology. Rydberg atom-based sensors promise traceable standards and high sensitivity for detecting weak electric fields and enhancing sensing sensitivity, mainly by using superheterodyne technology and resonant structures. Detecting high-frequency (HF) band fields with high sensitivity using Rydberg atom sensors is a significant challenge due to the requirement of exciting atoms to extremely high energy states for resonant detection. We demonstrate the off-resonant Rydberg atomic superheterodyne architecture with additional resonators for greatly enhancing the sensing sensitivity to HF band fields. In this approach, we propose a miniaturized square spiral resonator with an electrical size of $0.011~lambda $ at 15.54 MHz. To reduce the electric-field-screening effect of the adsorption of alkali metal atoms, we use a monocrystalline sapphire cesium (Cs) vapor cell. By utilizing the off-resonant alternating current (ac) Stark effect, the initial sensitivity of the Rydberg atom sensor without the resonator is measured to be $10.39~mu text {V/cm}sqrt {text {Hz}}$ at room temperature. With the addition of the miniaturized square spiral resonator, the sensitivity significantly improved to $2.60~text {nV/cm}sqrt {text {Hz}}$ , which has been inaccessible so far with atomic sensors. Here, we provide an enhancement of 72 dB, which is three orders of magnitude improvement in sensitivity than when the resonator is not used. This enhancement resonator extends Rydberg atomic high-sensitivity sensing to the HF band and shows great potential, especially in shortwave radio reception.
{"title":"High-Sensitivity Rydberg Atom-Based Field Sensing Enhancement Using Miniaturized Resonator","authors":"Aojie Zhou;Yi Lin;Ruiqi Mao;Kai Yang;Zhenke Ding;Weipeng Wan;Yunqi Fu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3596373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3596373","url":null,"abstract":"High-sensitivity amplitude and frequency detection of microwave electric fields is of significant importance in various fields, including communications, microwave quantum technology, aerospace, medicine, and meteorology. Rydberg atom-based sensors promise traceable standards and high sensitivity for detecting weak electric fields and enhancing sensing sensitivity, mainly by using superheterodyne technology and resonant structures. Detecting high-frequency (HF) band fields with high sensitivity using Rydberg atom sensors is a significant challenge due to the requirement of exciting atoms to extremely high energy states for resonant detection. We demonstrate the off-resonant Rydberg atomic superheterodyne architecture with additional resonators for greatly enhancing the sensing sensitivity to HF band fields. In this approach, we propose a miniaturized square spiral resonator with an electrical size of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.011~lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 15.54 MHz. To reduce the electric-field-screening effect of the adsorption of alkali metal atoms, we use a monocrystalline sapphire cesium (Cs) vapor cell. By utilizing the off-resonant alternating current (ac) Stark effect, the initial sensitivity of the Rydberg atom sensor without the resonator is measured to be <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10.39~mu text {V/cm}sqrt {text {Hz}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at room temperature. With the addition of the miniaturized square spiral resonator, the sensitivity significantly improved to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.60~text {nV/cm}sqrt {text {Hz}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, which has been inaccessible so far with atomic sensors. Here, we provide an enhancement of 72 dB, which is three orders of magnitude improvement in sensitivity than when the resonator is not used. This enhancement resonator extends Rydberg atomic high-sensitivity sensing to the HF band and shows great potential, especially in shortwave radio reception.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 12","pages":"10948-10952"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-12DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3596398
Yoshiaki Ando
The direct output of the weighted Laguerre polynomial finite-difference time-domain (WLP-FDTD) method consists of the expansion coefficients of the electromagnetic response in terms of WLPs, i.e., the discrete WLP spectrum. In this study, we derive closed-form conversion formulas between the discrete WLP spectrum and the frequency spectrum. These formulas enable direct transformation between the discrete WLP spectrum and the frequency spectrum without reconstructing the time-domain response. The transformation of the frequency spectrum into the discrete WLP spectrum is simpler than transforming the time-domain function because the former involves differentiation, while the latter requires integration. These formulas offer a significant advantage by simplifying spectral analysis because the basis functions in the frequency domain retain a constant amplitude regardless of order. The validity of the derived formulas is verified through analytical and numerical calculations on example functions.
{"title":"Conversion Formulas Between the WLP Spectrum and the Frequency Spectrum for WLP-FDTD Analysis","authors":"Yoshiaki Ando","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3596398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3596398","url":null,"abstract":"The direct output of the weighted Laguerre polynomial finite-difference time-domain (WLP-FDTD) method consists of the expansion coefficients of the electromagnetic response in terms of WLPs, i.e., the discrete WLP spectrum. In this study, we derive closed-form conversion formulas between the discrete WLP spectrum and the frequency spectrum. These formulas enable direct transformation between the discrete WLP spectrum and the frequency spectrum without reconstructing the time-domain response. The transformation of the frequency spectrum into the discrete WLP spectrum is simpler than transforming the time-domain function because the former involves differentiation, while the latter requires integration. These formulas offer a significant advantage by simplifying spectral analysis because the basis functions in the frequency domain retain a constant amplitude regardless of order. The validity of the derived formulas is verified through analytical and numerical calculations on example functions.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 12","pages":"10937-10941"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-06DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3594496
Dong-Quan Liu;Shuai Ding;Qing-Song Jia;Hao Tang;Zhao-Jun Zhu;Qiao-Li Zhang;Bing-Zhong Wang
In this communication, a reconfigurable polarization and amplitude-controlled metasurface (RPAM) is proposed to enable dynamic polarization conversion and independent amplitude modulation of electromagnetic waves. The RPAM achieves 2-bit polarization control by incorporating two independently biased amplifiers, where incident y-polarized waves can be manipulated into four distinct states: x-polarized, y-polarized, circularly polarized transmission, or absorption. In addition, the amplitude of the transmitted wave can be continuously tuned by varying the bias voltages, offering enhanced flexibility in wavefront manipulation. A prototype of the RPAM has been designed, fabricated, and experimentally validated. The experimental results show excellent agreement with the simulations, confirming the RPAM’s capabilities for reconfigurable polarization conversion and amplitude modulation. Compared with the passive metasurface (MTS), the RPAM achieves a maximum gain enhancement of approximately 9 dB.
{"title":"An Active Metasurface for Dynamic Polarization Conversion and Independent Amplitude Control","authors":"Dong-Quan Liu;Shuai Ding;Qing-Song Jia;Hao Tang;Zhao-Jun Zhu;Qiao-Li Zhang;Bing-Zhong Wang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3594496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3594496","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, a reconfigurable polarization and amplitude-controlled metasurface (RPAM) is proposed to enable dynamic polarization conversion and independent amplitude modulation of electromagnetic waves. The RPAM achieves 2-bit polarization control by incorporating two independently biased amplifiers, where incident <italic>y</i>-polarized waves can be manipulated into four distinct states: <italic>x</i>-polarized, <italic>y</i>-polarized, circularly polarized transmission, or absorption. In addition, the amplitude of the transmitted wave can be continuously tuned by varying the bias voltages, offering enhanced flexibility in wavefront manipulation. A prototype of the RPAM has been designed, fabricated, and experimentally validated. The experimental results show excellent agreement with the simulations, confirming the RPAM’s capabilities for reconfigurable polarization conversion and amplitude modulation. Compared with the passive metasurface (MTS), the RPAM achieves a maximum gain enhancement of approximately 9 dB.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 11","pages":"9636-9641"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-06DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3594378
Raz Rajwan;Amir Boag
This communication introduces a single-channel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) algorithm designed to detect and produce high-fidelity images of moving targets in spotlight mode. The proposed fast backprojection (BP) algorithm utilizes multilevel interpolations and aggregation of coarse images produced from partial datasets. Specifically designed for near-field scenarios and assuming a circular radar trajectory, the algorithm demonstrates enhanced efficiency in detecting both moving and stationary vehicles on roads.
{"title":"Near-Field SAR Imaging of Moving Targets on Roads","authors":"Raz Rajwan;Amir Boag","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3594378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3594378","url":null,"abstract":"This communication introduces a single-channel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) algorithm designed to detect and produce high-fidelity images of moving targets in spotlight mode. The proposed fast backprojection (BP) algorithm utilizes multilevel interpolations and aggregation of coarse images produced from partial datasets. Specifically designed for near-field scenarios and assuming a circular radar trajectory, the algorithm demonstrates enhanced efficiency in detecting both moving and stationary vehicles on roads.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 12","pages":"10942-10947"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-06DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3594539
Gongqing Yang;Zhenhai Xu;Wei Dong;Hui Zeng;Xinxin Li
This communication introduces a novel optimization method for designing rotated subarrays. Rotated subarrays typically employ modular configurations with large element spacing to enable cost-efficient phased array implementations. The main challenge is reducing grating lobes (GLs) caused by the large spacing, which is a complex optimization problem. By carefully redesigning the optimization model, this nonconvex problem is transformed into a convex form that can be solved efficiently. Numerical results demonstrate superior GL suppression compared to existing methods, while full-wave electromagnetic simulations validate the approach.
{"title":"Large-Element-Spacing Array Design Algorithm for Rotated Subarray via Alternating Iterative Convex Optimization","authors":"Gongqing Yang;Zhenhai Xu;Wei Dong;Hui Zeng;Xinxin Li","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3594539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3594539","url":null,"abstract":"This communication introduces a novel optimization method for designing rotated subarrays. Rotated subarrays typically employ modular configurations with large element spacing to enable cost-efficient phased array implementations. The main challenge is reducing grating lobes (GLs) caused by the large spacing, which is a complex optimization problem. By carefully redesigning the optimization model, this nonconvex problem is transformed into a convex form that can be solved efficiently. Numerical results demonstrate superior GL suppression compared to existing methods, while full-wave electromagnetic simulations validate the approach.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 12","pages":"10889-10894"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3590277
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3590277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3590277","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11114775","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144782124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3590283
{"title":"Institutional Listings","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3590283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3590283","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11114771","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3590279
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3590279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3590279","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 8","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11114772","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3593124
Xiaoting Ma;Yan Wang
In this communication, co-design of long-term evolution (LTE) and millimeter-wave (MMW) antennas with switchable MMW beams in the display direction for mobile phones is studied. The MMW antenna is composed of three monopoles, which is positioned at three distinct places on the chassis of a mobile phone. By selecting different monopoles and using the chassis surface waves, three switchable MMW beams in the display direction are achieved with high gains. Also, three folded plates are employed to improve the MMW radiation performance in the display direction. To realize the co-design, the interdigital capacitor (IDC) structure is applied as the ground of the MMW antenna, which affects the LTE antenna slightly. For the LTE antenna, the measured band of −6 dB cover 700–962 and 1637–2763 MHz. The measured efficiencies are higher than 45% and 53%, respectively. For the MMW antenna, the measured band of −10 dB cover 24.25–27.5 GHz. Within the band of 24.25–27.5 GHz, the measured peak gain reaches 11.3 dBi. A beam steering range of 80° (−40° to 40°) is realized in the display direction, with a gain exceeding 9.8 dBi. The proposed antenna, using chassis surface waves, with switchable MMW beams in the display direction can be a potential candidate for LTE/MMW mobile phones.
{"title":"Co-Design of LTE/MMW Antenna in Mobile Phones With Switchable MMW Beams in the Display Direction Using Chassis Surface Waves","authors":"Xiaoting Ma;Yan Wang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3593124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3593124","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, co-design of long-term evolution (LTE) and millimeter-wave (MMW) antennas with switchable MMW beams in the display direction for mobile phones is studied. The MMW antenna is composed of three monopoles, which is positioned at three distinct places on the chassis of a mobile phone. By selecting different monopoles and using the chassis surface waves, three switchable MMW beams in the display direction are achieved with high gains. Also, three folded plates are employed to improve the MMW radiation performance in the display direction. To realize the co-design, the interdigital capacitor (IDC) structure is applied as the ground of the MMW antenna, which affects the LTE antenna slightly. For the LTE antenna, the measured band of −6 dB cover 700–962 and 1637–2763 MHz. The measured efficiencies are higher than 45% and 53%, respectively. For the MMW antenna, the measured band of −10 dB cover 24.25–27.5 GHz. Within the band of 24.25–27.5 GHz, the measured peak gain reaches 11.3 dBi. A beam steering range of 80° (−40° to 40°) is realized in the display direction, with a gain exceeding 9.8 dBi. The proposed antenna, using chassis surface waves, with switchable MMW beams in the display direction can be a potential candidate for LTE/MMW mobile phones.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 11","pages":"9601-9606"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3593067
Hui Ran Zeng;Tong He;Zheng Xu Li;Kai Li
In this study, we investigate the theory of extremely low-frequency (ELF, below 30 Hz) wave propagation within a layered, anisotropic oceanic lithosphere waveguide. By considering the anisotropic properties of the lower layer of the waveguide, we derive the reflection coefficients for the guided modes. The modal equation for the anisotropic case is developed and solved by evaluating the reflection coefficients of the upper and lower waveguide boundaries. Analytical expressions for the propagating mode and field strength under anisotropic conditions are presented. Calculations and analysis reveal that when the transverse conductivity of the lower boundary is greater than its longitudinal conductivity, the field strength is marginally reduced compared to the isotropic case. Additionally, when the medium conductivity is anisotropic, the antenna pattern differs from the isotropic case and exhibits an asymmetric distribution.
{"title":"Theory of ELF Wave Propagation in a Layered Anisotropic Oceanic Lithosphere Waveguide","authors":"Hui Ran Zeng;Tong He;Zheng Xu Li;Kai Li","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3593067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3593067","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigate the theory of extremely low-frequency (ELF, below 30 Hz) wave propagation within a layered, anisotropic oceanic lithosphere waveguide. By considering the anisotropic properties of the lower layer of the waveguide, we derive the reflection coefficients for the guided modes. The modal equation for the anisotropic case is developed and solved by evaluating the reflection coefficients of the upper and lower waveguide boundaries. Analytical expressions for the propagating mode and field strength under anisotropic conditions are presented. Calculations and analysis reveal that when the transverse conductivity of the lower boundary is greater than its longitudinal conductivity, the field strength is marginally reduced compared to the isotropic case. Additionally, when the medium conductivity is anisotropic, the antenna pattern differs from the isotropic case and exhibits an asymmetric distribution.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 12","pages":"10959-10964"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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