Pub Date : 2025-01-31DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3534418
Hao Wen;Peng-Fei Gu;Zi He;Nan Yang;Kwok Wa Leung;Jian-Xiao Wang;Zhen-Hong Fan;Da-Zhi Ding
This article proposes an effective approach for synthesizing sparse planar arrays using the three-step mapping (TSM) method. By decomposing the array optimization process into three independent steps: region partitioning, placement along the x-direction, and placement along the y-direction, this approach effectively addresses the challenge of designing sparse planar arrays under multiple constraints, including array aperture, number of elements, and minimum spacing between adjacent elements, while avoiding infeasible solutions. Compared to the existing matrix mapping methods, the proposed approach removes the limitations on the maximum number of elements arranged in a given row or column and is able to offer greater degrees of freedom (DOFs) in element positioning. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method, which outperforms the existing matrix mapping methods.
{"title":"A Three-Step Mapping Method for the Synthesis of Sparse Planar Arrays","authors":"Hao Wen;Peng-Fei Gu;Zi He;Nan Yang;Kwok Wa Leung;Jian-Xiao Wang;Zhen-Hong Fan;Da-Zhi Ding","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3534418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3534418","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes an effective approach for synthesizing sparse planar arrays using the three-step mapping (TSM) method. By decomposing the array optimization process into three independent steps: region partitioning, placement along the x-direction, and placement along the y-direction, this approach effectively addresses the challenge of designing sparse planar arrays under multiple constraints, including array aperture, number of elements, and minimum spacing between adjacent elements, while avoiding infeasible solutions. Compared to the existing matrix mapping methods, the proposed approach removes the limitations on the maximum number of elements arranged in a given row or column and is able to offer greater degrees of freedom (DOFs) in element positioning. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method, which outperforms the existing matrix mapping methods.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 3","pages":"1712-1724"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-30DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3533738
Heng Wang;Yongpin Chen;Xianzheng Zong;Jun Hu;Zaiping Nie
A numerical evaluation approach for strongly near-singular integrals in the high-order method of moments (MoM) is presented in this article. The approach starts with a three-subtriangle division and the establishment of a local coordinate system for each subtriangle. A Duffy transformation is then introduced to transform the surface integral in the Cartesian system into a radial–angular form to mitigate the singularities in the y-direction. According to the pole-based asymptotic analysis of the truncation error, successive sinh transformations are subsequently applied to both inner and outer integrals to accelerate the error convergence of numerical integration. Finally, by introducing a projection surface, the proposed method is further extended to curvilinear elements and applied to the high-order MoM. Numerical results have demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method for strongly near-singular integrals and its applicability in high-order MoM for practical electromagnetic (EM) scattering problems.
{"title":"Numerical Evaluation of Strongly Near-Singular Integrals in High-Order Method of Moments","authors":"Heng Wang;Yongpin Chen;Xianzheng Zong;Jun Hu;Zaiping Nie","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3533738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3533738","url":null,"abstract":"A numerical evaluation approach for strongly near-singular integrals in the high-order method of moments (MoM) is presented in this article. The approach starts with a three-subtriangle division and the establishment of a local coordinate system for each subtriangle. A Duffy transformation is then introduced to transform the surface integral in the Cartesian system into a radial–angular form to mitigate the singularities in the y-direction. According to the pole-based asymptotic analysis of the truncation error, successive sinh transformations are subsequently applied to both inner and outer integrals to accelerate the error convergence of numerical integration. Finally, by introducing a projection surface, the proposed method is further extended to curvilinear elements and applied to the high-order MoM. Numerical results have demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method for strongly near-singular integrals and its applicability in high-order MoM for practical electromagnetic (EM) scattering problems.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 3","pages":"1640-1649"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-30DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3533904
Bryce M. Barclay;Eric J. Kostelich;Alex Mahalov
The estimation of signal distortions caused by sensor movement is a fundamental problem in modern signal processing systems. Standard Doppler analysis estimates signal distortions by assuming that all objects in the system travel at a constant velocity. The increasing speed and complexity of modern systems, however, requires an understanding of how the general 3-D motion of the sensor distorts the signal. In this work, we establish and interpret the spectral perturbations caused by changes in speed, i.e., acceleration and jolt, and by changes in the direction of velocity, i.e., the 3-D geometry of the receiver path, which together form the building blocks of arbitrary nonlinear motion. For constant jolt, the transmitted signal is distorted by a nonlinear chirp, which results in nonuniform spectral broadening and can create Airy-type oscillations in the amplitude spectrum. We identify sensor path approximations that incorporate the nonlinear phases induced by the 3-D geometry: the helical and Frenet-Serret approximations, which result in sinusoidal and cubic phase signals, respectively. We characterize the dependence of the spectrum on curvature, torsion, and the relative direction of wave propagation to the Frenet-Serret frame.
{"title":"Doppler Effects of Nonlinear Sensor Motion in 3-D Space: Curvature, Torsion, Jolts, and Directional Wave Propagation","authors":"Bryce M. Barclay;Eric J. Kostelich;Alex Mahalov","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3533904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3533904","url":null,"abstract":"The estimation of signal distortions caused by sensor movement is a fundamental problem in modern signal processing systems. Standard Doppler analysis estimates signal distortions by assuming that all objects in the system travel at a constant velocity. The increasing speed and complexity of modern systems, however, requires an understanding of how the general 3-D motion of the sensor distorts the signal. In this work, we establish and interpret the spectral perturbations caused by changes in speed, i.e., acceleration and jolt, and by changes in the direction of velocity, i.e., the 3-D geometry of the receiver path, which together form the building blocks of arbitrary nonlinear motion. For constant jolt, the transmitted signal is distorted by a nonlinear chirp, which results in nonuniform spectral broadening and can create Airy-type oscillations in the amplitude spectrum. We identify sensor path approximations that incorporate the nonlinear phases induced by the 3-D geometry: the helical and Frenet-Serret approximations, which result in sinusoidal and cubic phase signals, respectively. We characterize the dependence of the spectrum on curvature, torsion, and the relative direction of wave propagation to the Frenet-Serret frame.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 3","pages":"1840-1845"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10858678","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-30DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3533902
Le Hao;Sravan Kumar Reddy Vuyyuru;Sergei A. Tretyakov;Artan Salihu;Markus Rupp;Risto Valkonen
In this article, we systematically study the electromagnetic (EM) and communication aspects of an RIS through EM simulations, system-level and ray tracing (RT) simulations, and finally measurements. We simulate a nearly perfect, lossless RIS, and a realistic lossy anomalous reflector (AR) in a ray tracer and analyze the large-scale fading of simple RIS-assisted links. We also compare the results with continuous and quantized unit cell reflection phases with 1–4-bit resolutions. Finally, we perform over-the-air communication link measurements in an indoor setting with a manufactured sample of a wide-angle AR. The EM, system-level, and RT simulation results show good agreement with the measurement results. It is proved that the introduced macroscopic model of an RIS from the EM aspects is consistent with our proposed communication models, both for an ideal RIS and a realistic AR. The verified system-level simulator and ray tracer for an RIS could be tailored to, e.g., the wireless communication system engineers in the cellular network planning business, providing tools to optimize the network performance.
{"title":"Modeling RIS From Electromagnetic Principles to Communication Systems—Part II: System-Level Simulation, Ray Tracing, and Measurements","authors":"Le Hao;Sravan Kumar Reddy Vuyyuru;Sergei A. Tretyakov;Artan Salihu;Markus Rupp;Risto Valkonen","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3533902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3533902","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we systematically study the electromagnetic (EM) and communication aspects of an RIS through EM simulations, system-level and ray tracing (RT) simulations, and finally measurements. We simulate a nearly perfect, lossless RIS, and a realistic lossy anomalous reflector (AR) in a ray tracer and analyze the large-scale fading of simple RIS-assisted links. We also compare the results with continuous and quantized unit cell reflection phases with 1–4-bit resolutions. Finally, we perform over-the-air communication link measurements in an indoor setting with a manufactured sample of a wide-angle AR. The EM, system-level, and RT simulation results show good agreement with the measurement results. It is proved that the introduced macroscopic model of an RIS from the EM aspects is consistent with our proposed communication models, both for an ideal RIS and a realistic AR. The verified system-level simulator and ray tracer for an RIS could be tailored to, e.g., the wireless communication system engineers in the cellular network planning business, providing tools to optimize the network performance.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 3","pages":"1756-1767"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10858656","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-30DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3533884
Qimin Ding;Guobin Wan;Nan Wang;Xin Ma
The skeleton to fuse features from both binarized patterns and vectorized structural parameters of metasurfaces is proposed to be optimized by the sequential sampling method for a better estimation of electromagnetic (EM) responses. By training a surrogate model with prior observations to estimate the posterior performance of fusion skeletons, the proposed method recognizes more promising fusion skeletons and samples them with a higher probability, and the sampled skeletons are used to further update the surrogate for a better estimation. To balance the exploration and exploitation during sampling iterations, a temperature-annealed sampling strategy is adopted. The proposed method is validated by optimizing the fusion skeleton of a multimodal model to estimate the EM responses of a complex frequency-selective rasorber and a metasurface absorber. Numeric results demonstrate that satisfying fusion skeletons can be found within several iterations so that the accuracy and efficiency of estimating EM responses are enhanced. A rough guideline can also be drawn that the fusion between late features from vectorized structural parameters and early features from binarized patterns should be prioritized for better estimation performance.
{"title":"Optimizing Fusion Skeleton for Multimodal Neural Network by Sequential Sampling to Efficiently Estimate Electromagnetic Response of Metasurfaces","authors":"Qimin Ding;Guobin Wan;Nan Wang;Xin Ma","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3533884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3533884","url":null,"abstract":"The skeleton to fuse features from both binarized patterns and vectorized structural parameters of metasurfaces is proposed to be optimized by the sequential sampling method for a better estimation of electromagnetic (EM) responses. By training a surrogate model with prior observations to estimate the posterior performance of fusion skeletons, the proposed method recognizes more promising fusion skeletons and samples them with a higher probability, and the sampled skeletons are used to further update the surrogate for a better estimation. To balance the exploration and exploitation during sampling iterations, a temperature-annealed sampling strategy is adopted. The proposed method is validated by optimizing the fusion skeleton of a multimodal model to estimate the EM responses of a complex frequency-selective rasorber and a metasurface absorber. Numeric results demonstrate that satisfying fusion skeletons can be found within several iterations so that the accuracy and efficiency of estimating EM responses are enhanced. A rough guideline can also be drawn that the fusion between late features from vectorized structural parameters and early features from binarized patterns should be prioritized for better estimation performance.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 3","pages":"1906-1911"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-28DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3532082
Min Jiang;Qingtao Sun;Qing Huo Liu;Xiaochun Li
Training data and generalization capability are two of the major obstacles hindering the widespread application of deep learning in computational electromagnetics. To alleviate these challenges, this communication proposes a deep image prior (DIP)-based modeling framework to facilitate fast-forward modeling of large-scale problems. This framework leverages an unsupervised learning network with super-resolution capability, requiring only the low-resolution field distribution portrait in the model as input. The low-resolution field is initially generated using the conventional finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) method with a coarse mesh. Through iterative updates, the network produces a refined field distribution that achieves an accuracy comparable to that obtained with a mesh twice as dense as the original one. In addition, an automated termination criterion is introduced for DIP iteration. Extensive numerical experiments validate the super-resolution capability of our method in handling 2-D scattering problems with diverse shapes and material properties. In addition, a large-scale model is deployed to demonstrate the generalization capability of the proposed modeling framework for realistic applications. Notably, the proposed method exhibits superior computational efficiency compared to conventional FDFD for large-scale modeling, as it only requires forward modeling on a coarse mesh. By eliminating the need for training data and demonstrating good generalization capability, this method shows significant potential in addressing the challenges posed by conventional modeling techniques, particularly in terms of the intensive computational overhead associated with large-scale problems.
{"title":"Deep Image Prior-Based Super Resolution for Fast Electromagnetic Forward Modeling","authors":"Min Jiang;Qingtao Sun;Qing Huo Liu;Xiaochun Li","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3532082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3532082","url":null,"abstract":"Training data and generalization capability are two of the major obstacles hindering the widespread application of deep learning in computational electromagnetics. To alleviate these challenges, this communication proposes a deep image prior (DIP)-based modeling framework to facilitate fast-forward modeling of large-scale problems. This framework leverages an unsupervised learning network with super-resolution capability, requiring only the low-resolution field distribution portrait in the model as input. The low-resolution field is initially generated using the conventional finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) method with a coarse mesh. Through iterative updates, the network produces a refined field distribution that achieves an accuracy comparable to that obtained with a mesh twice as dense as the original one. In addition, an automated termination criterion is introduced for DIP iteration. Extensive numerical experiments validate the super-resolution capability of our method in handling 2-D scattering problems with diverse shapes and material properties. In addition, a large-scale model is deployed to demonstrate the generalization capability of the proposed modeling framework for realistic applications. Notably, the proposed method exhibits superior computational efficiency compared to conventional FDFD for large-scale modeling, as it only requires forward modeling on a coarse mesh. By eliminating the need for training data and demonstrating good generalization capability, this method shows significant potential in addressing the challenges posed by conventional modeling techniques, particularly in terms of the intensive computational overhead associated with large-scale problems.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 3","pages":"1900-1905"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3531114
Kazem Zafari;Homayoon Oraizi;Haddi Ahmadi
This article investigates the leakage radiation phenomenon between adjacent sinusoidal impedance surfaces, focusing on various structural configurations and their effects. Initially, the radiation between symmetrically placed sinusoidal inductive-impedance surfaces is examined. Nonsymmetric and inverse nonsymmetric configurations incorporating complementary capacitive surfaces are then explored. To enhance the modulation coefficient, square unit cells are transformed into rectangular ones. The Taylor one-parameter distribution (TOPD) method is applied to control leakage values along the antenna, enabling precise engineering of the desired sidelobe level (SLL). Excitation of these structures is accomplished using Vivaldi and inverse Vivaldi transitions. Two prototypes are constructed and tested, demonstrating the ability to steer the main beams from backward to forward, passing through the broadside direction, while achieving bidirectional radiation—an achievement that is difficult to realize with conventional leaky wave antennas (LWAs). The proposed LWAs exhibit wide bandwidth and wide-angle scanning, making them suitable for advanced wireless communication applications. The fabricated prototypes operate effectively from 12 to 22 GHz, achieving a gain range of 10–16 dB.
{"title":"Engineering Leaky Wave Antennas: Modulated Impedance Surfaces and Radiative Characteristics","authors":"Kazem Zafari;Homayoon Oraizi;Haddi Ahmadi","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3531114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3531114","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the leakage radiation phenomenon between adjacent sinusoidal impedance surfaces, focusing on various structural configurations and their effects. Initially, the radiation between symmetrically placed sinusoidal inductive-impedance surfaces is examined. Nonsymmetric and inverse nonsymmetric configurations incorporating complementary capacitive surfaces are then explored. To enhance the modulation coefficient, square unit cells are transformed into rectangular ones. The Taylor one-parameter distribution (TOPD) method is applied to control leakage values along the antenna, enabling precise engineering of the desired sidelobe level (SLL). Excitation of these structures is accomplished using Vivaldi and inverse Vivaldi transitions. Two prototypes are constructed and tested, demonstrating the ability to steer the main beams from backward to forward, passing through the broadside direction, while achieving bidirectional radiation—an achievement that is difficult to realize with conventional leaky wave antennas (LWAs). The proposed LWAs exhibit wide bandwidth and wide-angle scanning, making them suitable for advanced wireless communication applications. The fabricated prototypes operate effectively from 12 to 22 GHz, achieving a gain range of 10–16 dB.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 3","pages":"1482-1495"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3531144
Piotr Słobodzian;Robert Borowiec;Grzegorz Jaworski
This article describes a new method for synthesis of a flat-top beam radiation pattern of three-element antenna arrays. Currently, this is the only method that 1) gives a semi-analytical solution, 2) uses a physically rigorous model of an antenna array, and 3) has a simple feasibility condition that allows the existence of a solution to be assessed in advance. The method uses the complex active element pattern, which can be calculated or measured. The shape of the synthesized pattern is defined by the width of the beam and the ripple of its top. The excitation of the radiating elements is calculated using algebraic formulas and a simple iterative procedure. The usefulness of the proposed method has been demonstrated with the help of some examples.
{"title":"A Semi-Analytical Method for Synthesis of a Flat-Top Beam Radiation Pattern of Three-Element Antenna Arrays","authors":"Piotr Słobodzian;Robert Borowiec;Grzegorz Jaworski","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3531144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3531144","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes a new method for synthesis of a flat-top beam radiation pattern of three-element antenna arrays. Currently, this is the only method that 1) gives a semi-analytical solution, 2) uses a physically rigorous model of an antenna array, and 3) has a simple feasibility condition that allows the existence of a solution to be assessed in advance. The method uses the complex active element pattern, which can be calculated or measured. The shape of the synthesized pattern is defined by the width of the beam and the ripple of its top. The excitation of the radiating elements is calculated using algebraic formulas and a simple iterative procedure. The usefulness of the proposed method has been demonstrated with the help of some examples.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 3","pages":"1537-1550"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3531119
Xin Xu;Dongze Zheng;Wei Hong;Yan Wang;Xiaohe Cheng;Yuan Yao
For 6G applications, this communication reports the very first design of a 100-GHz band full-metallic Butler matrix-based 1-D beamforming multibeam antenna. The multibeam antenna combines a novel E-plane groove gap-waveguided (GGW) Butler matrix and a $1times 4$ H-plane horn array, and these two parts are interconnected without any waveguide twists. An E-plane waveguide crossover formed by two cascaded septum polarizers, which can fully comply with the standard computerized numerical control (CNC) milling process, is used to implement the proposed E-plane Butler matrix. Sets of metal block pairs are loaded inside the horn element to reduce the longitudinal dimension and enhance the gain. The design concept has been verified by prototyping and it has been demonstrated that the proposed multibeam antenna can work over 95–110 GHz with a peak gain of 16.6 dBi, a peak efficiency of 89%, and a beam coverage of −46° to 46°.
{"title":"A 95–110 GHz Fully Metallic Multibeam Antenna Fed by E-Plane Groove Gap-Waveguided Butler Matrix for 6G Applications","authors":"Xin Xu;Dongze Zheng;Wei Hong;Yan Wang;Xiaohe Cheng;Yuan Yao","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3531119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3531119","url":null,"abstract":"For 6G applications, this communication reports the very first design of a 100-GHz band full-metallic Butler matrix-based 1-D beamforming multibeam antenna. The multibeam antenna combines a novel E-plane groove gap-waveguided (GGW) Butler matrix and a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> H-plane horn array, and these two parts are interconnected without any waveguide twists. An E-plane waveguide crossover formed by two cascaded septum polarizers, which can fully comply with the standard computerized numerical control (CNC) milling process, is used to implement the proposed E-plane Butler matrix. Sets of metal block pairs are loaded inside the horn element to reduce the longitudinal dimension and enhance the gain. The design concept has been verified by prototyping and it has been demonstrated that the proposed multibeam antenna can work over 95–110 GHz with a peak gain of 16.6 dBi, a peak efficiency of 89%, and a beam coverage of −46° to 46°.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 3","pages":"1888-1893"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-20DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3519844
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3519844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3519844","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10847602","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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