This article investigates a 2-D range–angle beampattern synthesis method for jammer suppression using a frequency diverse array (FDA)–multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) framework, where the transmit waveform, receive filter, and frequency increment are optimized. At the problem formulation stage, the objective function is chosen as the minimization of the squared error between the devised and desired beampattern, where the beampattern response corresponding to the target region attains its maximum value, whereas the response associated with the jammer region is minimized to nulls. Moreover, the constant modulus, receive energy, and spectrum bandwidth constraints are forced to ensure feasibility in practical implementations. To tackle the resultant NP-hard nonconvex optimization problem, a Riemannian manifold-based gradient descent (RMGD) algorithm is developed, which reformulates the problem as an unconstrained optimization task by leveraging the geometrical structure of a Riemannian product manifold. In particular, the Euclidean gradient is projected onto the tangent space, and the decision variables are updated and retracted onto the Riemannian manifold. In this respect, the transmit waveform, receive filter, and frequency increment are iteratively obtained through an alternating optimization procedure until convergence. In addition, the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is analyzed. Simulation results highlight the advantages of the proposed method in deceptive jammer suppression, evidenced by significant improvements in signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), robustness against position errors, and detection probability.
{"title":"Beampattern Design Using Riemannian Manifold for Frequency Diverse Array Considering Jammers","authors":"Jiawei Qi;Lan Lan;Hai Huang;Guisheng Liao;Jingwei Xu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3650630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3650630","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates a 2-D range–angle beampattern synthesis method for jammer suppression using a frequency diverse array (FDA)–multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) framework, where the transmit waveform, receive filter, and frequency increment are optimized. At the problem formulation stage, the objective function is chosen as the minimization of the squared error between the devised and desired beampattern, where the beampattern response corresponding to the target region attains its maximum value, whereas the response associated with the jammer region is minimized to nulls. Moreover, the constant modulus, receive energy, and spectrum bandwidth constraints are forced to ensure feasibility in practical implementations. To tackle the resultant NP-hard nonconvex optimization problem, a Riemannian manifold-based gradient descent (RMGD) algorithm is developed, which reformulates the problem as an unconstrained optimization task by leveraging the geometrical structure of a Riemannian product manifold. In particular, the Euclidean gradient is projected onto the tangent space, and the decision variables are updated and retracted onto the Riemannian manifold. In this respect, the transmit waveform, receive filter, and frequency increment are iteratively obtained through an alternating optimization procedure until convergence. In addition, the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is analyzed. Simulation results highlight the advantages of the proposed method in deceptive jammer suppression, evidenced by significant improvements in signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), robustness against position errors, and detection probability.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 3","pages":"2795-2808"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1109/tap.2025.3650282
Jinbo Liu, Zengrui Li, Jiming Song
Computing electromagnetic properties of large-scale finite periodic structures (LFPSs) via the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) often suffers from heavy time and memory consumption. The main reason is that complex structures and high-permittivity materials in LFPSs need dense meshes, leading to a prohibitively dense near-field interaction (NFI) matrix. To overcome this drawback, during the MLFMA initialization, each leaf box is enforced to exactly encapsulate an identical periodic structure of the LFPSs with consistent mesh topology and basis function definitions. The NFI matrix can then be divided into several repeatable submatrices, while only those unique ones require computation and storage, thereby reducing the filling time and memory consumption of the NFI matrix by severalfold without sacrificing accuracy. Additionally, when the leaf boxes are overcrowded with basis and test functions, the matrix-vector products during the iterative solution are enhanced through dual accelerations: interpolative decomposition (ID) compresses the low-rank NFI matrix, while spherical harmonic expansion (SE) replaces numerical quadrature in k-space with spherical harmonic summations for far-field interactions. Two LFPSs with commonly rectangular and triangular lattice arrangements are computed to verify the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.
{"title":"A Specific Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm for the Electromagnetic Analysis of Large-Scale Finite Periodic Structures","authors":"Jinbo Liu, Zengrui Li, Jiming Song","doi":"10.1109/tap.2025.3650282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2025.3650282","url":null,"abstract":"Computing electromagnetic properties of large-scale finite periodic structures (LFPSs) via the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) often suffers from heavy time and memory consumption. The main reason is that complex structures and high-permittivity materials in LFPSs need dense meshes, leading to a prohibitively dense near-field interaction (NFI) matrix. To overcome this drawback, during the MLFMA initialization, each leaf box is enforced to exactly encapsulate an identical periodic structure of the LFPSs with consistent mesh topology and basis function definitions. The NFI matrix can then be divided into several repeatable submatrices, while only those unique ones require computation and storage, thereby reducing the filling time and memory consumption of the NFI matrix by severalfold without sacrificing accuracy. Additionally, when the leaf boxes are overcrowded with basis and test functions, the matrix-vector products during the iterative solution are enhanced through dual accelerations: interpolative decomposition (ID) compresses the low-rank NFI matrix, while spherical harmonic expansion (SE) replaces numerical quadrature in <italic xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">k</i>-space with spherical harmonic summations for far-field interactions. Two LFPSs with commonly rectangular and triangular lattice arrangements are computed to verify the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147381919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-16DOI: 10.1109/tap.2025.3620041
M Shifatul Islam, Asiful Islam, Asimina Kiourti
This paper proposes an extension to the Born-Iterative-Method (BIM) algorithm with a goal to enhance its working range of imaging permittivity contrasts. State-of-the-art BIM variants are governed by the weak scattering principle which is limited to applications with low contrasts. The proposed Extended BIM (EBIM) uses the localized non-linear approximation during each Born iteration; an additional computational step which is well compensated by very fast convergence, numerical stability, and accommodation of higher contrasts inside the imaging domain. As a quantitative algorithm, we show that the EBIM provides improved reconstruction of the electric fields, imaging contrasts ≈ 3 times greater than traditional BIM variants. As a qualitative implementation, the EBIM is shown to robustly identify anomalies in differential imaging problems, even with trivial initialization conditions. Though complexity of the anatomy results in loss of quantitative information, the ability to address various imaging scenarios with numerical stability in the presence of a small number of antennas (12 in this study) suggest that the EBIM algorithm can be used as a robust method for microwave imaging.
{"title":"Improved Microwave Imaging with the Extended Born Iterative Method.","authors":"M Shifatul Islam, Asiful Islam, Asimina Kiourti","doi":"10.1109/tap.2025.3620041","DOIUrl":"10.1109/tap.2025.3620041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper proposes an extension to the Born-Iterative-Method (BIM) algorithm with a goal to enhance its working range of imaging permittivity contrasts. State-of-the-art BIM variants are governed by the weak scattering principle which is limited to applications with low contrasts. The proposed Extended BIM (EBIM) uses the localized non-linear approximation during each Born iteration; an additional computational step which is well compensated by very fast convergence, numerical stability, and accommodation of higher contrasts inside the imaging domain. As a quantitative algorithm, we show that the EBIM provides improved reconstruction of the electric fields, imaging contrasts ≈ 3 times greater than traditional BIM variants. As a qualitative implementation, the EBIM is shown to robustly identify anomalies in differential imaging problems, even with trivial initialization conditions. Though complexity of the anatomy results in loss of quantitative information, the ability to address various imaging scenarios with numerical stability in the presence of a small number of antennas (12 in this study) suggest that the EBIM algorithm can be used as a robust method for microwave imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 1","pages":"848-858"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12916137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146226587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3639500
Jinhyun Kim;Seongwoog Oh;Jungsuek Oh
In this communication, a 2.5-bit polarization-rotating transmit array is proposed for ultrawideband sixth generation (6G) terahertz (THz) communications. The transmit array utilizes a unit-cell (UC) structure combining a polarization rotator and a polarizer, enabling broadband phase tuning and impedance matching with 2.5-bit phase control. By applying single- and dual-bar topologies to the rotator, a low Q-factor matching controller was implemented, enabling low-transmission loss and wideband performance. Six types of UCs were designed to realize 2.5-bit discrete phase states with a 260° tuning range. The arrangement of the UC was optimized based on the reference phase to minimize quantization loss, enabling optimal array configuration for high-efficiency beamforming. The fabricated $30times 30$ transmit array achieved a peak gain of 28.6 dBi, an aperture efficiency of 31.8%, and a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 46.5 GHz, 32.1%. Furthermore, the communication distance range was experimentally evaluated using error vector magnitude (EVM) measurements with modulated signals, demonstrating increases of three times compared with that of a standalone horn antenna. Consequently, the proposed transmit array achieved a data rate of 1.44 Gb/s at a distance of 100 cm, as confirmed by modulated signal throughput measurements.
{"title":"A 2.5-Bit Polarization-Rotating Ultrawideband Transmit Array for 6G Communications","authors":"Jinhyun Kim;Seongwoog Oh;Jungsuek Oh","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3639500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3639500","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, a 2.5-bit polarization-rotating transmit array is proposed for ultrawideband sixth generation (6G) terahertz (THz) communications. The transmit array utilizes a unit-cell (UC) structure combining a polarization rotator and a polarizer, enabling broadband phase tuning and impedance matching with 2.5-bit phase control. By applying single- and dual-bar topologies to the rotator, a low Q-factor matching controller was implemented, enabling low-transmission loss and wideband performance. Six types of UCs were designed to realize 2.5-bit discrete phase states with a 260° tuning range. The arrangement of the UC was optimized based on the reference phase to minimize quantization loss, enabling optimal array configuration for high-efficiency beamforming. The fabricated <inline-formula> <tex-math>$30times 30$ </tex-math></inline-formula> transmit array achieved a peak gain of 28.6 dBi, an aperture efficiency of 31.8%, and a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 46.5 GHz, 32.1%. Furthermore, the communication distance range was experimentally evaluated using error vector magnitude (EVM) measurements with modulated signals, demonstrating increases of three times compared with that of a standalone horn antenna. Consequently, the proposed transmit array achieved a data rate of 1.44 Gb/s at a distance of 100 cm, as confirmed by modulated signal throughput measurements.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 3","pages":"2869-2874"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3645914
Brendon C. Besler;Elise C. Fear
This communication investigates the use of subwavelength-focused incident fields to reduce the ill-posedness of the microwave inverse scattering problem (ISP) by decreasing the smoothness of the scattering kernel, while also localizing the fields to reduce multiple scattering and linearize the problem. In the ideal case of a point-like incident field it is demonstrated that the inverse problem becomes well-posed. Improved imaging results are demonstrated using more realistic subwavelength-focused incident fields compared to conventional approaches. Conventional regularization and nonlinear inversion techniques are used. The impact of the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) and sidelobe level (SLL) of the subwavelength-focused incident field on image accuracy are investigated to assess the feasibility of using subwavelength-focused fields for quantitative imaging.
{"title":"On the Regularization and Linearization of the Microwave Inverse Scattering Problem Using Subwavelength-Focused Fields","authors":"Brendon C. Besler;Elise C. Fear","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3645914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3645914","url":null,"abstract":"This communication investigates the use of subwavelength-focused incident fields to reduce the ill-posedness of the microwave inverse scattering problem (ISP) by decreasing the smoothness of the scattering kernel, while also localizing the fields to reduce multiple scattering and linearize the problem. In the ideal case of a point-like incident field it is demonstrated that the inverse problem becomes well-posed. Improved imaging results are demonstrated using more realistic subwavelength-focused incident fields compared to conventional approaches. Conventional regularization and nonlinear inversion techniques are used. The impact of the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) and sidelobe level (SLL) of the subwavelength-focused incident field on image accuracy are investigated to assess the feasibility of using subwavelength-focused fields for quantitative imaging.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 3","pages":"2905-2910"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3644667
Huixin Xu;Jianhua Zhang;Pan Tang;Hongbo Xing;Lei Tian;Qixing Wang
Directional scanning sounding (DSS) has become widely adopted for high-frequency channel measurements because it effectively compensates for the severe path loss. However, the resolution of existing multipath component (MPC) angle estimation methods is constrained by the DSS angle sampling interval. Therefore, this communication proposes a high-resolution MPC angle estimation method based on power–angle–delay profile (PADP) for DSS. By exploiting the mapping relationship between the power difference of adjacent angles in the PADP and MPC offset angle, the resolution of MPC angle estimation is refined, significantly enhancing the accuracy of MPC angle and amplitude estimation without increasing measurement complexity. Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed method significantly reduces the mean squared estimation errors of angle and amplitude compared with existing methods, achieving performance close to the Cramér–Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) of DSS. Finally, experiments conducted in an indoor scenario at 37.5 GHz validate the excellent performance of the proposed method in practical applications.
{"title":"High-Resolution Multipath Angle Estimation Based on Power–Angle–Delay Profile for Directional Scanning Sounding","authors":"Huixin Xu;Jianhua Zhang;Pan Tang;Hongbo Xing;Lei Tian;Qixing Wang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3644667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3644667","url":null,"abstract":"Directional scanning sounding (DSS) has become widely adopted for high-frequency channel measurements because it effectively compensates for the severe path loss. However, the resolution of existing multipath component (MPC) angle estimation methods is constrained by the DSS angle sampling interval. Therefore, this communication proposes a high-resolution MPC angle estimation method based on power–angle–delay profile (PADP) for DSS. By exploiting the mapping relationship between the power difference of adjacent angles in the PADP and MPC offset angle, the resolution of MPC angle estimation is refined, significantly enhancing the accuracy of MPC angle and amplitude estimation without increasing measurement complexity. Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed method significantly reduces the mean squared estimation errors of angle and amplitude compared with existing methods, achieving performance close to the Cramér–Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) of DSS. Finally, experiments conducted in an indoor scenario at 37.5 GHz validate the excellent performance of the proposed method in practical applications.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 3","pages":"2911-2916"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3645121
Zou Long;Zhengji Xu
We propose and experimentally validate a noninterleaved, dual-band Janus metasurface that multiplexes frequency and incidence direction to realize four bidirectional and mutually independent wavefront-control channels. The unit cell comprises two layers of rotatable double-split rings and a central polarization-selective grating, enabling 0/$pi $ phase coding at 26 and 40 GHz for forward (+z) and backward (−z) incidence, respectively. Based on this design, a $30times 30$ -cell prototype generates four orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams with topological charges + 1, + 2, + 3, and + 4. Full-wave simulations and microwave-chamber measurements yield mode purities of 0.72–0.77 (sim.) and 0.62–0.70 (meas.), with interchannel isolation better than −22 dB and an aperture-level transmission efficiency 0.48. Furthermore, the noninterleaved bidirectional multiplexing achieves 100% spatial utilization without interleaving, offering a compact route to multifunctional, OAM links, and multitarget detection.
{"title":"A Noninterleaved Dual-Band Janus Metasurface With Four Bidirectional Wavefront Control Channels for Vortex Beam Generation","authors":"Zou Long;Zhengji Xu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3645121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3645121","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and experimentally validate a noninterleaved, dual-band Janus metasurface that multiplexes frequency and incidence direction to realize four bidirectional and mutually independent wavefront-control channels. The unit cell comprises two layers of rotatable double-split rings and a central polarization-selective grating, enabling 0/<inline-formula> <tex-math>$pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> phase coding at 26 and 40 GHz for forward (+z) and backward (−z) incidence, respectively. Based on this design, a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$30times 30$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-cell prototype generates four orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams with topological charges + 1, + 2, + 3, and + 4. Full-wave simulations and microwave-chamber measurements yield mode purities of 0.72–0.77 (sim.) and 0.62–0.70 (meas.), with interchannel isolation better than −22 dB and an aperture-level transmission efficiency 0.48. Furthermore, the noninterleaved bidirectional multiplexing achieves 100% spatial utilization without interleaving, offering a compact route to multifunctional, OAM links, and multitarget detection.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 3","pages":"2917-2922"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3636223
{"title":"List of Reviewers for 2025","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3636223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3636223","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 12","pages":"10966-10980"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11306155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3644010
Lv Ye;Yunchao Song;Chen Liu;Bo Li;Yang Bao;Yusong Wang
Huygens metasurfaces (HMSs) formed by Huygens sources can flexibly control electromagnetic waves to generate any desired radiation pattern. This capability is precisely what holographic multiple-input multiple-output (HMIMO) communications seek to achieve. Therefore, deploying HMS at the base station provides an attractive solution for the next-generation wireless communication systems. Against this background, this study establishes an electromagnetic channel model to analyze the effective degree of freedom (EDoF) of HMS systems, in which EDoF directly characterizes the spatial multiplexing capability of HMS systems. This aspect has not been addressed in previous research. Specifically, we first model the channel of HMS using the electric and magnetic dyadic Green’s functions in electromagnetic theory. Since the channel is unique to HMS, it is specially called the Huygens channel. Then, we analyze the EDoF of the Huygens channel. Finally, by comparing with the existing EDoFe studies based on the electric dyadic Green’s functions (EDGF) channel, the results demonstrate that the Huygens channel exhibits a larger EDoF in the near-field region. This provides important insights for the design and optimization of future communication systems, such as the HMIMO communications system.
{"title":"Huygens Metasurface-Enabled Holographic Communication: Huygens Channel and Effective Degrees of Freedom","authors":"Lv Ye;Yunchao Song;Chen Liu;Bo Li;Yang Bao;Yusong Wang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3644010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3644010","url":null,"abstract":"Huygens metasurfaces (HMSs) formed by Huygens sources can flexibly control electromagnetic waves to generate any desired radiation pattern. This capability is precisely what holographic multiple-input multiple-output (HMIMO) communications seek to achieve. Therefore, deploying HMS at the base station provides an attractive solution for the next-generation wireless communication systems. Against this background, this study establishes an electromagnetic channel model to analyze the effective degree of freedom (EDoF) of HMS systems, in which EDoF directly characterizes the spatial multiplexing capability of HMS systems. This aspect has not been addressed in previous research. Specifically, we first model the channel of HMS using the electric and magnetic dyadic Green’s functions in electromagnetic theory. Since the channel is unique to HMS, it is specially called the Huygens channel. Then, we analyze the EDoF of the Huygens channel. Finally, by comparing with the existing EDoFe studies based on the electric dyadic Green’s functions (EDGF) channel, the results demonstrate that the Huygens channel exhibits a larger EDoF in the near-field region. This provides important insights for the design and optimization of future communication systems, such as the HMIMO communications system.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 3","pages":"2923-2928"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147429292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3640574
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3640574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3640574","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 12","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11306164","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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