Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3457168
Yiqing Sun;Hao-Tao Hu;Chi Hou Chan
This communication presents a wideband high-gain dual-polarized filtering patch antenna working in the millimeter-wave band. A Y-shaped feeding probe is proposed to excite the square patches. This novel feeding scheme provides a high-pass filtering response with a wide bandwidth. Four center-shorted C-shaped strips are loaded to increase the lower stopband’s suppression level and the passband’s radiation gain. While the suppression in the higher stopband is attributed to a stepped impedance substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) feeding structure. Subsequently, a partially reflecting surface structure is designed for gain enhancement, forming a dual-polarized Fabry-Pérot Cavity (FPC) filtering antenna. When the two ports are respectively excited, the −10 dB impedance bandwidths are 21.9% and 18.5%, the measured peak gains reach 15.9 and 15.5 dBi, and the 3 dB gain bandwidths are 17.2% and 18.3%. Excellent rejection levels of better than 24 dB are achieved in the stopbands for both polarization states.
本文介绍了一种工作在毫米波频段的宽带高增益双极化滤波贴片天线。文中提出了一种 Y 形馈电探针来激励方形贴片。这种新颖的馈电方案可提供具有宽带宽的高通滤波响应。加载了四个中心短路的 C 形条，以提高低阻带的抑制水平和通带的辐射增益。而高阻带的抑制则归功于阶跃阻抗基底集成波导（SIW）馈电结构。随后，为了提高增益，设计了一个部分反射表面结构，形成了一个双极化法布里-佩罗腔（FPC）滤波天线。当两个端口分别激励时，-10 dB 阻抗带宽分别为 21.9% 和 18.5%，测量峰值增益分别达到 15.9 和 15.5 dBi，3 dB 增益带宽分别为 17.2% 和 18.3%。在两种极化状态下，止带的抑制水平都达到了优于 24 dB 的出色水平。
{"title":"Millimeter-Wave Wideband, High-Gain, Dual-Polarized Filtering Patch Antenna With Y-Shaped Probe and Shorted C-Shaped Strip","authors":"Yiqing Sun;Hao-Tao Hu;Chi Hou Chan","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3457168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3457168","url":null,"abstract":"This communication presents a wideband high-gain dual-polarized filtering patch antenna working in the millimeter-wave band. A Y-shaped feeding probe is proposed to excite the square patches. This novel feeding scheme provides a high-pass filtering response with a wide bandwidth. Four center-shorted C-shaped strips are loaded to increase the lower stopband’s suppression level and the passband’s radiation gain. While the suppression in the higher stopband is attributed to a stepped impedance substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) feeding structure. Subsequently, a partially reflecting surface structure is designed for gain enhancement, forming a dual-polarized Fabry-Pérot Cavity (FPC) filtering antenna. When the two ports are respectively excited, the −10 dB impedance bandwidths are 21.9% and 18.5%, the measured peak gains reach 15.9 and 15.5 dBi, and the 3 dB gain bandwidths are 17.2% and 18.3%. Excellent rejection levels of better than 24 dB are achieved in the stopbands for both polarization states.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8816-8821"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3465604
Qingquan Tan;Kuikui Fan;Weiliang Yu;Leilei Liu;Guo Qing Luo
A ultrawideband, high isolation dual-polarized endfire antenna is presented in this article. Based on the high isolation of the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and stripline, we innovatively developed an SIW-fed magnetoelectric (ME) dipole as the vertically polarized (VP) endfire antenna and a stripline-fed tapered slot antenna (TSA) as horizontally polarized (HP) endfire antenna. These two antennas realize ultrawide bandwidth and can share a radiation aperture. Meanwhile, the ME dipole acts as a parasitic structure, which greatly improves the impedance matching of the TSA in the working band. Due to this innovative design, the proposed dual-polarized endfire antenna realizes an operating bandwidth of 60% and a port isolation level exceeding 35 dB. To satisfy the requirements of 5G communication systems, we designed a multibeam antenna system composed of seven dual-polarized endfire antennas and a 3-D-printed Luneburg lens. The measured results indicate that the multibeam antenna achieves an overlapped bandwidth of 58% and a maximum gain of about 20.5 dBi. The gain variation within the scanning range of ±66° was less than 1 dB. With the merits of low cross-polarization, wideband, and high isolation, the presented dual-polarized antenna is an ideal candidate for 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave) systems.
{"title":"A Millimeter-Wave Dual-Polarized Endfire Antenna With Ultrawideband and High Isolation for 5G Multibeam Systems","authors":"Qingquan Tan;Kuikui Fan;Weiliang Yu;Leilei Liu;Guo Qing Luo","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3465604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3465604","url":null,"abstract":"A ultrawideband, high isolation dual-polarized endfire antenna is presented in this article. Based on the high isolation of the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and stripline, we innovatively developed an SIW-fed magnetoelectric (ME) dipole as the vertically polarized (VP) endfire antenna and a stripline-fed tapered slot antenna (TSA) as horizontally polarized (HP) endfire antenna. These two antennas realize ultrawide bandwidth and can share a radiation aperture. Meanwhile, the ME dipole acts as a parasitic structure, which greatly improves the impedance matching of the TSA in the working band. Due to this innovative design, the proposed dual-polarized endfire antenna realizes an operating bandwidth of 60% and a port isolation level exceeding 35 dB. To satisfy the requirements of 5G communication systems, we designed a multibeam antenna system composed of seven dual-polarized endfire antennas and a 3-D-printed Luneburg lens. The measured results indicate that the multibeam antenna achieves an overlapped bandwidth of 58% and a maximum gain of about 20.5 dBi. The gain variation within the scanning range of ±66° was less than 1 dB. With the merits of low cross-polarization, wideband, and high isolation, the presented dual-polarized antenna is an ideal candidate for 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave) systems.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8251-8261"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3465840
Sotirios P. Sotiroudis;Mohammad A. Matin;Shaohua Wan;Christos Christodoulou;Sotirios K. Goudos
Machine Learning (ML) is extensively being used in order to tackle the problem of radio propagation. Besides the models that rely on tabular data, Deep Learning (DL)-based image-driven models have also emerged. However, significant uncertainty is associated with path loss (PL) forecasting and deterministic ML predictions should be combined with a model for predictive uncertainty. As a result, we take a probabilistic approach by estimating prediction intervals using a deep probabilistic framework. The probabilistic framework attempts to address the issue of conditional bias, which frequently characterizes deterministic ML predictions obtained through error minimization. This is accomplished by quantifying uncertainty, making probabilistic predictions, and incorporating robust optimization techniques into the modeling process. The work at hand fuses images and tabular data into a deep probabilistic ensemble (DPE). More precisely, natural gradient boosting (NGBoost) is being used in order to obtain probabilistic predictions from each input modality separately. These unimodal predictions are then ensembled for each estimation point, according to the inverse of their variance. The proposed model’s results show a significant performance boost against the single-mode predictions in terms of prediction error and uncertainty. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that images and tabular data are being combined on the basis of a probabilistically structured ensemble model for a PL modeling problem in electromagnetics.
机器学习（ML）被广泛用于解决无线电传播问题。除了依赖表格数据的模型外，还出现了基于深度学习（DL）的图像驱动模型。然而，路径损耗（PL）预测存在很大的不确定性，因此应将确定性 ML 预测与不确定性预测模型相结合。因此，我们采用了一种概率方法，利用深度概率框架来估计预测区间。概率框架试图解决条件偏差问题，而条件偏差是通过误差最小化获得的确定性 ML 预测的常见特征。具体做法是量化不确定性，进行概率预测，并将稳健优化技术纳入建模过程。目前的工作是将图像和表格数据融合到深度概率集合（DPE）中。更确切地说，我们正在使用自然梯度提升（NGBoost）技术，以便分别从每种输入模态获得概率预测。然后，这些单模态预测会根据其方差的倒数对每个估计点进行集合。从预测误差和不确定性方面来看，与单模态预测相比，所提议模型的结果显示出显著的性能提升。据我们所知，这是首次在概率结构集合模型的基础上结合图像和表格数据来解决电磁学中的 PL 建模问题。
{"title":"A Deep Probabilistic Machine Learning Approach to Ray Tracing Path Loss Prediction at 900 MHz","authors":"Sotirios P. Sotiroudis;Mohammad A. Matin;Shaohua Wan;Christos Christodoulou;Sotirios K. Goudos","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3465840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3465840","url":null,"abstract":"Machine Learning (ML) is extensively being used in order to tackle the problem of radio propagation. Besides the models that rely on tabular data, Deep Learning (DL)-based image-driven models have also emerged. However, significant uncertainty is associated with path loss (PL) forecasting and deterministic ML predictions should be combined with a model for predictive uncertainty. As a result, we take a probabilistic approach by estimating prediction intervals using a deep probabilistic framework. The probabilistic framework attempts to address the issue of conditional bias, which frequently characterizes deterministic ML predictions obtained through error minimization. This is accomplished by quantifying uncertainty, making probabilistic predictions, and incorporating robust optimization techniques into the modeling process. The work at hand fuses images and tabular data into a deep probabilistic ensemble (DPE). More precisely, natural gradient boosting (NGBoost) is being used in order to obtain probabilistic predictions from each input modality separately. These unimodal predictions are then ensembled for each estimation point, according to the inverse of their variance. The proposed model’s results show a significant performance boost against the single-mode predictions in terms of prediction error and uncertainty. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that images and tabular data are being combined on the basis of a probabilistically structured ensemble model for a PL modeling problem in electromagnetics.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8728-8738"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are of potential use in 5G/6G wireless communications due to their tunable electromagnetic (EM) parameters for flexible beam manipulations. Two important parameters for RIS design are the reflection coefficient of the RIS element and the scattering pattern of the RIS. To realize rapid design of RISs, we propose a zero-pole-based multiport model to calculate the reflection coefficients and scattering patterns of RISs in this work. Specifically, the developed model establishes an accurate mapping relation between the element reflection coefficient and the loads on multiple internal ports by using the multiport S-parameter matrix. Additionally, the vector fitting method is employed to reduce the time cost of data acquisition for multiport S-parameters, in which a hybrid sampling scheme is employed to accelerate computation speed while keeping high accuracy. Using this model, we further develop an efficient far-field pattern prediction and synthesis algorithm for large-scale RIS design based on the antenna radiation superposition principle. The feasibility of the proposed model is demonstrated by an example of 3-bit RIS design, where the simulation results agree well with the measurement.
{"title":"A Novel Design Approach Using Zero-Pole-Based Multiport Model for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces","authors":"Zhen Zhang;Jun Wei Zhang;Ying Juan Lv;Hui Dong Li;Jiang Luo;Jun Wei Wu;Qiang Cheng","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3463872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3463872","url":null,"abstract":"Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are of potential use in 5G/6G wireless communications due to their tunable electromagnetic (EM) parameters for flexible beam manipulations. Two important parameters for RIS design are the reflection coefficient of the RIS element and the scattering pattern of the RIS. To realize rapid design of RISs, we propose a zero-pole-based multiport model to calculate the reflection coefficients and scattering patterns of RISs in this work. Specifically, the developed model establishes an accurate mapping relation between the element reflection coefficient and the loads on multiple internal ports by using the multiport S-parameter matrix. Additionally, the vector fitting method is employed to reduce the time cost of data acquisition for multiport S-parameters, in which a hybrid sampling scheme is employed to accelerate computation speed while keeping high accuracy. Using this model, we further develop an efficient far-field pattern prediction and synthesis algorithm for large-scale RIS design based on the antenna radiation superposition principle. The feasibility of the proposed model is demonstrated by an example of 3-bit RIS design, where the simulation results agree well with the measurement.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8564-8574"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3464859
Zhengjie Huang;Yaqing Huang;Jie Wang;Liang Peng;Xiaojun Hu;Jianhua Ren;Huilong Yu;Dexin Ye
3-D air-like metamaterials (ALMs) appear omnidirectionally invisible in free space, which enables the possibility of material existence without involving any scattering to arbitrary incident electromagnetic (EM) waves. Due to their peculiar property, ALMs are quite interesting in microwave and optical engineering. However, the existing ALMs used to work with some predefined conditions, e.g., either incident polarization or operation bandwidth are limited, which prevents their implementation in wide practical applications. In this article, we present the design and measurement of a slab-type ALM, which is polarization-free and works in a couple of radar bands. This ALM is made by utilizing a full polarization compensation in 3-D, i.e., a multilayered structure with triangular constituents. The designed ALM possesses constitutive parameters identical to air in both X and Ku bands, adopting double Lorentz resonances. In the full-wave simulations, the ALM shows air-like scatteringless at around 8 and 13.5 GHz. In the experimental measurements, the ALM is nearly scatteringless in the same bands, with incident angles varying from 0° to 60° for both the vertical and horizontal polarizations. In-depth analysis shows that zero phase delay is introduced to the propagating waves, with the ALM being present. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first attempt to simultaneously break the polarization and bandwidth limitations of ALMs. The designed ALM would be a good candidate for facilitating superior antenna radomes, EM windows, as well as through-wall detections and communications.
{"title":"Dual-Band Air-Like Transparent Slab by Full Polarization Compensation","authors":"Zhengjie Huang;Yaqing Huang;Jie Wang;Liang Peng;Xiaojun Hu;Jianhua Ren;Huilong Yu;Dexin Ye","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3464859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3464859","url":null,"abstract":"3-D air-like metamaterials (ALMs) appear omnidirectionally invisible in free space, which enables the possibility of material existence without involving any scattering to arbitrary incident electromagnetic (EM) waves. Due to their peculiar property, ALMs are quite interesting in microwave and optical engineering. However, the existing ALMs used to work with some predefined conditions, e.g., either incident polarization or operation bandwidth are limited, which prevents their implementation in wide practical applications. In this article, we present the design and measurement of a slab-type ALM, which is polarization-free and works in a couple of radar bands. This ALM is made by utilizing a full polarization compensation in 3-D, i.e., a multilayered structure with triangular constituents. The designed ALM possesses constitutive parameters identical to air in both X and Ku bands, adopting double Lorentz resonances. In the full-wave simulations, the ALM shows air-like scatteringless at around 8 and 13.5 GHz. In the experimental measurements, the ALM is nearly scatteringless in the same bands, with incident angles varying from 0° to 60° for both the vertical and horizontal polarizations. In-depth analysis shows that zero phase delay is introduced to the propagating waves, with the ALM being present. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first attempt to simultaneously break the polarization and bandwidth limitations of ALMs. The designed ALM would be a good candidate for facilitating superior antenna radomes, EM windows, as well as through-wall detections and communications.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8762-8771"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Circularly polarized (CP) phased array antennas (PAAs) often face challenges in achieving wide element beams and axial ratio (AR) patterns simultaneously, thereby constraining their scanning ranges. To address this issue, this article introduces heterogeneous beam element (HBE) technology to the CP PAA design, proposing an offset segmented dielectric lens (OSDLs) beam tilting technology for implementing HBEs. By positioning the OSDL offset within the near-field region above one side of the element, the near-field region is partitioned into multiple segments with varying phase differences, achieving element beam tilting. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the CP HBE PAA design, encompassing the CP element design with a wide spatial AR bandwidth and high isolation, as well as the principle and design guidelines of the OSDL beam tilting technology. Experimental results demonstrate a significant extension of the scanning range compared to the $4 times 4$ -element CP standard PAA, with improvements ranging from 56° to 75° in the orthogonal plane and from 58° to 80° in the diagonal plane across the 17–20-GHz band while maintaining AR values below 3 dB. The effectiveness and robustness of the OSDL beam tilting technology underscore its potential as a universal HBE implementation approach.
{"title":"Circularly Polarized Phased Array Antenna With 2-D Wide-Angle Scanning Using Heterogeneous Beam Element Technology","authors":"Yinglu Wan;Shaowei Liao;Xue Ren;Liangying Li;Jia Wei;Wenquan Che;Quan Xue","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3463798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3463798","url":null,"abstract":"Circularly polarized (CP) phased array antennas (PAAs) often face challenges in achieving wide element beams and axial ratio (AR) patterns simultaneously, thereby constraining their scanning ranges. To address this issue, this article introduces heterogeneous beam element (HBE) technology to the CP PAA design, proposing an offset segmented dielectric lens (OSDLs) beam tilting technology for implementing HBEs. By positioning the OSDL offset within the near-field region above one side of the element, the near-field region is partitioned into multiple segments with varying phase differences, achieving element beam tilting. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the CP HBE PAA design, encompassing the CP element design with a wide spatial AR bandwidth and high isolation, as well as the principle and design guidelines of the OSDL beam tilting technology. Experimental results demonstrate a significant extension of the scanning range compared to the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$4 times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-element CP standard PAA, with improvements ranging from 56° to 75° in the orthogonal plane and from 58° to 80° in the diagonal plane across the 17–20-GHz band while maintaining AR values below 3 dB. The effectiveness and robustness of the OSDL beam tilting technology underscore its potential as a universal HBE implementation approach.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8527-8539"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3463805
Sai Sanjay Narayanan;Uday K. Khankhoje;Radha Krishna Ganti
Ensuring adequate wireless coverage in upcoming communication technologies such as 6G is expected to be challenging. This is because user demands of higher data rate require an increase in carrier frequencies, which in turn reduce the diffraction effects (and hence coverage) in complex multipath environments. Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) have been proposed as a way of restoring coverage by adaptively reflecting incoming electromagnetic waves in desired directions. This is accomplished by judiciously adding extra phases at different points on the surface. In practice, these extra phases are only available in discrete quantities due to hardware constraints. Computing these extra phases is computationally challenging when they can only be picked from a discrete distribution, and existing approaches for solving this problem were either heuristic or based on evolutionary algorithms. We solve this problem by proposing fast algorithms with provably optimal solutions. Our algorithms have linear complexity, and are presented with rigorous proofs for their optimality. We show that the proposed algorithms exhibit better performance. We analyze situations when unwanted grating-lobes arise in the radiation pattern, and discuss mitigation strategies, such as the use of triangular lattices and prephasing techniques, to eliminate them. We also demonstrate how our algorithms can leverage these techniques to deliver optimum beamforming solutions.
{"title":"Optimum Beamforming and Grating-Lobe Mitigation for Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces","authors":"Sai Sanjay Narayanan;Uday K. Khankhoje;Radha Krishna Ganti","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3463805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3463805","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring adequate wireless coverage in upcoming communication technologies such as 6G is expected to be challenging. This is because user demands of higher data rate require an increase in carrier frequencies, which in turn reduce the diffraction effects (and hence coverage) in complex multipath environments. Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) have been proposed as a way of restoring coverage by adaptively reflecting incoming electromagnetic waves in desired directions. This is accomplished by judiciously adding extra phases at different points on the surface. In practice, these extra phases are only available in discrete quantities due to hardware constraints. Computing these extra phases is computationally challenging when they can only be picked from a discrete distribution, and existing approaches for solving this problem were either heuristic or based on evolutionary algorithms. We solve this problem by proposing fast algorithms with provably optimal solutions. Our algorithms have linear complexity, and are presented with rigorous proofs for their optimality. We show that the proposed algorithms exhibit better performance. We analyze situations when unwanted grating-lobes arise in the radiation pattern, and discuss mitigation strategies, such as the use of triangular lattices and prephasing techniques, to eliminate them. We also demonstrate how our algorithms can leverage these techniques to deliver optimum beamforming solutions.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8540-8553"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, an ultrawideband metamaterial absorber integrating flexibility and tunable intensity characteristics based on a lossy stepped impedance resonator (SIR) is proposed. Compared with the uniform impedance resonator (UIR) loop, the SIR loop can perform a lower fundamental resonant frequency while raising its first-order resonant frequency by adjusting characteristic impedances of its different sections, thus facilitating a wider absorption bandwidth. The voltage-controlled PIN diode is then properly loaded for the lossy characteristics of the SIR, thereby simultaneously enabling ultrawideband and tunable absorption intensity. Detailed analysis of a quarter-wavelength lossy SIR is conducted to reveal the resonant mode characteristics. Moreover, the equivalent circuit model (ECM) of the lossy-SIR-based absorber is developed to explain the operating principle and facilitate our discussion on the parametric effects. Finally, the proposed absorber is fabricated by the flexible printed circuit process and measured to verify the design methodology. The measured effective absorption bandwidth is 4.3–17.8 GHz (122.1%) for transverse electric (TE) polarization, and 5.2–17.6 GHz (108.7%) for transverse magnetic (TM) polarization. The proposed absorber has the unique advantages of ultrawideband absorption, wide tunable absorption intensity, and quasi-single-layer flexible structure, simultaneously, which is of great significance for application in object conformality and dynamic radar cross section (RCS) reduction.
本文提出了一种基于有损阶梯阻抗谐振器（SIR）的超宽带超材料吸收器，它集灵活性和可调强度特性于一身。与均匀阻抗谐振器（UIR）环路相比，SIR 环路可以通过调整其不同部分的特性阻抗来降低基谐振频率，同时提高其一阶谐振频率，从而获得更宽的吸收带宽。压控 PIN 二极管可根据 SIR 的有损特性进行适当加载，从而同时实现超宽带和可调吸收强度。我们对四分之一波长有损 SIR 进行了详细分析，以揭示其谐振模式特性。此外，还建立了基于有损 SIR 吸收器的等效电路模型 (ECM)，以解释其工作原理，并方便我们讨论参数效应。最后，通过柔性印刷电路工艺制作了拟议的吸收器，并进行了测量，以验证设计方法。测量结果表明，横向电（TE）极化的有效吸收带宽为 4.3-17.8 GHz (122.1%)，横向磁（TM）极化的有效吸收带宽为 5.2-17.6 GHz (108.7%)。所提出的吸收器同时具有超宽带吸收、宽可调吸收强度和准单层柔性结构等独特优势，对应用于物体保形和动态雷达截面（RCS）减小具有重要意义。
{"title":"Ultrawideband Flexible and Intensity-Tunable Metamaterial Absorber Based on Lossy Stepped Impedance Resonator","authors":"Huaikang Xia;Lianwen Deng;Shengxiang Huang;Zhong-Xun Liu;Lei-Lei Qiu;Lei Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3463954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3463954","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, an ultrawideband metamaterial absorber integrating flexibility and tunable intensity characteristics based on a lossy stepped impedance resonator (SIR) is proposed. Compared with the uniform impedance resonator (UIR) loop, the SIR loop can perform a lower fundamental resonant frequency while raising its first-order resonant frequency by adjusting characteristic impedances of its different sections, thus facilitating a wider absorption bandwidth. The voltage-controlled PIN diode is then properly loaded for the lossy characteristics of the SIR, thereby simultaneously enabling ultrawideband and tunable absorption intensity. Detailed analysis of a quarter-wavelength lossy SIR is conducted to reveal the resonant mode characteristics. Moreover, the equivalent circuit model (ECM) of the lossy-SIR-based absorber is developed to explain the operating principle and facilitate our discussion on the parametric effects. Finally, the proposed absorber is fabricated by the flexible printed circuit process and measured to verify the design methodology. The measured effective absorption bandwidth is 4.3–17.8 GHz (122.1%) for transverse electric (TE) polarization, and 5.2–17.6 GHz (108.7%) for transverse magnetic (TM) polarization. The proposed absorber has the unique advantages of ultrawideband absorption, wide tunable absorption intensity, and quasi-single-layer flexible structure, simultaneously, which is of great significance for application in object conformality and dynamic radar cross section (RCS) reduction.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8554-8563"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3463972
Tao Zhang;Haoran Wang;Chongmei Peng;Zhaohui Chen;Guo-Min Yang;Xiaoyi Wang
This article proposes a novel design strategy to realize multifunctional reflective surface polarization converters based on the concept of linear-to-circular polarization decomposition. By decomposing the linearly polarized incident wave into a pair of orthogonal circularly polarized waves, namely, a right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) wave and a left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) wave, and controlling the phase states of the two circularly polarized components independently, various polarization conversion functions may be achieved. A reflective surface unit cell consisting of a square patch and a 90° hybrid coupler is proposed to facilitate the linear-to-circular polarization decomposition, allowing to adjust the phase states of the two circularly polarized components by adding different phase shifters at the end of the hybrid coupler. Three different functions including linear-to-dual-polarization conversion, simultaneous linear polarization rotation and beam steering, and radar cross section (RCS) reduction are realized based on the proposed reflective surface unit cell. The proposed design strategy is theoretically analyzed and demonstrated by three reflective surfaces corresponding to the three functions with both full-wave simulation and experiment.
{"title":"Multifunctional Polarization Converters Based on Linear-to-Circular Polarization Decomposition Reflective Surfaces","authors":"Tao Zhang;Haoran Wang;Chongmei Peng;Zhaohui Chen;Guo-Min Yang;Xiaoyi Wang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3463972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3463972","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a novel design strategy to realize multifunctional reflective surface polarization converters based on the concept of linear-to-circular polarization decomposition. By decomposing the linearly polarized incident wave into a pair of orthogonal circularly polarized waves, namely, a right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) wave and a left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) wave, and controlling the phase states of the two circularly polarized components independently, various polarization conversion functions may be achieved. A reflective surface unit cell consisting of a square patch and a 90° hybrid coupler is proposed to facilitate the linear-to-circular polarization decomposition, allowing to adjust the phase states of the two circularly polarized components by adding different phase shifters at the end of the hybrid coupler. Three different functions including linear-to-dual-polarization conversion, simultaneous linear polarization rotation and beam steering, and radar cross section (RCS) reduction are realized based on the proposed reflective surface unit cell. The proposed design strategy is theoretically analyzed and demonstrated by three reflective surfaces corresponding to the three functions with both full-wave simulation and experiment.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8476-8487"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3463191
Zekui Zhang;Yanhui Liu;Shu-Lin Chen;Dingzhao Chen;Yong-Ling Ban
In this communication, we develop a wideband and high-gain multilinear polarization-reconfigurable antenna integrated with nonuniform partially reflective surface (PRS). It leverages a compact L-probe feed source with 25.71° interval reconfigurable linear polarizations (LPs). A polarization-independent nonuniform PRS with both reflection magnitude and phase control is introduced to significantly enhance the gain of the feed source. Furthermore, a systematic analysis on antenna gain relative to the PRS size is conducted, and the obtained gain can vary from around 15 to 20 dBi by carefully designing the PRS. Besides, a partial metallic cavity is presented to further improve the peak gain without enlarging the antenna. An example of seven-LP reconfigurable antenna was designed, simulated, and fabricated. The prototype achieves an overlapped −10-dB impedance bandwidth from 9.28 to 11.32 GHz (19.8%) and a maximum gain of 15.08 dBi. The 3-dB gain bandwidth is 15.7% (from 9.4 to 11 GHz). These measured characteristics validate the antenna’s good performance in delivering wide bandwidth and high gains across multiple LPs.
{"title":"A Wideband High-Gain Multilinear Polarization-Reconfigurable Antenna Integrated With Nonuniform Partially Reflective Surface","authors":"Zekui Zhang;Yanhui Liu;Shu-Lin Chen;Dingzhao Chen;Yong-Ling Ban","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3463191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3463191","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, we develop a wideband and high-gain multilinear polarization-reconfigurable antenna integrated with nonuniform partially reflective surface (PRS). It leverages a compact L-probe feed source with 25.71° interval reconfigurable linear polarizations (LPs). A polarization-independent nonuniform PRS with both reflection magnitude and phase control is introduced to significantly enhance the gain of the feed source. Furthermore, a systematic analysis on antenna gain relative to the PRS size is conducted, and the obtained gain can vary from around 15 to 20 dBi by carefully designing the PRS. Besides, a partial metallic cavity is presented to further improve the peak gain without enlarging the antenna. An example of seven-LP reconfigurable antenna was designed, simulated, and fabricated. The prototype achieves an overlapped −10-dB impedance bandwidth from 9.28 to 11.32 GHz (19.8%) and a maximum gain of 15.08 dBi. The 3-dB gain bandwidth is 15.7% (from 9.4 to 11 GHz). These measured characteristics validate the antenna’s good performance in delivering wide bandwidth and high gains across multiple LPs.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8870-8875"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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