This communication presents a single-layer, 1-bit, dual-polarization, modular reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) operating at X-band, aimed at developing a cost-effective and universal RIS design solution. The modularized architecture of the single-layer RIS, enabled by a fan-in style bias technique, facilitates scalability and efficient control. A folded ground design achieves the single-layer configuration. The dimensions of the nested patch resonator are fine-tuned to minimize reflection amplitude differences. Inspired by fan-in packaging techniques, the bias lines are routed to the vertical connectors at the center of each unit group, avoiding extra area usage and forming the modular structure of the RIS for large-scale splicing. The performance of a $16times 16$ modular RIS was evaluated, demonstrating a maximum gain of 22.9 dBi and a beam scanning range of ±60°. Compact connection methods, including solder ball-like and pin grid array-like connections, are discussed and demonstrated in light-emitting diode (LED) arrays. These enable direct mounting of modular RIS, thereby reducing the system profile. Additionally, integrated D flip-flop control is validated for digital control-only systems, providing an option to integrate all components onto a single-layer board. These designs may offer a low-cost and flexible RIS design solution.
{"title":"A Single-Layer Dual-Polarization 1-bit X-Band Modular Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Based on Fan-In Style Bias and Control Integration","authors":"Puchu Li;Jian Ren;Zihan Shen;Ying-Zeng Yin;Ming Shen","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3603850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3603850","url":null,"abstract":"This communication presents a single-layer, 1-bit, dual-polarization, modular reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) operating at X-band, aimed at developing a cost-effective and universal RIS design solution. The modularized architecture of the single-layer RIS, enabled by a fan-in style bias technique, facilitates scalability and efficient control. A folded ground design achieves the single-layer configuration. The dimensions of the nested patch resonator are fine-tuned to minimize reflection amplitude differences. Inspired by fan-in packaging techniques, the bias lines are routed to the vertical connectors at the center of each unit group, avoiding extra area usage and forming the modular structure of the RIS for large-scale splicing. The performance of a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$16times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> modular RIS was evaluated, demonstrating a maximum gain of 22.9 dBi and a beam scanning range of ±60°. Compact connection methods, including solder ball-like and pin grid array-like connections, are discussed and demonstrated in light-emitting diode (LED) arrays. These enable direct mounting of modular RIS, thereby reducing the system profile. Additionally, integrated D flip-flop control is validated for digital control-only systems, providing an option to integrate all components onto a single-layer board. These designs may offer a low-cost and flexible RIS design solution.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 12","pages":"10883-10888"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-29DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3602115
Carlos Molero;Pablo. H. Zapata-Cano;Antonio Alex-Amor
This communication introduces a formal description of the transfer ABCD parameters in time-varying electromagnetic (EM) systems. The formal description comes after the rearrangement of the electric displacement field D and magnetic flux density field B at the inputs and outputs of the temporal system based on the time-varying boundary conditions. Then, we derive the ABCD parameters of a temporal transmission line, i.e., a temporal slab, and compute the associated scattering parameters (reflection and transmission coefficients). The results presented here open up an alternative way, based on network theory, to analyze multilayer temporal configurations. Moreover, we show that the ABCD parameters can be used to compute the dispersion diagram ($omega $ versus k) of time crystals.
{"title":"Transfer ABCD Matrix for Time-Varying Media and Time Crystals","authors":"Carlos Molero;Pablo. H. Zapata-Cano;Antonio Alex-Amor","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3602115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3602115","url":null,"abstract":"This communication introduces a formal description of the transfer ABCD parameters in time-varying electromagnetic (EM) systems. The formal description comes after the rearrangement of the electric displacement field <italic>D</i> and magnetic flux density field <italic>B</i> at the inputs and outputs of the temporal system based on the time-varying boundary conditions. Then, we derive the ABCD parameters of a temporal transmission line, i.e., a temporal slab, and compute the associated scattering parameters (reflection and transmission coefficients). The results presented here open up an alternative way, based on network theory, to analyze multilayer temporal configurations. Moreover, we show that the ABCD parameters can be used to compute the dispersion diagram (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> versus <italic>k</i>) of time crystals.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 12","pages":"10931-10936"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-27DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3601243
Lorette Queguiner;Andrey Mostovov;Denys Nikolayev
Wireless smart insoles are increasingly used for motion analysis, providing critical insights for healthcare, sports performance, and injury prevention. A key challenge is accurately measuring and wirelessly transmitting foot movement and placement data in real-time, independently of inertial measurement units (IMUs) tied to biomechanical models, which only estimate gait parameters for a limited range of activities such as walking or running. Radio frequency (RF) phase-based ranging presents a promising solution for a broader range of gait analysis applications, including irregular movement of athletes in sport or people with diseases such as Parkinson’s. However, wireless system design must address two key challenges as follows: 1) antenna robustness against the nondeterministic properties of the ground and the proximity of the body and 2) polarization mismatch due to foot movement. This study is the first to numerically and experimentally investigate how foot motion and insole operating conditions affect wave propagation and wireless communication at 2.45 GHz. We analyze the impact of soil properties and antenna polarization, demonstrating that vertical polarization significantly improves signal transmission compared with horizontal polarization, with a gain of 6–10 dB at a height of 5 cm. This improvement, driven by surface wave propagation, provides insights into the antenna design strategies for wireless insoles that can enhance the accuracy of phase-based ranging for foot distance measurement (DM), as confirmed through simulations and experimental validation. These findings contribute to the energy-efficient, real-time ranging and communication enabled by optimized antenna designs, reducing power consumption and improving motion analysis for a wide range of users, including athletes requiring precise performance metrics and patients undergoing diagnostics or rehabilitation.
{"title":"Wave Propagation and Polarization Effects in RF-Based Sensing and Communication for Smart Insoles","authors":"Lorette Queguiner;Andrey Mostovov;Denys Nikolayev","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3601243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3601243","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless smart insoles are increasingly used for motion analysis, providing critical insights for healthcare, sports performance, and injury prevention. A key challenge is accurately measuring and wirelessly transmitting foot movement and placement data in real-time, independently of inertial measurement units (IMUs) tied to biomechanical models, which only estimate gait parameters for a limited range of activities such as walking or running. Radio frequency (RF) phase-based ranging presents a promising solution for a broader range of gait analysis applications, including irregular movement of athletes in sport or people with diseases such as Parkinson’s. However, wireless system design must address two key challenges as follows: 1) antenna robustness against the nondeterministic properties of the ground and the proximity of the body and 2) polarization mismatch due to foot movement. This study is the first to numerically and experimentally investigate how foot motion and insole operating conditions affect wave propagation and wireless communication at 2.45 GHz. We analyze the impact of soil properties and antenna polarization, demonstrating that vertical polarization significantly improves signal transmission compared with horizontal polarization, with a gain of 6–10 dB at a height of 5 cm. This improvement, driven by surface wave propagation, provides insights into the antenna design strategies for wireless insoles that can enhance the accuracy of phase-based ranging for foot distance measurement (DM), as confirmed through simulations and experimental validation. These findings contribute to the energy-efficient, real-time ranging and communication enabled by optimized antenna designs, reducing power consumption and improving motion analysis for a wide range of users, including athletes requiring precise performance metrics and patients undergoing diagnostics or rehabilitation.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"74 1","pages":"1251-1256"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-22DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3591896
Hongtao Gu;Gang Zhang;Yan Zhou;Yuewei Yin;Xin Zhou;Kam-Weng Tam;Jiquan Yang
A design method of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) 3-D printing balun-fed filtering antenna with flexible working responses based on half-mode groove gap waveguide (HM-GGW) is proposed in this communication. Initially, a fourth-order wideband filtering balun is developed using two HM-GGW resonators with mode TM011, mode TM210, and two resonant irises (RIs). Owing to the odd symmetry of the electric field of the half-TM210-mode, the required 180° phase reversal is attained at the output ports of the balun. Besides, based on the change of the topology, the coupling coefficients can be adjusted by changing the parameters of the cavities and the irises, and a wideband filtering balun is converted into a dual-band filtering balun. Then, owing to the connection of the open-ended waveguides, the filtering antennas are realized. For verification, wideband and dual-band filtering antennas working in the Ka band were made using 3-D printing technology. As expected, the final wideband filtering antenna achieves a broad impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 11.5%, and exhibits a peak gain of 9.7 dBi. While the dual-band one achieves −10-dB IBWs of 1.7% and 2.5%, and exhibits a peak gain of 8.2/8.7 dBi. Both of the filtering antennas achieve three adjustable radiation nulls (RNs), having satisfactory filtering performance.
{"title":"Compact Millimeter-Wave 3-D Printing Balun-Fed Filtering Antenna With Flexible Responses Based on Half-Mode Groove Gap Waveguide","authors":"Hongtao Gu;Gang Zhang;Yan Zhou;Yuewei Yin;Xin Zhou;Kam-Weng Tam;Jiquan Yang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3591896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3591896","url":null,"abstract":"A design method of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) 3-D printing balun-fed filtering antenna with flexible working responses based on half-mode groove gap waveguide (HM-GGW) is proposed in this communication. Initially, a fourth-order wideband filtering balun is developed using two HM-GGW resonators with mode TM<sub>011</sub>, mode TM<sub>210</sub>, and two resonant irises (RIs). Owing to the odd symmetry of the electric field of the half-TM<sub>210</sub>-mode, the required 180° phase reversal is attained at the output ports of the balun. Besides, based on the change of the topology, the coupling coefficients can be adjusted by changing the parameters of the cavities and the irises, and a wideband filtering balun is converted into a dual-band filtering balun. Then, owing to the connection of the open-ended waveguides, the filtering antennas are realized. For verification, wideband and dual-band filtering antennas working in the Ka band were made using 3-D printing technology. As expected, the final wideband filtering antenna achieves a broad impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 11.5%, and exhibits a peak gain of 9.7 dBi. While the dual-band one achieves −10-dB IBWs of 1.7% and 2.5%, and exhibits a peak gain of 8.2/8.7 dBi. Both of the filtering antennas achieve three adjustable radiation nulls (RNs), having satisfactory filtering performance.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 11","pages":"9559-9564"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This communication presents a beampattern synthesis method with auto-determined minimum mainlobe width named reweighted domino norm and spectral factorization (RD-SF). To improve the computational efficiency, a RD-$l_{1}$ norm is constructed to solve monotonic sparse optimization problems without monotonicity constraints. In addition, a spectral factorization (SF)-based method without rank 1 constraint is also used to solve the nonconvex constraints of shaped beampattern. On the basis of RD-SF method, we utilize a two-step spatial response variation (SRV) scheme to synthesize frequency-invariant (FI) broadband beampattern. It is regarded as the broadband version of the RD-SF method, named RD-SF-broadband (RD-SF-B). This scheme avoids redundant SRV constraints while maintaining an undistorted mainlobe. Moreover, the approximation error does not need to be set. Simulation results are shown to verify the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.
{"title":"A Novel Method for Beampattern Synthesis With Auto-Determined Minimum Mainlobe Width","authors":"Tianyuan Gu;Xuejing Zhang;Kejiang Wu;Kangning Li;Wei Cui;Qing Shen","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3599317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3599317","url":null,"abstract":"This communication presents a beampattern synthesis method with auto-determined minimum mainlobe width named reweighted domino norm and spectral factorization (RD-SF). To improve the computational efficiency, a RD-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$l_{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> norm is constructed to solve monotonic sparse optimization problems without monotonicity constraints. In addition, a spectral factorization (SF)-based method without rank 1 constraint is also used to solve the nonconvex constraints of shaped beampattern. On the basis of RD-SF method, we utilize a two-step spatial response variation (SRV) scheme to synthesize frequency-invariant (FI) broadband beampattern. It is regarded as the broadband version of the RD-SF method, named RD-SF-broadband (RD-SF-B). This scheme avoids redundant SRV constraints while maintaining an undistorted mainlobe. Moreover, the approximation error does not need to be set. Simulation results are shown to verify the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 12","pages":"10901-10906"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-21DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3599334
Zhen Tan;Jian-Xin Chen;Shah Nawaz Burokur
In this communication, we propose a design methodology for a perfectly absorptive waveguide based on lossy metagratings. A standard WR90 waveguide with an operating frequency of 10 GHz in the X-band is considered. By analyzing the reflected field at the waveguide base without the metagrating and the excitation field of the metagrating, destructive interference between the two fields is achieved, leading to the absorption of the TE10 mode and achieving an absorptive waveguide. Two kinds of metagrating meta-atoms are proposed to realize the required load impedance: a strip capacitor in series with a chip resistor and an indium tin oxide (ITO) film. The substrate thickness can be arbitrarily chosen, with an initial selection of a $lambda _{0}$ /10 ultrathin profile for the design. To further expand the absorption bandwidth, we investigate the substrate thickness for which the real part of the load impedance density is maximized, corresponding to the maximum absorption bandwidth. The entire design is based on a fully analytical framework, providing a stable and reliable guide for parameter calculation, requiring only minimal adjustments to achieve the desired result and avoiding time-consuming full-wave optimizations. Although the design frequency is set at 10 GHz, this methodology is applicable across a wide range of frequencies, from RF/microwave to millimeter-wave and even THz bands. Such absorptive waveguides show significant potential as perfect waveguide absorptive loads in waveguide reflectionless filters, circulators, and directional couplers.
{"title":"Analytical Design of Compact and Wideband Absorptive Waveguides Based on Lossy Metagratings","authors":"Zhen Tan;Jian-Xin Chen;Shah Nawaz Burokur","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3599334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3599334","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, we propose a design methodology for a perfectly absorptive waveguide based on lossy metagratings. A standard WR90 waveguide with an operating frequency of 10 GHz in the X-band is considered. By analyzing the reflected field at the waveguide base without the metagrating and the excitation field of the metagrating, destructive interference between the two fields is achieved, leading to the absorption of the TE<sub>10</sub> mode and achieving an absorptive waveguide. Two kinds of metagrating meta-atoms are proposed to realize the required load impedance: a strip capacitor in series with a chip resistor and an indium tin oxide (ITO) film. The substrate thickness can be arbitrarily chosen, with an initial selection of a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/10 ultrathin profile for the design. To further expand the absorption bandwidth, we investigate the substrate thickness for which the real part of the load impedance density is maximized, corresponding to the maximum absorption bandwidth. The entire design is based on a fully analytical framework, providing a stable and reliable guide for parameter calculation, requiring only minimal adjustments to achieve the desired result and avoiding time-consuming full-wave optimizations. Although the design frequency is set at 10 GHz, this methodology is applicable across a wide range of frequencies, from RF/microwave to millimeter-wave and even THz bands. Such absorptive waveguides show significant potential as perfect waveguide absorptive loads in waveguide reflectionless filters, circulators, and directional couplers.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 12","pages":"10925-10930"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-21DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3599264
Javaria Haseeb;M. Ali Babar Abbasi;Vincent Fusco;Nosherwan Shoaib
This communication presents an approach for the fast and accurate direction of arrival (DoA) estimating using a chaotic cavity-backed antenna integrated with a Rotman lens-based demultiplexer coupled with a diode detector estimator module. The proof of concept is demonstrated at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies. The designed chaotic cavity antenna receives a signal and compresses the source plane wave fields into a single channel. Leveraging a Rotman lens connected to a set of open-circuited transmission lines provides frequency-selective reflections and the wideband signal is split into multiple subbands to enable parallel processing and use of low-cost narrowband mmWave components. The subbands are then processed through parallel diode detector estimation modules. This communication validates the proposed approach using the experimental data. The proposed technique aids in low cost, low processing bandwidth, and low hardware complexity for DoA estimation in mmWave systems.
{"title":"DoA Estimation Using Chaotic Cavity Coupled With Rotman Lens-Based Multiplexer/Demultiplexer","authors":"Javaria Haseeb;M. Ali Babar Abbasi;Vincent Fusco;Nosherwan Shoaib","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3599264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3599264","url":null,"abstract":"This communication presents an approach for the fast and accurate direction of arrival (DoA) estimating using a chaotic cavity-backed antenna integrated with a Rotman lens-based demultiplexer coupled with a diode detector estimator module. The proof of concept is demonstrated at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies. The designed chaotic cavity antenna receives a signal and compresses the source plane wave fields into a single channel. Leveraging a Rotman lens connected to a set of open-circuited transmission lines provides frequency-selective reflections and the wideband signal is split into multiple subbands to enable parallel processing and use of low-cost narrowband mmWave components. The subbands are then processed through parallel diode detector estimation modules. This communication validates the proposed approach using the experimental data. The proposed technique aids in low cost, low processing bandwidth, and low hardware complexity for DoA estimation in mmWave systems.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 12","pages":"10953-10958"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-21DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3599268
Riccardo Ozzola;Cesare Tadolini;Roderick G. Tapia Barroso;Ulrik Imberg;Angelo Freni;Daniele Cavallo;Andrea Neto
Multibeam systems are a key technology for the high-speed links of the next-generation communication standards. Due to the stringent space constraints for allocating antennas on a platform, it is of paramount importance to assess—with respect to the physical size—the multibeam performance of the antenna in terms of the maximum number of simultaneous orthogonal beams. This is done by resorting to the concept of the observable field, which is here extended to planar domains. Then, this concept is used to assess the multibeam performance of a wideband phased array prototype developed for mobile communications. The signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), computed from the measured radiation patterns of the prototype, is analyzed versus the frequency and the number of beams and compared to the benchmark case of an ideal antenna radiating the observable field.
{"title":"Assessment of the Multibeam Performance of Wideband Arrays Using the Observable Field","authors":"Riccardo Ozzola;Cesare Tadolini;Roderick G. Tapia Barroso;Ulrik Imberg;Angelo Freni;Daniele Cavallo;Andrea Neto","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3599268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3599268","url":null,"abstract":"Multibeam systems are a key technology for the high-speed links of the next-generation communication standards. Due to the stringent space constraints for allocating antennas on a platform, it is of paramount importance to assess—with respect to the physical size—the multibeam performance of the antenna in terms of the maximum number of simultaneous orthogonal beams. This is done by resorting to the concept of the observable field, which is here extended to planar domains. Then, this concept is used to assess the multibeam performance of a wideband phased array prototype developed for mobile communications. The signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), computed from the measured radiation patterns of the prototype, is analyzed versus the frequency and the number of beams and compared to the benchmark case of an ideal antenna radiating the observable field.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 12","pages":"10919-10924"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3597060
Meng Zhang;Ce Zhang;Pei-Yuan Qin;Zheng-Yu Zou;Peng Lei;Jin-Yang Cai;Xiao-Chuan Wang;Wen-Zhong Lu;Wen Lei
In this communication, an ultrawideband and compact linear-to-circular polarization converter (LTCPC) with good angular stability is presented and analyzed. It is structured as an array by periodic cells, and each cell has the same structure and contains two asymmetrical metallic patterns divided by a thin substrate. Specifically, the metallic patterns consist of a Jerusalem-cross-like structure (JCLS) on the top layer and a metal strip on the bottom. The design is optimized by 3-D electromagnetic (EM) simulation, while the equivalent circuit (EC) model analyzes its structure quantitatively. A long crossed branch in JCLS can be equated as a high-pass filter with a low cutoff frequency. In addition, this structure can independently change the horizontal and vertical phases to improve the passband. The bottom long strip resonates at a high out-of-band frequency, which can further increase the frequency band of interest. To check its performance, we fabricated and measured a sample with $78,times ,78$ cells, with each cell’s size being just $0.006lambda _{0}^{3}$ ($lambda _{0}$ is the wavelength corresponding to the center frequency). The results reveal that the simulated/measured axial ratios (ARs) are below 3 dB from 13.7 to 30 GHz (75%)/14 to 29.7 GHz (72%) for a normal linear polarized (LP) incident wave. Moreover, the scanning angular stability is up to 55°, which is useful for wide-angle scanning phased array. Due to the ultrawide AR bandwidth and high angular stability of the proposed LTCPC, it can simultaneously meet the current application requirements of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications (SATCOMs).
{"title":"An Ultrawideband Linear-to-Circular Polarization Converter With Good Angular Stability Performance for Satellite Communications","authors":"Meng Zhang;Ce Zhang;Pei-Yuan Qin;Zheng-Yu Zou;Peng Lei;Jin-Yang Cai;Xiao-Chuan Wang;Wen-Zhong Lu;Wen Lei","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3597060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3597060","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, an ultrawideband and compact linear-to-circular polarization converter (LTCPC) with good angular stability is presented and analyzed. It is structured as an array by periodic cells, and each cell has the same structure and contains two asymmetrical metallic patterns divided by a thin substrate. Specifically, the metallic patterns consist of a Jerusalem-cross-like structure (JCLS) on the top layer and a metal strip on the bottom. The design is optimized by 3-D electromagnetic (EM) simulation, while the equivalent circuit (EC) model analyzes its structure quantitatively. A long crossed branch in JCLS can be equated as a high-pass filter with a low cutoff frequency. In addition, this structure can independently change the horizontal and vertical phases to improve the passband. The bottom long strip resonates at a high out-of-band frequency, which can further increase the frequency band of interest. To check its performance, we fabricated and measured a sample with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$78,times ,78$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cells, with each cell’s size being just <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.006lambda _{0}^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the wavelength corresponding to the center frequency). The results reveal that the simulated/measured axial ratios (ARs) are below 3 dB from 13.7 to 30 GHz (75%)/14 to 29.7 GHz (72%) for a normal linear polarized (LP) incident wave. Moreover, the scanning angular stability is up to 55°, which is useful for wide-angle scanning phased array. Due to the ultrawide AR bandwidth and high angular stability of the proposed LTCPC, it can simultaneously meet the current application requirements of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications (SATCOMs).","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 12","pages":"10895-10900"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3596800
Chenhui Niu;Buyun Wang;Hongwei Ren;Jianxing Li;Juan Chen;Sen Yan
A design approach of a dynamic decoupling network (DDN) for wearable antennas is proposed in this communication based on common mode (CM)/differential mode (DM) theory. A pair of inverted L-shaped antennas (ILAs) is illustrated to verify the design idea and method. First, the ILAs with matching network are designed on a handheld terminal, and the decoupling network is realized by a horizontal strip and a lumped capacitance inserted between the antenna pair, which is based on the CM/DM theory. Then, we discuss the influence of the human body on the antenna performances and show that the DM is more affected by the human body than the CM. Next, a varactor diode is employed to dynamically adjust the DM impedance, which can guarantee that the antennas have good impedance matching and isolation in both scenarios in free space and on human body. Finally, to verify the feasibility of the proposed method, the proposed antenna pair with the decoupling network is fabricated and tested in free space and on human body, while the measured results agree well with our analyses. The proposed design approach shows considerable promise for the design of future multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) antennas for wearable devices.
{"title":"Design of a Dynamic Decoupling Network for a Pair of Wearable Inverted L-Shaped Antennas Based on Common/Differential Mode Theory","authors":"Chenhui Niu;Buyun Wang;Hongwei Ren;Jianxing Li;Juan Chen;Sen Yan","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3596800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3596800","url":null,"abstract":"A design approach of a dynamic decoupling network (DDN) for wearable antennas is proposed in this communication based on common mode (CM)/differential mode (DM) theory. A pair of inverted L-shaped antennas (ILAs) is illustrated to verify the design idea and method. First, the ILAs with matching network are designed on a handheld terminal, and the decoupling network is realized by a horizontal strip and a lumped capacitance inserted between the antenna pair, which is based on the CM/DM theory. Then, we discuss the influence of the human body on the antenna performances and show that the DM is more affected by the human body than the CM. Next, a varactor diode is employed to dynamically adjust the DM impedance, which can guarantee that the antennas have good impedance matching and isolation in both scenarios in free space and on human body. Finally, to verify the feasibility of the proposed method, the proposed antenna pair with the decoupling network is fabricated and tested in free space and on human body, while the measured results agree well with our analyses. The proposed design approach shows considerable promise for the design of future multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) antennas for wearable devices.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 11","pages":"9595-9600"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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