In this article, a 3-D-printed $16times 16$ circularly polarized (CP) monopulse antenna array is investigated in the Ka-band, featuring high gain and low axial ratio (AR). The monopulse antenna array comprises four low-profile left-handed CP subarrays and a sequential rotation comparator network (SRCN). The four subarrays are connected orthogonally to the SRCN outputs, enabling simultaneous phase relationship integration between the traditional 2-D monopulse antenna array and the sequential rotation network. To verify the design concept, a $16times 16$ monopulse antenna array prototype is monolithically fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) 3-D printing technology. The measured results show that the proposed monopulse antenna array achieves a shared bandwidth (return loss >10 dB) from 27.5 to 30.0 GHz for both sum and difference input ports. The left-handed CP gain reaches up to 32.3 dBic with an in-band AR lower than 0.3 dB. The null depth is approximately −24 dB and the total efficiency is over 70%. The advantages of the proposed monopulse antenna array, including high gain, excellent CP purity, high efficiency, and substantial power capacity, are particularly well suited for satellite communication systems.
{"title":"3-D-Printed Ka-Band Circularly Polarized Monopulse Antenna Array With High Gain and Low Axial Ratio","authors":"Sifan Wu;Jianxing Li;Jiahui Yao;Yuanxi Cao;Yujian Li;Xiu Yin Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454805","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454805","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a 3-D-printed \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$16times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 circularly polarized (CP) monopulse antenna array is investigated in the Ka-band, featuring high gain and low axial ratio (AR). The monopulse antenna array comprises four low-profile left-handed CP subarrays and a sequential rotation comparator network (SRCN). The four subarrays are connected orthogonally to the SRCN outputs, enabling simultaneous phase relationship integration between the traditional 2-D monopulse antenna array and the sequential rotation network. To verify the design concept, a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$16times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 monopulse antenna array prototype is monolithically fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) 3-D printing technology. The measured results show that the proposed monopulse antenna array achieves a shared bandwidth (return loss >10 dB) from 27.5 to 30.0 GHz for both sum and difference input ports. The left-handed CP gain reaches up to 32.3 dBic with an in-band AR lower than 0.3 dB. The null depth is approximately −24 dB and the total efficiency is over 70%. The advantages of the proposed monopulse antenna array, including high gain, excellent CP purity, high efficiency, and substantial power capacity, are particularly well suited for satellite communication systems.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8282-8293"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3454808
Ruilin Huang;Yu Luo;Ningning Yan;Kaixue Ma
This study introduces a decoupling method for isolation enhancement in two-port co-polarized co-radiator applications, called the commonly differentially hybrid-fed (CDHF) decoupling method. Unlike conventional feed architectures, the proposed feed architecture allocates two ports to feed the antenna with a power divider and an anti-phase power divider. Theoretical analysis indicates that this feed architecture offers particularly high isolation. Generally, for two-port antennas (with one port supporting Wi-Fi 6 applications and another supporting Wi-Fi 6E applications), suppressing mutual coupling effects using traditional filters is challenging owing to the extremely narrow guard band of 0.09 GHz. The CDHF decoupling method offers a filter-free solution to this problem. To validate its effectiveness, a two-por co-polarized co-radiator patch antenna using this method is designed, fabricated, and tested. Results reveal that the two ports of the antenna, respectively, cover the Wi-Fi 6 U-NII-3 (5.725–05.835 GHz) and Wi-Fi 6E U-NII-5 bands (5.925–6.425 GHz). Furthermore, the antenna achieves an isolation exceeding 35 dB across the 5.5–6.5-GHz frequency range. Moreover, the antenna exhibits both conical and broadside radiation patterns, making it suitable for indoor scenarios requiring radiation pattern diversity, such as offices and supermarkets.
{"title":"Commonly Differentially Hybrid-Fed Method for Isolation Enhancement in Two-Port Co-Polarized Co-Radiator Applications","authors":"Ruilin Huang;Yu Luo;Ningning Yan;Kaixue Ma","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454808","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454808","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a decoupling method for isolation enhancement in two-port co-polarized co-radiator applications, called the commonly differentially hybrid-fed (CDHF) decoupling method. Unlike conventional feed architectures, the proposed feed architecture allocates two ports to feed the antenna with a power divider and an anti-phase power divider. Theoretical analysis indicates that this feed architecture offers particularly high isolation. Generally, for two-port antennas (with one port supporting Wi-Fi 6 applications and another supporting Wi-Fi 6E applications), suppressing mutual coupling effects using traditional filters is challenging owing to the extremely narrow guard band of 0.09 GHz. The CDHF decoupling method offers a filter-free solution to this problem. To validate its effectiveness, a two-por co-polarized co-radiator patch antenna using this method is designed, fabricated, and tested. Results reveal that the two ports of the antenna, respectively, cover the Wi-Fi 6 U-NII-3 (5.725–05.835 GHz) and Wi-Fi 6E U-NII-5 bands (5.925–6.425 GHz). Furthermore, the antenna achieves an isolation exceeding 35 dB across the 5.5–6.5-GHz frequency range. Moreover, the antenna exhibits both conical and broadside radiation patterns, making it suitable for indoor scenarios requiring radiation pattern diversity, such as offices and supermarkets.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8319-8327"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3454364
Fan Yang;Kunde Yang;Yang Shi;Shuwen Wang;Yihang Shu
Evaporation ducts (EDs) can significantly impact marine communications and radar detections. Observations of ED height (EDH) are crucial for the remote sensing of anomalous propagation in different weather conditions. However, there are limitations in existing methods for remote sensing of EDs in large areas and long terms. This article first reports on an over-the-horizon (OTH) propagation measurement campaign lasted for five days over the South China Sea (SCS) to invert EDHs using opportunistic signals of a navigation radar. The results of different measurement systems show good consistency in their measured path loss (PL) and the inverted EDHs. For verifications, results that are predicted by the naval atmospheric vertical surface layer model (NAVSLaM) with observations of air-sea parameters were analyzed. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) between the EDHs inverted from the navigation radar signals and the predicted EDHs was 0.97 m. Based on the opportunistic signals of navigation radar, an EDH inversion method is proposed and verified by the predicted results. This method shows good potential in long-term EDH inversion of OTH propagation links via the opportunistic signals generated from navigation radar widely used on marine vessels.
{"title":"Inversions of the Evaporation Duct Heights Utilizing Opportunistic Signals of Navigation Radar","authors":"Fan Yang;Kunde Yang;Yang Shi;Shuwen Wang;Yihang Shu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454364","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454364","url":null,"abstract":"Evaporation ducts (EDs) can significantly impact marine communications and radar detections. Observations of ED height (EDH) are crucial for the remote sensing of anomalous propagation in different weather conditions. However, there are limitations in existing methods for remote sensing of EDs in large areas and long terms. This article first reports on an over-the-horizon (OTH) propagation measurement campaign lasted for five days over the South China Sea (SCS) to invert EDHs using opportunistic signals of a navigation radar. The results of different measurement systems show good consistency in their measured path loss (PL) and the inverted EDHs. For verifications, results that are predicted by the naval atmospheric vertical surface layer model (NAVSLaM) with observations of air-sea parameters were analyzed. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) between the EDHs inverted from the navigation radar signals and the predicted EDHs was 0.97 m. Based on the opportunistic signals of navigation radar, an EDH inversion method is proposed and verified by the predicted results. This method shows good potential in long-term EDH inversion of OTH propagation links via the opportunistic signals generated from navigation radar widely used on marine vessels.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8647-8654"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The mechanical magnetoelectric (ME) antenna is a device that generates near-field radiation by acoustic actuation and has the potential to achieve air to sea and air to soil cross-media communication. This work established a nonlinear coupling model based on hysteresis electrostriction, magnetostriction, and Maxwell equations. The nonlinear and hysteretic behaviors of ME antennas with electric field, frequency, and polarization intensity are discussed. The near-field radiation behavior in this model accords with the characteristics of a magnetic dipole, which can provide a reference for the nonlinear research and parameter design of ME antennas. In the actual test, the ME antenna with resonant frequency in the range of 3–30 kHz is fabricated and the optimal volume ratio is found, which improves the unit performance. The ME antenna based on different piezoelectric materials shows that the nonlinear behavior of the ME antenna is closely related to the ferroelectric properties. Experiments show that the ME antenna based on PMN-PT single crystal has excellent near-field radiation performance, reaching 25 nT at 1 m.
机械磁电（ME）天线是一种通过声学致动产生近场辐射的装置，具有实现空对海和空对地跨媒体通信的潜力。这项研究建立了一个基于磁滞电致伸缩、磁致伸缩和麦克斯韦方程的非线性耦合模型。讨论了 ME 天线随电场、频率和极化强度变化的非线性和滞后行为。该模型的近场辐射行为符合磁偶极子的特性，可为 ME 天线的非线性研究和参数设计提供参考。在实际测试中，制作了谐振频率在 3-30 kHz 范围内的 ME 天线，并找到了最佳体积比，从而提高了单元性能。基于不同压电材料的 ME 天线表明，ME 天线的非线性行为与铁电特性密切相关。实验表明，基于 PMN-PT 单晶的 ME 天线具有极佳的近场辐射性能，在 1 米处可达到 25 nT。
{"title":"Research on Radiation Performance and Nonlinear Behavior of an Acoustically Actuated Antenna","authors":"Tingyu Deng;Jie Jiao;Dong Wang;Qianshi Zhang;Haosu Luo;Tianxiang Nan;Zhaoqiang Chu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3453439","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3453439","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanical magnetoelectric (ME) antenna is a device that generates near-field radiation by acoustic actuation and has the potential to achieve air to sea and air to soil cross-media communication. This work established a nonlinear coupling model based on hysteresis electrostriction, magnetostriction, and Maxwell equations. The nonlinear and hysteretic behaviors of ME antennas with electric field, frequency, and polarization intensity are discussed. The near-field radiation behavior in this model accords with the characteristics of a magnetic dipole, which can provide a reference for the nonlinear research and parameter design of ME antennas. In the actual test, the ME antenna with resonant frequency in the range of 3–30 kHz is fabricated and the optimal volume ratio is found, which improves the unit performance. The ME antenna based on different piezoelectric materials shows that the nonlinear behavior of the ME antenna is closely related to the ferroelectric properties. Experiments show that the ME antenna based on PMN-PT single crystal has excellent near-field radiation performance, reaching 25 nT at 1 m.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 10","pages":"7680-7690"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3454434
Amjad Iqbal;Saad Hassan Kiani;Muath Al-Hasan;Ismail Ben Mabrouk;Tayeb A. Denidni
This article introduces a compact dual-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) implantable antenna for high-data-rate wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) applications. The proposed antenna works at 915 and 2450 MHz with the respective fractional bandwidths (FBWs) of 23.6% and 12.14%. The two-port MIMO system consists of two triangular-shaped radiators arranged face-to-face, forming a square configuration. The edge-to-edge distance between the radiators is 0.3 mm, indicating that the radiating elements are placed extremely close to each other. Three semicircular slots, three edge slots in the patch, a conducting via in each patch, and a high permittivity substrate are utilized to reduce the antenna’s volume ( $9.8times 9.8times 0.3=28.81$ mm3). To minimize electromagnetic (EM) coupling between both patches, a diagonal slot measuring $12.5times 0.3$ mm2 is etched in the ground plane, and a 6.5-nH inductor is added between the radiating patches. As a result, the mutual coupling values of −35.85 and −31.6 dB are observed at 915 and 2450 MHz, respectively. The effectiveness of the MIMO system is validated through the analysis of specific absorption rate (SAR) and link budget performance, both showing satisfactory results. With an input power of 1 W, the maximum SAR is 41.2 W/kg for 915 MHz and 43.2 W/kg for 2450 MHz. Channel parameters for the $2times 2$ MIMO configuration are calculated and validated, showing a channel capacity of 9.1 bps/Hz at SNR =20 dB. A prototype is developed and tested in the minced pork to validate simulations. Based on the results and performance, the proposed MIMO antenna system demonstrates high potential for high-data-rate capsule endoscopes.
{"title":"A Compact Dual-Band Implantable MIMO Antenna for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy","authors":"Amjad Iqbal;Saad Hassan Kiani;Muath Al-Hasan;Ismail Ben Mabrouk;Tayeb A. Denidni","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454434","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454434","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a compact dual-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) implantable antenna for high-data-rate wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) applications. The proposed antenna works at 915 and 2450 MHz with the respective fractional bandwidths (FBWs) of 23.6% and 12.14%. The two-port MIMO system consists of two triangular-shaped radiators arranged face-to-face, forming a square configuration. The edge-to-edge distance between the radiators is 0.3 mm, indicating that the radiating elements are placed extremely close to each other. Three semicircular slots, three edge slots in the patch, a conducting via in each patch, and a high permittivity substrate are utilized to reduce the antenna’s volume (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$9.8times 9.8times 0.3=28.81$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mm3). To minimize electromagnetic (EM) coupling between both patches, a diagonal slot measuring \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$12.5times 0.3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mm2 is etched in the ground plane, and a 6.5-nH inductor is added between the radiating patches. As a result, the mutual coupling values of −35.85 and −31.6 dB are observed at 915 and 2450 MHz, respectively. The effectiveness of the MIMO system is validated through the analysis of specific absorption rate (SAR) and link budget performance, both showing satisfactory results. With an input power of 1 W, the maximum SAR is 41.2 W/kg for 915 MHz and 43.2 W/kg for 2450 MHz. Channel parameters for the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 MIMO configuration are calculated and validated, showing a channel capacity of 9.1 bps/Hz at SNR =20 dB. A prototype is developed and tested in the minced pork to validate simulations. Based on the results and performance, the proposed MIMO antenna system demonstrates high potential for high-data-rate capsule endoscopes.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 10","pages":"7515-7524"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3454456
Chen He;Yi Liao;Chunhui Ren
Vortex electromagnetic waves carrying orbital angular momentum have been widely studied in many fields because of their unique helical phase structure. The vortex electromagnetic waves can be received by the array elements uniformly placed on the receiving aperture. However, in practical applications, the receiving array elements may be missing or damaged for various reasons, resulting in the loss of some receiving data. The existing mode measurement methods of vortex electromagnetic waves are unsuitable for the case of random receiving array element defects. Considering the low rank property of the Hankel matrix arranged from the vortex electric field, we propose a novel mode measurement method based on low rank matrix completion (LRMC). The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method has satisfactory mode measurement performance even with serious random receiving array element defects. The comparison experiments show that the proposed method outperforms other conventional methods in terms of mode measurement performance.
{"title":"Mode Measurement of Vortex Electromagnetic Wave With Random Receiving Array Element Defects via Low Rank Matrix Completion","authors":"Chen He;Yi Liao;Chunhui Ren","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454456","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3454456","url":null,"abstract":"Vortex electromagnetic waves carrying orbital angular momentum have been widely studied in many fields because of their unique helical phase structure. The vortex electromagnetic waves can be received by the array elements uniformly placed on the receiving aperture. However, in practical applications, the receiving array elements may be missing or damaged for various reasons, resulting in the loss of some receiving data. The existing mode measurement methods of vortex electromagnetic waves are unsuitable for the case of random receiving array element defects. Considering the low rank property of the Hankel matrix arranged from the vortex electric field, we propose a novel mode measurement method based on low rank matrix completion (LRMC). The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method has satisfactory mode measurement performance even with serious random receiving array element defects. The comparison experiments show that the proposed method outperforms other conventional methods in terms of mode measurement performance.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8501-8510"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3452939
Braden P. Smyth;Samuel Clark;Nikitha Kannan;Ashwin K. Iyer
A compact and low-profile antenna for global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), with particular optimization for triband Global Positioning System (GPS) coverage, is presented. A dual-band antenna is developed with the use of metamaterial-based electromagnetic bandgap structures (MTM-EBGs) that covers GPS L1, L2, and L5 bands and a majority of the GNSS spectrum. The patch antenna is fabricated on two sides of a single substrate sheet above a ground plane, with a 3-D printed polylactic acid (PLA) substrate spacer for simple fabrication. The antenna is fed by a wideband and planar feed network below the ground plane, and simulation and measurement results show good performance in terms of matching, gain, pattern shape, and axial ratio, demonstrating that this antenna is an excellent candidate for use with modern high-accuracy multiband and multisystem GPS/GNSS receivers.
{"title":"Compact Fully Printed GPS/GNSS Antenna Using Embedded MTM-EBGs","authors":"Braden P. Smyth;Samuel Clark;Nikitha Kannan;Ashwin K. Iyer","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3452939","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3452939","url":null,"abstract":"A compact and low-profile antenna for global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), with particular optimization for triband Global Positioning System (GPS) coverage, is presented. A dual-band antenna is developed with the use of metamaterial-based electromagnetic bandgap structures (MTM-EBGs) that covers GPS L1, L2, and L5 bands and a majority of the GNSS spectrum. The patch antenna is fabricated on two sides of a single substrate sheet above a ground plane, with a 3-D printed polylactic acid (PLA) substrate spacer for simple fabrication. The antenna is fed by a wideband and planar feed network below the ground plane, and simulation and measurement results show good performance in terms of matching, gain, pattern shape, and axial ratio, demonstrating that this antenna is an excellent candidate for use with modern high-accuracy multiband and multisystem GPS/GNSS receivers.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8262-8271"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10670031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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