In this study, we have developed a compact and ultrathin wideband antenna system with stable broadside radiation patterns for brain-machine interface applications. The antenna system operates in the ultrawideband (UWB) frequency range and employs a deionized (DI) water-infilled superstrate to achieve efficient radiation in the broadside direction. The antenna was constructed using a thin Taconic TRF-43 substrate, which has a relative permittivity ($varepsilon _{r}$ ) of 4.3 and a loss tangent (tan$delta $ ) of 0.0035. By incorporating a modified rectangular slot on the ground plane and a tapered stepped microstrip feedline, we achieved a broad frequency response. The overall system consists of a compact $10times 9times 0.7$ mm antenna, along with system dummies such as batteries, sensors, and electronic components, all enclosed in a biocompatible casing manufactured via 3-D printing. The design and analysis of the system were performed using computer simulation technology (CST) and Sim4Life simulation tools. To validate our findings, we built a prototype and conducted measurements using a brain phantom made of semi-solid artificial tissue-emulating (ATE) material. Our results demonstrate that the antenna exhibits a −10-dB bandwidth of 129% from 3 to 14 GHz, with a peak gain of −19 dBi at 3 GHz while maintaining the desired broadside radiation characteristics.
{"title":"A Compact Ultrawideband Antenna System With Stable Broadside Radiation Patterns for Brain–Machine Interface Applications","authors":"Syed Imran Hussain Shah;Abdul Basir;Hyoungsuk Yoo;Ick-Jae Yoon","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3496091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3496091","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we have developed a compact and ultrathin wideband antenna system with stable broadside radiation patterns for brain-machine interface applications. The antenna system operates in the ultrawideband (UWB) frequency range and employs a deionized (DI) water-infilled superstrate to achieve efficient radiation in the broadside direction. The antenna was constructed using a thin Taconic TRF-43 substrate, which has a relative permittivity (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$varepsilon _{r}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 4.3 and a loss tangent (tan<inline-formula> <tex-math>$delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 0.0035. By incorporating a modified rectangular slot on the ground plane and a tapered stepped microstrip feedline, we achieved a broad frequency response. The overall system consists of a compact <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10times 9times 0.7$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm antenna, along with system dummies such as batteries, sensors, and electronic components, all enclosed in a biocompatible casing manufactured via 3-D printing. The design and analysis of the system were performed using computer simulation technology (CST) and Sim4Life simulation tools. To validate our findings, we built a prototype and conducted measurements using a brain phantom made of semi-solid artificial tissue-emulating (ATE) material. Our results demonstrate that the antenna exhibits a −10-dB bandwidth of 129% from 3 to 14 GHz, with a peak gain of −19 dBi at 3 GHz while maintaining the desired broadside radiation characteristics.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"629-634"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3496080
Guang-Hua Sun;Kaixu Wang;Liang Wei Qin
In this communication, we introduce a high-gain, dual-polarized magnetoelectric dipole (ME-dipole) antenna utilizing patch loading. The ME-dipole consists of four short-circuited patches and four L-shaped copper blocks. It is fed by two coaxial lines and crossed microstrip lines to provide ±45° polarization for electromagnetic wave radiation. By incorporating four parasitic patches, the impedance bandwidth and gain of the ME-dipole are enhanced, resulting in a 41.8% impedance bandwidth and a maximum unit gain of 13.7 dBi for both polarizations. The antenna is fabricated and measured, and the measurement results are consistent with the simulation results. It exhibits stable high gain and wide impedance bandwidth.
{"title":"Design of a Dual-Polarized Magnetoelectric Dipole With Gain Enhancement Based on Patch Loading","authors":"Guang-Hua Sun;Kaixu Wang;Liang Wei Qin","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3496080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3496080","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, we introduce a high-gain, dual-polarized magnetoelectric dipole (ME-dipole) antenna utilizing patch loading. The ME-dipole consists of four short-circuited patches and four L-shaped copper blocks. It is fed by two coaxial lines and crossed microstrip lines to provide ±45° polarization for electromagnetic wave radiation. By incorporating four parasitic patches, the impedance bandwidth and gain of the ME-dipole are enhanced, resulting in a 41.8% impedance bandwidth and a maximum unit gain of 13.7 dBi for both polarizations. The antenna is fabricated and measured, and the measurement results are consistent with the simulation results. It exhibits stable high gain and wide impedance bandwidth.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"606-610"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the first time, an asymmetric split-ring resonator (SRR) is employed for designing a dual-band anti-metal tag antenna that can cover both the lower European (LEu) and North American (NA) UHF radio frequency identification (RFID) frequency ranges. It is intended to be applied on small metallic objects. The two frequency ranges are generated by concurrently exciting the even and odd modes of the asymmetric SRR, which has a shorting post at the middle of the split ring. Each operating frequency can be tuned independently without affecting the other much by adjusting the asymmetricity of the SRR as well as the lengths of the loading open stubs. Design equations have been derived for calculating the two operating frequencies. The proposed tag has a miniature size ($40times 30times 1.653$ mm or $0.1224lambda times 0.0916lambda times 0.00504lambda $ at $lambda _{o} = 916$ MHz), and it can be effectively read in the range of ~5 m (4 W effective isotropic radiated power—EIRP) on metal and ~2.5 m in air and on small metallic objects in the boresight direction ($theta = 0^{circ }$ ) for both the frequency ranges, showing a stable frequency performance.
{"title":"Design of Dual-Band UHF RFID Tag Antenna Using Even and Odd Modes of Asymmetric Split Ring for Anti-Metal Applications","authors":"Gene-Jinhan Ng;Eng-Hock Lim;Pei-Song Chee;Muthukannan Murugesh","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3495220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3495220","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time, an asymmetric split-ring resonator (SRR) is employed for designing a dual-band anti-metal tag antenna that can cover both the lower European (LEu) and North American (NA) UHF radio frequency identification (RFID) frequency ranges. It is intended to be applied on small metallic objects. The two frequency ranges are generated by concurrently exciting the even and odd modes of the asymmetric SRR, which has a shorting post at the middle of the split ring. Each operating frequency can be tuned independently without affecting the other much by adjusting the asymmetricity of the SRR as well as the lengths of the loading open stubs. Design equations have been derived for calculating the two operating frequencies. The proposed tag has a miniature size (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$40times 30times 1.653$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm or <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.1224lambda times 0.0916lambda times 0.00504lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda _{o} = 916$ </tex-math></inline-formula> MHz), and it can be effectively read in the range of ~5 m (4 W effective isotropic radiated power—EIRP) on metal and ~2.5 m in air and on small metallic objects in the boresight direction (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta = 0^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) for both the frequency ranges, showing a stable frequency performance.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"64-73"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel method is proposed for designing a low sidelobe level (SLL) transmitarray antenna (TA) with high aperture efficiency (AE). In this method, two phase-only metasurface plates are cascaded and coordinated to achieve amplitude modulation and phase alignment. The first phase-only metasurface plate is employed to realize the Chebyshev amplitude distribution of low sidelobes over the aperture of the second phase-only metasurface plate, where the aperture field phase can be subsequently aligned. The phase-only metasurface-based aperture amplitude modulation can effectively avoid energy loss, and it can simultaneously enhance the spillover efficiency to compensate for taper efficiency loss resulting from sidelobe suppression, thereby achieving low sidelobes while avoiding the loss of AE. Besides, to facilitate the specific design of Chebyshev distribution through phase modulation, a fast and efficient method is developed. Finally, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, two TAs (termed TA1 and TA2, respectively) are designed, fabricated, measured, and compared. TA1 is a TA with optimal AE, and TA2 is designed based on the proposed method of low sidelobes without the loss of AE. Finally, TA2 achieves SLL of −27.2 dB (7.8 dB lower than TA1), a gain of 25.48 dB, and AE of 49.18% (0.26 dB and 3% lower than TA1, respectively). The proposed design method overcomes the loss of AE during sidelobe suppression, which presents new guidance for designing a low sidelobe TA with high AE.
{"title":"Combinatorial Phase Modulation of Dual-Metasurface Plates for Designing Low Sidelobe Transmitarray Antennas With High Aperture Efficiency","authors":"Gu-Ying Deng;Yun-Hua Zhang;Huo-Tao Gao;Feng Zhou;Si-Yuan He;Guo-Qiang Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3495231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3495231","url":null,"abstract":"A novel method is proposed for designing a low sidelobe level (SLL) transmitarray antenna (TA) with high aperture efficiency (AE). In this method, two phase-only metasurface plates are cascaded and coordinated to achieve amplitude modulation and phase alignment. The first phase-only metasurface plate is employed to realize the Chebyshev amplitude distribution of low sidelobes over the aperture of the second phase-only metasurface plate, where the aperture field phase can be subsequently aligned. The phase-only metasurface-based aperture amplitude modulation can effectively avoid energy loss, and it can simultaneously enhance the spillover efficiency to compensate for taper efficiency loss resulting from sidelobe suppression, thereby achieving low sidelobes while avoiding the loss of AE. Besides, to facilitate the specific design of Chebyshev distribution through phase modulation, a fast and efficient method is developed. Finally, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, two TAs (termed TA1 and TA2, respectively) are designed, fabricated, measured, and compared. TA1 is a TA with optimal AE, and TA2 is designed based on the proposed method of low sidelobes without the loss of AE. Finally, TA2 achieves SLL of −27.2 dB (7.8 dB lower than TA1), a gain of 25.48 dB, and AE of 49.18% (0.26 dB and 3% lower than TA1, respectively). The proposed design method overcomes the loss of AE during sidelobe suppression, which presents new guidance for designing a low sidelobe TA with high AE.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"304-313"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A low-profile wavefront converter (WFC)-based antenna for synchronous modulation of radiation and scattering characteristics is presented. The WFC located at the near-field region of a microstrip patch antenna, composed of two dielectric substrates sandwiched by three layers of circular ring resonators or their complementary patterns, can effectively concentrate additional radiation energy of the antenna toward the main lobe direction by converting spherical waves to plane waves in the near-field region, thereby enhancing radiation gain and directionality in the far-field region. At the same time, when encountering an incidence plane wave externally for investigating the scattering properties of the considered antenna, the WFC will transform the reflected plane wave into a quasi-ellipsoidal wave, which can achieve a monostatic radar cross-sectional (RCS) reduction in the far-field region by dispersing the scattering energy in all directions. The mechanisms of synchronous modulation of radiation and scattering characteristics are studied by the principle analysis and experimental verification. Numerical and experimental results show that the reference antenna’s gain has been enhanced by 15.7 dBi, while its in-band monostatic RCS has been reduced by more than 10 dB. Moreover, the thickness of the proposed WFC is only $0.077lambda $ ($lambda $ is the free-space wavelength at 11.5 GHz), which has certain advantages in miniaturized applications.
{"title":"Wavefront Converter-Based Antenna for Synchronous Modulation of Radiation and Scattering Characteristics","authors":"Xin Yao;Haiyan Chen;Qian Liu;Tingyan Pan;Zili Zhou;Liangjun Yin;Linbo Zhang;Fengxia Li;Difei Liang;Jianliang Xie","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3495224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3495224","url":null,"abstract":"A low-profile wavefront converter (WFC)-based antenna for synchronous modulation of radiation and scattering characteristics is presented. The WFC located at the near-field region of a microstrip patch antenna, composed of two dielectric substrates sandwiched by three layers of circular ring resonators or their complementary patterns, can effectively concentrate additional radiation energy of the antenna toward the main lobe direction by converting spherical waves to plane waves in the near-field region, thereby enhancing radiation gain and directionality in the far-field region. At the same time, when encountering an incidence plane wave externally for investigating the scattering properties of the considered antenna, the WFC will transform the reflected plane wave into a quasi-ellipsoidal wave, which can achieve a monostatic radar cross-sectional (RCS) reduction in the far-field region by dispersing the scattering energy in all directions. The mechanisms of synchronous modulation of radiation and scattering characteristics are studied by the principle analysis and experimental verification. Numerical and experimental results show that the reference antenna’s gain has been enhanced by 15.7 dBi, while its in-band monostatic RCS has been reduced by more than 10 dB. Moreover, the thickness of the proposed WFC is only <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.077lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the free-space wavelength at 11.5 GHz), which has certain advantages in miniaturized applications.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 2","pages":"1125-1134"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143361443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3494048
Hsi-Tseng Chou;Zhi-Da Yan
A dual-band and dual-polarized antenna-in-package (AiP) design is proposed for 5G user equipment (UE) applications in the 28- and 38-GHz bands. The AiP design incorporates lateral cross-dipole elements to produce endfire radiation with dual-polarized, fan-shaped patterns for UE applications with dynamic orientations. The AiP prototype is fabricated for heat handling enhancement using the low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCCs) process. It stacks 14 thin dielectric substrates to form a 3-D radiator architecture on the intersubstrate interfaces. The AiP employs multiple antenna elements to achieve 1-D beam steering. Each lateral cross-dipole pair combines horizontally oriented dipole arms with vertical parallel plates to generate dual polarizations. Full-wave simulations indicate an approximate gain of 4 dBi for each antenna element, with broad and fan-shaped radiation patterns. These findings have been further validated through measurements conducted on an antenna prototype.
{"title":"Antenna-in-Package of Lateral Cross-Dipole Elements for Endfire Dual-Polarized Radiation at Dual Millimeter-Wave Frequency Bands for 5G FR2 User Equipment Applications","authors":"Hsi-Tseng Chou;Zhi-Da Yan","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3494048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3494048","url":null,"abstract":"A dual-band and dual-polarized antenna-in-package (AiP) design is proposed for 5G user equipment (UE) applications in the 28- and 38-GHz bands. The AiP design incorporates lateral cross-dipole elements to produce endfire radiation with dual-polarized, fan-shaped patterns for UE applications with dynamic orientations. The AiP prototype is fabricated for heat handling enhancement using the low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCCs) process. It stacks 14 thin dielectric substrates to form a 3-D radiator architecture on the intersubstrate interfaces. The AiP employs multiple antenna elements to achieve 1-D beam steering. Each lateral cross-dipole pair combines horizontally oriented dipole arms with vertical parallel plates to generate dual polarizations. Full-wave simulations indicate an approximate gain of 4 dBi for each antenna element, with broad and fan-shaped radiation patterns. These findings have been further validated through measurements conducted on an antenna prototype.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"74-86"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3493462
Seung Uk Oh;Hyoungsuk Yoo;Tae Hwan Jang
This study proposes a low-profile broadband millimeter-wave magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna with a fragmented electric dipole arm. Although the antenna has a low-profile structure, the S11 bandwidth of the proposed antenna element is widened thanks to the additional resonance points at 25 GHz frequency by fragmenting the bowtie-shaped electric dipole. By adjusting the dimensions of the fragmented bowtie, the proposed antenna has widened S11 bandwidth and 3-dB gain bandwidth toward the low-frequency band. The proposed $4times 4$ antenna array achieves an S11 bandwidth of 41.8% covering from 25.5 to 39 GHz, a 3 dB gain bandwidth of 39.3% covering from 25.5 to 38 GHz, and a peak gain of 17.5 dBi. The cross-polarization and sidelobe levels (SLLs) are lower than −32 and −13 dB within the operating frequency, respectively.
{"title":"A Low-Profile Millimeter-Wave Broadband Magneto Electric Dipole Antenna With Fragmented Dipole Arm","authors":"Seung Uk Oh;Hyoungsuk Yoo;Tae Hwan Jang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3493462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3493462","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a low-profile broadband millimeter-wave magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna with a fragmented electric dipole arm. Although the antenna has a low-profile structure, the S11 bandwidth of the proposed antenna element is widened thanks to the additional resonance points at 25 GHz frequency by fragmenting the bowtie-shaped electric dipole. By adjusting the dimensions of the fragmented bowtie, the proposed antenna has widened S11 bandwidth and 3-dB gain bandwidth toward the low-frequency band. The proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> antenna array achieves an S11 bandwidth of 41.8% covering from 25.5 to 39 GHz, a 3 dB gain bandwidth of 39.3% covering from 25.5 to 38 GHz, and a peak gain of 17.5 dBi. The cross-polarization and sidelobe levels (SLLs) are lower than −32 and −13 dB within the operating frequency, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 2","pages":"1203-1208"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143361483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For radiation or scattering problems, the Fraunhofer distance allows us to define the far-field (FF) zone. It depends on the largest dimension of the target or aperture and the wavelength. This article shows that this distance can be expressed from this conventional Fraunhofer distance multiplied by a new function. It depends on the transmitter and receiver spherical angles and the target or aperture profile features, assumed to be a paraboloid. This function is positive and smaller than or equal to one, which means that the conventional Fraunhofer distance can be overestimated. In addition, the criterion is generalized to the case where the receiver and the transmitter must be both in FF. From the Rao-Wilton–Glisson Galerkin method of moments (MoMs), the comparison of the scattered field computed both in near and far fields validates the closed-form expressions of the new Fraunhofer criterion.
{"title":"Bistatic Far-Field Fraunhofer Distance Versus the Transmitter and Receiver Spherical Angles and the Target Parabolic Profile Features","authors":"Christophe Bourlier;Nolwenn Dreano;Gildas Kubické;Philippe Pouliguen","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3492544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3492544","url":null,"abstract":"For radiation or scattering problems, the Fraunhofer distance allows us to define the far-field (FF) zone. It depends on the largest dimension of the target or aperture and the wavelength. This article shows that this distance can be expressed from this conventional Fraunhofer distance multiplied by a new function. It depends on the transmitter and receiver spherical angles and the target or aperture profile features, assumed to be a paraboloid. This function is positive and smaller than or equal to one, which means that the conventional Fraunhofer distance can be overestimated. In addition, the criterion is generalized to the case where the receiver and the transmitter must be both in FF. From the Rao-Wilton–Glisson Galerkin method of moments (MoMs), the comparison of the scattered field computed both in near and far fields validates the closed-form expressions of the new Fraunhofer criterion.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"496-503"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3492501
Die Li;Mengran Zhao;Yiheng Nian;Ming Zhang;Lyu Lyu;Xiaoming Chen;Jianjia Yi;Shitao Zhu
Low sidelobe levels (SLLs) in scanning synthetic beams remain a problem for coincidence imaging array radar (CIAR) to achieve excellent anti-interference performance. In this communication, a sidelobe suppression method for the scanning synthetic beams is proposed. First, the fundamental model of the synthetic beam scanning method is presented with the introduction of the directional matching filter. Subsequently, the covariance matrix of the excitation signals is optimized using a convex optimization algorithm. This optimization allows for uniform bunching of the average power pattern within a specific angle range and simultaneous sidelobes’ suppression of the scanning synthetic patterns. In addition to the partially correlated excitation signals without practical constraints, the excitation signals are synthesized using the alternating minimization algorithm when considering a constant modulus constraint. Finally, numerical simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the proposed sidelobe suppression method. The results demonstrate that the SLLs of the synthetic patterns with varying steering angles can be reduced to below −19.5 dB.
{"title":"Sidelobe Suppression of Scanning Synthetic Beams Based on Coincidence Imaging Array Radar","authors":"Die Li;Mengran Zhao;Yiheng Nian;Ming Zhang;Lyu Lyu;Xiaoming Chen;Jianjia Yi;Shitao Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3492501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3492501","url":null,"abstract":"Low sidelobe levels (SLLs) in scanning synthetic beams remain a problem for coincidence imaging array radar (CIAR) to achieve excellent anti-interference performance. In this communication, a sidelobe suppression method for the scanning synthetic beams is proposed. First, the fundamental model of the synthetic beam scanning method is presented with the introduction of the directional matching filter. Subsequently, the covariance matrix of the excitation signals is optimized using a convex optimization algorithm. This optimization allows for uniform bunching of the average power pattern within a specific angle range and simultaneous sidelobes’ suppression of the scanning synthetic patterns. In addition to the partially correlated excitation signals without practical constraints, the excitation signals are synthesized using the alternating minimization algorithm when considering a constant modulus constraint. Finally, numerical simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the proposed sidelobe suppression method. The results demonstrate that the SLLs of the synthetic patterns with varying steering angles can be reduced to below −19.5 dB.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"695-700"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3492503
Bangjie Zhang;Gang Xu;Xiang-Gen Xia;Hanwen Yu;Mengdao Xing;Wei Hong
Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging relies on wideband waveform and viewing angle variation to achieve range and cross-range resolutions, respectively. To enhance the resolutions of 2-D images, sparse signal-processing techniques, such as compressed sensing (CS), have been applied to ISAR imaging using a sparse prior. Despite its efficiency in super-resolution imaging, the performance of CS is constrained due to the mismatch of the discrete dictionary, such as the Fourier transform. To address this issue, we propose a novel off-the-grid super-resolution ISAR imaging algorithm that employs a structured low-rank approach to effectively extrapolate the data bandwidth and aperture. To fully capture the low-rank property of ISAR data, the structured data model is constructed and its low-rank property is deduced to exhibit that the signal is embedded in a limited dimensional subspace. Then, the annihilating filter is derived by constructing a structured data matrix to formulate the proposed structured low-rank method, termed as off-the-grid super-resolution using annihilation constraint (OSAC). Taking into account that super-resolution imaging is highly reliant on the accuracy of the annihilating filter, the optimal annihilating filter is also estimated with the updating of extrapolated ISAR data. Through iterative updates of the annihilating filter and solution of the minimization problem, super-resolution ISAR imaging can be achieved by avoiding the discrete mismatch of the conventional CS method. Due to the effective exploration of structured low-rank property, the proposed OSAC algorithm offers superior precision in scatterer location and structure interpretation of a target. Experimental results using both simulated and real data are presented to verify the enhanced performance of 2-D resolution in ISAR imaging.
{"title":"Super-Resolution ISAR Imaging Using the Off-the-Grid Structured Low-Rank Method","authors":"Bangjie Zhang;Gang Xu;Xiang-Gen Xia;Hanwen Yu;Mengdao Xing;Wei Hong","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3492503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3492503","url":null,"abstract":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging relies on wideband waveform and viewing angle variation to achieve range and cross-range resolutions, respectively. To enhance the resolutions of 2-D images, sparse signal-processing techniques, such as compressed sensing (CS), have been applied to ISAR imaging using a sparse prior. Despite its efficiency in super-resolution imaging, the performance of CS is constrained due to the mismatch of the discrete dictionary, such as the Fourier transform. To address this issue, we propose a novel off-the-grid super-resolution ISAR imaging algorithm that employs a structured low-rank approach to effectively extrapolate the data bandwidth and aperture. To fully capture the low-rank property of ISAR data, the structured data model is constructed and its low-rank property is deduced to exhibit that the signal is embedded in a limited dimensional subspace. Then, the annihilating filter is derived by constructing a structured data matrix to formulate the proposed structured low-rank method, termed as off-the-grid super-resolution using annihilation constraint (OSAC). Taking into account that super-resolution imaging is highly reliant on the accuracy of the annihilating filter, the optimal annihilating filter is also estimated with the updating of extrapolated ISAR data. Through iterative updates of the annihilating filter and solution of the minimization problem, super-resolution ISAR imaging can be achieved by avoiding the discrete mismatch of the conventional CS method. Due to the effective exploration of structured low-rank property, the proposed OSAC algorithm offers superior precision in scatterer location and structure interpretation of a target. Experimental results using both simulated and real data are presented to verify the enhanced performance of 2-D resolution in ISAR imaging.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"482-495"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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