Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3450298
Chenbo Shi;Jin Pan;Xin Gu;Shichen Liang;Le Zuo
This article presents a novel approach for computing substructure characteristic modes. This method leverages electromagnetic (EM) scattering matrices and spherical wave expansion to directly decompose EM fields. Unlike conventional methods that rely on the impedance matrix generated by the method of moments (MoMs), our technique simplifies the problem into a small-scale ordinary eigenvalue problem, improving numerical dynamics and computational efficiency. We have developed analytical substructure characteristic mode solutions for a scenario involving two spheres, which can serve as benchmarks for evaluating other numerical solvers. A key advantage of our method is its independence from specific MoM frameworks, allowing for the use of various numerical methods. This flexibility paves the way for substructure characteristic mode decomposition to become a universal frequency-domain technique.
{"title":"Scattering-Based Characteristic Mode Theory for Structures in Arbitrary Background: Computation, Benchmarks, and Applications","authors":"Chenbo Shi;Jin Pan;Xin Gu;Shichen Liang;Le Zuo","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3450298","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3450298","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel approach for computing substructure characteristic modes. This method leverages electromagnetic (EM) scattering matrices and spherical wave expansion to directly decompose EM fields. Unlike conventional methods that rely on the impedance matrix generated by the method of moments (MoMs), our technique simplifies the problem into a small-scale ordinary eigenvalue problem, improving numerical dynamics and computational efficiency. We have developed analytical substructure characteristic mode solutions for a scenario involving two spheres, which can serve as benchmarks for evaluating other numerical solvers. A key advantage of our method is its independence from specific MoM frameworks, allowing for the use of various numerical methods. This flexibility paves the way for substructure characteristic mode decomposition to become a universal frequency-domain technique.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 10","pages":"7860-7871"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3450317
Keshav Sewraj;Matthys M. Botha
The efficient method of moments (MoM) analysis of very large antenna arrays of disjoint elements, using macro basis function (MBF) schemes, is considered. Directional cross approximation (DCA), which is a nested, multilevel, algebraic, low-rank factorization scheme suitable for electrically large structures, is used for fast reduced MBF matrix setup and matrix-vector products (MVPs). A DCA far-field sampling strategy suitable for planar arrays is employed. Optimal log-linear DCA memory scaling is demonstrated. The performance of static MBF formulations is investigated, namely, the characteristic basis function method (CBFM) and windowed MBF (WMBF) schemes, which establish MBFs once as a preprocessing step. Static MBF approximation errors are difficult to control. Dynamic MBFs are iteratively refined to obtain a solution within user-specified error tolerance. Residual-driven (RD) CBFM, RD WMBFs, RD Krylov subspace MBFs, and block-Jacobi MBFs (both original and RD) are considered. Effective solution accuracy control is demonstrated. Runtime of all schemes is studied. Given optimal DCA acceleration, the results give a realistic view of relative efficiencies. Static MBFs are much less efficient than dynamic ones. Among dynamic schemes, RD static MBFs are less efficient. Krylov MBFs can perform better than the original block-Jacobi scheme, but the latter requires no parameter choice. RD block-Jacobi and a hybrid Krylov-Jacobi (K-J) scheme sometimes outperform all others.
{"title":"Macro Basis Function Methods With Multilevel DCA Acceleration for Antenna Array Analysis","authors":"Keshav Sewraj;Matthys M. Botha","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3450317","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3450317","url":null,"abstract":"The efficient method of moments (MoM) analysis of very large antenna arrays of disjoint elements, using macro basis function (MBF) schemes, is considered. Directional cross approximation (DCA), which is a nested, multilevel, algebraic, low-rank factorization scheme suitable for electrically large structures, is used for fast reduced MBF matrix setup and matrix-vector products (MVPs). A DCA far-field sampling strategy suitable for planar arrays is employed. Optimal log-linear DCA memory scaling is demonstrated. The performance of static MBF formulations is investigated, namely, the characteristic basis function method (CBFM) and windowed MBF (WMBF) schemes, which establish MBFs once as a preprocessing step. Static MBF approximation errors are difficult to control. Dynamic MBFs are iteratively refined to obtain a solution within user-specified error tolerance. Residual-driven (RD) CBFM, RD WMBFs, RD Krylov subspace MBFs, and block-Jacobi MBFs (both original and RD) are considered. Effective solution accuracy control is demonstrated. Runtime of all schemes is studied. Given optimal DCA acceleration, the results give a realistic view of relative efficiencies. Static MBFs are much less efficient than dynamic ones. Among dynamic schemes, RD static MBFs are less efficient. Krylov MBFs can perform better than the original block-Jacobi scheme, but the latter requires no parameter choice. RD block-Jacobi and a hybrid Krylov-Jacobi (K-J) scheme sometimes outperform all others.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8621-8634"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3450328
Miao Wang;Shilong Sun;Dahai Dai;Yongsheng Zhang;Yi Su
In this article, we have improved the quantitative inversion performance of the cross-correlated contrast source inversion (CC-CSI) method by incorporating the subspace optimization strategy. The proposed method is called the cross-correlated subspace optimization method (CC-SOM). Meanwhile, multifrequency data are used to improve the inversion performance of high-contrast scatterers, where the L-curve method is introduced to select the regularization parameters of each frequency point without relying on experience. Finally, a fast algorithm is implemented by using the property of singular value decomposition (SVD) to simplify the large-scale matrix, and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to accelerate the calculation. Synthetic and experimental inversion results demonstrate that both CC-SOM and CC-CSI show better robustness than SOM. In comparison to CC-CSI, CC-SOM is superior in terms of inversion accuracy when the regularization parameters have been appropriately selected. However, these advantages come at the cost of higher computational complexity.
在本文中，我们通过加入子空间优化策略，提高了交叉相关对比源反演（CC-CSI）方法的定量反演性能。所提出的方法被称为交叉相关子空间优化方法（CC-SOM）。同时，利用多频数据来提高高对比度散射体的反演性能，其中引入了 L 曲线方法来选择各频点的正则化参数，而无需依赖经验。最后，利用奇异值分解（SVD）简化大规模矩阵的特性和快速傅立叶变换（FFT）加速计算的特性，实现了一种快速算法。合成和实验反演结果表明，CC-SOM 和 CC-CSI 都比 SOM 表现出更好的鲁棒性。与 CC-CSI 相比，如果正则化参数选择得当，CC-SOM 在反演精度方面更胜一筹。然而，这些优势是以更高的计算复杂度为代价的。
{"title":"Cross-Correlated Subspace-Based Optimization Method for Solving Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering Problems","authors":"Miao Wang;Shilong Sun;Dahai Dai;Yongsheng Zhang;Yi Su","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3450328","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3450328","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we have improved the quantitative inversion performance of the cross-correlated contrast source inversion (CC-CSI) method by incorporating the subspace optimization strategy. The proposed method is called the cross-correlated subspace optimization method (CC-SOM). Meanwhile, multifrequency data are used to improve the inversion performance of high-contrast scatterers, where the L-curve method is introduced to select the regularization parameters of each frequency point without relying on experience. Finally, a fast algorithm is implemented by using the property of singular value decomposition (SVD) to simplify the large-scale matrix, and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to accelerate the calculation. Synthetic and experimental inversion results demonstrate that both CC-SOM and CC-CSI show better robustness than SOM. In comparison to CC-CSI, CC-SOM is superior in terms of inversion accuracy when the regularization parameters have been appropriately selected. However, these advantages come at the cost of higher computational complexity.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8575-8589"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1109/tap.2024.3450308
Riku Takahashi, Anirban Ghosh, Minghe Mao, Minseok Kim
{"title":"Channel Modeling and Characterization of Access, D2D and Backhaul Links in a Corridor Environment at 300 GHz","authors":"Riku Takahashi, Anirban Ghosh, Minghe Mao, Minseok Kim","doi":"10.1109/tap.2024.3450308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2024.3450308","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3450304
Yu Luo;Shuaijie Duan;Zhi Ning Chen;Ningning Yan;Wenxing An;Kaixue Ma
An efficient beamforming synthesis method is proposed for high-order-mode dipoles using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Beamformed radiation pattern features and antenna parameters are set as the inputs and outputs of an ANN model to expedite antenna design by reducing the complexity and training volume of ANN. The flat-top beamforming of compressed high-order-mode dipoles is used as an example to validate the proposed beamforming synthesis method based on a proposed continuous current source over a high-order-mode dipole with the current distribution determined by designed compression coefficients. Then, the desired compression coefficients are implemented using a meandered structure. The numerical results indicate that the ANN can achieve a training loss of $1.16times 10^{-4}$ and a testing loss of $1.12times 10^{-4}$ , effectively accelerating the antenna design process. Lastly, a seventh-order-mode printed dipole is designed, simulated, and measured.
{"title":"An Artificial-Neural-Network-Based Efficient Beamforming Synthesis Method and Its Application to Flat-Top Beamformed Compressed High-Order-Mode Dipoles","authors":"Yu Luo;Shuaijie Duan;Zhi Ning Chen;Ningning Yan;Wenxing An;Kaixue Ma","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3450304","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3450304","url":null,"abstract":"An efficient beamforming synthesis method is proposed for high-order-mode dipoles using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Beamformed radiation pattern features and antenna parameters are set as the inputs and outputs of an ANN model to expedite antenna design by reducing the complexity and training volume of ANN. The flat-top beamforming of compressed high-order-mode dipoles is used as an example to validate the proposed beamforming synthesis method based on a proposed continuous current source over a high-order-mode dipole with the current distribution determined by designed compression coefficients. Then, the desired compression coefficients are implemented using a meandered structure. The numerical results indicate that the ANN can achieve a training loss of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.16times 10^{-4}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and a testing loss of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.12times 10^{-4}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, effectively accelerating the antenna design process. Lastly, a seventh-order-mode printed dipole is designed, simulated, and measured.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 10","pages":"7606-7614"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3449651
Lei Xiang;Fan Wu;Xiaoyue Xia;Zhi Hao Jiang;Chao Yu;Wei Hong
In this communication, the magneto-electric (ME) dipole structure combining the variable-length delay lines is first applied to the implementation of millimeter-wave (mmWave) wideband dual-polarized (DP) and circularly polarized (CP) reflectarray antennas (RAs). By simply adjusting the lengths of two delay lines, the phase manipulation and linearly polarized (LP)-CP conversion can be achieved simultaneously without increasing additional design difficulty. Fabrication and measurement of the proposed 16 $times $ 16-element DP and CP RAs are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the design concept. Measured results indicate that the proposed DP RA can achieve individually controllable beams for the two polarizations at the desired directions within a wide 2-dB gain bandwidth of 29% (24.5–32.8 GHz) with a peak gain of 26.4 dBi. Besides, the proposed CP RA exhibits a wide 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 39.3% (23–34.25 GHz) and 3-dB gain bandwidth of 35% (23.2–33 GHz) with a peak gain of 25.2 dBic, which mitigates the underlying narrow-bandwidth problem existing in the CP RA fed by LP feed source. By virtue of wide bandwidth, stable gain response, flexible polarization conversion, relatively low profile and appropriate fabrication complexity, the proposed designs distinguish themselves as the promising candidates for diverse mmWave applications.
在这篇通讯中，结合可变长度延迟线的磁电偶极子结构首次应用于毫米波（mmWave）宽带双极化（DP）和圆极化（CP）反射阵列天线（RA）的实现。只需调整两条延迟线的长度，就能同时实现相位操作和线性极化（LP）-CP 转换，而不会增加额外的设计难度。为了验证设计概念的有效性，我们制作并测量了所提出的 16 元 DP 和 CP RA。测量结果表明，所提出的 DP RA 可以在 29% 的宽 2 dB 增益带宽（24.5-32.8 GHz）内实现所需方向上两个极化的单独可控波束，峰值增益为 26.4 dBi。此外，拟议的 CP RA 还具有 39.3% （23-34.25 GHz）的宽 3-dB 轴向比（AR）带宽和 35% （23.2-33 GHz）的 3-dB 增益带宽，峰值增益为 25.2 dBic，从而缓解了由 LP 馈源馈送的 CP RA 所存在的基本窄带问题。凭借宽带宽、稳定的增益响应、灵活的极化转换、相对较低的外形和适当的制造复杂度，所提出的设计成为各种毫米波应用的理想候选方案。
{"title":"Millimeter-Wave Wideband Dual-Polarized and Circularly Polarized ME-Dipole Reflectarrays With Linearly Polarized Feed","authors":"Lei Xiang;Fan Wu;Xiaoyue Xia;Zhi Hao Jiang;Chao Yu;Wei Hong","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3449651","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3449651","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, the magneto-electric (ME) dipole structure combining the variable-length delay lines is first applied to the implementation of millimeter-wave (mmWave) wideband dual-polarized (DP) and circularly polarized (CP) reflectarray antennas (RAs). By simply adjusting the lengths of two delay lines, the phase manipulation and linearly polarized (LP)-CP conversion can be achieved simultaneously without increasing additional design difficulty. Fabrication and measurement of the proposed 16 \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 16-element DP and CP RAs are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the design concept. Measured results indicate that the proposed DP RA can achieve individually controllable beams for the two polarizations at the desired directions within a wide 2-dB gain bandwidth of 29% (24.5–32.8 GHz) with a peak gain of 26.4 dBi. Besides, the proposed CP RA exhibits a wide 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 39.3% (23–34.25 GHz) and 3-dB gain bandwidth of 35% (23.2–33 GHz) with a peak gain of 25.2 dBic, which mitigates the underlying narrow-bandwidth problem existing in the CP RA fed by LP feed source. By virtue of wide bandwidth, stable gain response, flexible polarization conversion, relatively low profile and appropriate fabrication complexity, the proposed designs distinguish themselves as the promising candidates for diverse mmWave applications.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 10","pages":"8022-8027"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3449069
Olav Breinbjerg
For periodic and nonperiodic band-limited signals, the sampling of both the signal and the signal derivative enables the number of sampling points to be reduced and the sampling step between the sampling points, thus, increased by a factor of 2 compared to the standard Nyquist-Whittaker–Shannon-Kotelnikov–Someya sampling theorem. This article presents closed-form expressions for the Fourier spectra and the interpolation formulas based on sampling of signal and signal derivative; the expressions for periodic signals are exact, whereas the expressions for nonperiodic signals are necessarily approximate due to the unavoidable truncation error.
{"title":"Derivative Sampling of Periodic and Nonperiodic Band-Limited Signals — Fourier Spectrum and Interpolation Formula","authors":"Olav Breinbjerg","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3449069","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3449069","url":null,"abstract":"For periodic and nonperiodic band-limited signals, the sampling of both the signal and the signal derivative enables the number of sampling points to be reduced and the sampling step between the sampling points, thus, increased by a factor of 2 compared to the standard Nyquist-Whittaker–Shannon-Kotelnikov–Someya sampling theorem. This article presents closed-form expressions for the Fourier spectra and the interpolation formulas based on sampling of signal and signal derivative; the expressions for periodic signals are exact, whereas the expressions for nonperiodic signals are necessarily approximate due to the unavoidable truncation error.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 10","pages":"7821-7829"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3449077
Xin Yang;Shuangshuang Chen;Yongpin Chen;Yanwen Zhao;Chenbo Shi;Jun Hu;Deqiang Yang
In this article, a Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase-based spherical conformal transmitarray (SCTA) is proposed. With the aim of achieving high aperture efficiency (AE), the Goldberg polyhedron typology is introduced to realize spherical conformal aperture. In this manner, the issue of oblique incidence encountered in planar and cylindrical conformal transmitarray antennas (TAs) is addressed, thereby obviating the associated phase error and amplitude attenuation. Moreover, a significant reduction in both total volume and effective aperture area is achieved for the SCTA when compared to its planar TA counterparts. Furthermore, a single-layered PB phase-based unit cell is designed to realize precise transmission phase control with 360° phase coverage by rotating the unit cell. Detailed derivations and analyses are conducted to acquire the transmission phases and the rotation angles of all the unit cells. Consequently, a high-efficiency PB-SCTA antenna, comprising 88 unit cells, has been designed within a hemispherical structure with a radius of ${2.38lambda _{0}}$ , the PB-SCTA is full-wave simulated, manufactured, and measured. The proposed PB-SCTA, operating at 14.25 GHz, has achieved a high gain of 20.03 dB, a high AE of 60.1%, and salient front-to-back ratio (FBR), sidelobe level (SLL), and cross-polarization level (XPL) performances. Comparisons are carried out between the proposed PB-SCTA and various state-of-the-art TAs to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed design in terms of structural compactness, unit cell complexity, and radiation performance.
{"title":"Combining Pancharatnam-Berry Phase and Spherical Conformal Transmitarray for High-Efficiency Beam Focusing","authors":"Xin Yang;Shuangshuang Chen;Yongpin Chen;Yanwen Zhao;Chenbo Shi;Jun Hu;Deqiang Yang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3449077","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3449077","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase-based spherical conformal transmitarray (SCTA) is proposed. With the aim of achieving high aperture efficiency (AE), the Goldberg polyhedron typology is introduced to realize spherical conformal aperture. In this manner, the issue of oblique incidence encountered in planar and cylindrical conformal transmitarray antennas (TAs) is addressed, thereby obviating the associated phase error and amplitude attenuation. Moreover, a significant reduction in both total volume and effective aperture area is achieved for the SCTA when compared to its planar TA counterparts. Furthermore, a single-layered PB phase-based unit cell is designed to realize precise transmission phase control with 360° phase coverage by rotating the unit cell. Detailed derivations and analyses are conducted to acquire the transmission phases and the rotation angles of all the unit cells. Consequently, a high-efficiency PB-SCTA antenna, comprising 88 unit cells, has been designed within a hemispherical structure with a radius of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${2.38lambda _{0}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, the PB-SCTA is full-wave simulated, manufactured, and measured. The proposed PB-SCTA, operating at 14.25 GHz, has achieved a high gain of 20.03 dB, a high AE of 60.1%, and salient front-to-back ratio (FBR), sidelobe level (SLL), and cross-polarization level (XPL) performances. Comparisons are carried out between the proposed PB-SCTA and various state-of-the-art TAs to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed design in terms of structural compactness, unit cell complexity, and radiation performance.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8452-8465"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3448305
Patinavalasa Megh Sainadh;Saptarshi Ghosh
This article presents a multifunctional reconfigurable frequency-selective surface (MRFSS) that can switch between important electromagnetic (EM) operations (reflection, transmission, and absorption), while offering simultaneous frequency tunability. The proposed design involves metallic patterns imprinted on both sides of a single-layer FR4 substrate, with varactors placed on the top side and p-i-n diodes on both the top and bottom sides to achieve the desired switching and tuning characteristics. By articulately controlling the bias conditions of the p-i-n diodes, the novel MRFSS structure can exhibit multiple functions under different working states, whereas the frequency tunability is attained in each state by adjusting the reverse bias voltage of the varactor diode. Under the OFF (top side)-OFF (bottom side) state of the p-i-n diodes, the MRFSS exhibits a bandpass transmission response tuning from 1.68 to 2.56 GHz having an insertion loss of around 1.8–2.9 dB. The OFF-ON state depicts a narrowband absorption behavior regulating between 1.84 and 2.85 GHz with corresponding absorptivity values from 84.3% to 96.5%. The on-on state exhibits the reflection mode, having a reflection coefficient (S11) of −1.5 dB, tuning in the range of 2.55–4.62 GHz. The fourth mode (on-off) also exhibits a selective-reflection behavior between 2.48 and 4.43 GHz. A detailed analysis including the step-by-step design methodology, equivalent circuit modeling, and oblique incidence response has been presented. A prototype has been fabricated and characterized using the free space measurement technique, showing similar behaviors as those of the simulated responses. Overall, the proposed MRFSS structure with multiple switching and tuning characteristics holds great potential for various EM applications.
{"title":"A Multifunctional Reconfigurable Frequency-Selective Surface With Simultaneous Switching and Tuning Capability","authors":"Patinavalasa Megh Sainadh;Saptarshi Ghosh","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3448305","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3448305","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a multifunctional reconfigurable frequency-selective surface (MRFSS) that can switch between important electromagnetic (EM) operations (reflection, transmission, and absorption), while offering simultaneous frequency tunability. The proposed design involves metallic patterns imprinted on both sides of a single-layer FR4 substrate, with varactors placed on the top side and p-i-n diodes on both the top and bottom sides to achieve the desired switching and tuning characteristics. By articulately controlling the bias conditions of the p-i-n diodes, the novel MRFSS structure can exhibit multiple functions under different working states, whereas the frequency tunability is attained in each state by adjusting the reverse bias voltage of the varactor diode. Under the OFF (top side)-OFF (bottom side) state of the p-i-n diodes, the MRFSS exhibits a bandpass transmission response tuning from 1.68 to 2.56 GHz having an insertion loss of around 1.8–2.9 dB. The OFF-ON state depicts a narrowband absorption behavior regulating between 1.84 and 2.85 GHz with corresponding absorptivity values from 84.3% to 96.5%. The on-on state exhibits the reflection mode, having a reflection coefficient (S11) of −1.5 dB, tuning in the range of 2.55–4.62 GHz. The fourth mode (on-off) also exhibits a selective-reflection behavior between 2.48 and 4.43 GHz. A detailed analysis including the step-by-step design methodology, equivalent circuit modeling, and oblique incidence response has been presented. A prototype has been fabricated and characterized using the free space measurement technique, showing similar behaviors as those of the simulated responses. Overall, the proposed MRFSS structure with multiple switching and tuning characteristics holds great potential for various EM applications.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 10","pages":"7700-7709"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3447787
Zhijing Xiao;Yunfei Cao;Wenquan Che;Quan Xue
A novel millimeter-wave filtering circularly polarized (CP) antenna is proposed for Ka-band satellite applications. The antenna element mainly consists of an L-shaped feeding microstrip line, a radiating slot, and a stacked patch. The parasitic structure is used on the radiating slot and stacked patch to achieve filtering performance. In addition, the proposed antenna uses two hybrid radiation modes and achieves wideband CP performance. The L-shaped feeding microstrip line excites the radiating slot with two orthogonal degenerate TE10 and TE01 modes, and one minimum axial-ratio (AR) point is realized. The upper stacked patch is chamfered with two orthogonal degenerate TM10 and TM01 modes to generate another minimum AR point. Four short-circuited patches are designed around the stacked patch to generate a radiation null in the lower band. Four symmetrical stubs protruded at the four corners of the radiating slot to generate another radiation null in the higher band. To further validate the feasibility of the proposed antenna, a $2times 2$ CP antenna array using a well-established sequential-phase feeding network is designed. The measured results demonstrate that the proposed antenna array has an AR bandwidth of 28–33 GHz (16.4%), a realized gain of about 13 dBi, and an out-of-band suppression of over 14 dB.
针对 Ka 波段卫星应用提出了一种新型毫米波滤波圆极化（CP）天线。天线元件主要由 L 形馈电微带线、辐射槽和叠层贴片组成。在辐射槽和叠层贴片上使用了寄生结构，以实现滤波性能。此外，该天线还采用了两种混合辐射模式，实现了宽带 CP 性能。L 形馈电微带线以两个正交退化 TE10 和 TE01 模式激发辐射槽，并实现了一个最小轴向比（AR）点。上部叠层贴片采用两个正交退化 TM10 和 TM01 模式倒角，产生另一个最小 AR 点。在堆叠贴片周围设计了四个短路贴片，以在低频段产生辐射空点。在辐射槽的四个角上突出了四个对称的存根，以在较高频段产生另一个辐射空点。为了进一步验证所提天线的可行性，我们设计了一个使用成熟的顺序相位馈电网络的 2/times 2$ CP 天线阵列。测量结果表明，该天线阵列的 AR 带宽为 28-33 GHz（16.4%），实现增益约为 13 dBi，带外抑制超过 14 dB。
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