Pub Date : 2025-07-10DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3581863
{"title":"Numerical and Analytical Methods for Complex Electromagnetic Media","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3581863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3581863","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 7","pages":"5011-5011"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-10DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3581861
{"title":"Microwave, mm and THz Imaging and Sensing Systems and Technologies for Medical Applications","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3581861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3581861","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 7","pages":"5010-5010"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-10DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3581764
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3581764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3581764","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 7","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11075802","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-23DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3580192
Fan Chen;Yuming Fu;Hao Zhang;Yongxin Guo
In inductive coupling-based wireless power transfer (WPT), free orientation of the receiver (Rx) coil can be enabled by employing the 3-D omnidirectional method, where three self-decoupled coils are superimposed to generate a steerable magnetic field. However, conventional optimizations of the transmitter (Tx) coils begin with a limited set of regular shapes, resulting in suboptimal solutions in terms of efficiency and uniformity. This article proposes a novel optimization framework for obtaining the optimal Tx designs without a predetermined coil topology. The coil is modeled as linear expansions of basis surface current density (SCD) modes, and a circuit-electromagnetic (EM) field combined analysis is proposed to associate the transmission efficiency with the EM fields. With the proposed scheme, the optimal tradeoff between transmission efficiency and magnetic field (B-field) spatial uniformity can be found, and customizable according to application needs. A demonstrative platform for freely behaving small animals is set up to validate the proposed method, where three Tx coils are optimized for maximum efficiency with B-field uniformity of 90% along x- and y-axes and 97% along the z-axis. About 5%–10% transmission efficiency can be achieved inside the spherical shell using a single Rx coil at the measured points. The magnetic field measurement is in good agreement with the simulation results. The proposed method is suitable for the optimization of Tx coil designs for wireless headstage platforms and other consumer applications.
{"title":"Transmitter Coil Optimization for Free-Positioning Wireless Power Transfer Based on Surface Current Density Modes","authors":"Fan Chen;Yuming Fu;Hao Zhang;Yongxin Guo","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3580192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3580192","url":null,"abstract":"In inductive coupling-based wireless power transfer (WPT), free orientation of the receiver (Rx) coil can be enabled by employing the 3-D omnidirectional method, where three self-decoupled coils are superimposed to generate a steerable magnetic field. However, conventional optimizations of the transmitter (Tx) coils begin with a limited set of regular shapes, resulting in suboptimal solutions in terms of efficiency and uniformity. This article proposes a novel optimization framework for obtaining the optimal Tx designs without a predetermined coil topology. The coil is modeled as linear expansions of basis surface current density (SCD) modes, and a circuit-electromagnetic (EM) field combined analysis is proposed to associate the transmission efficiency with the EM fields. With the proposed scheme, the optimal tradeoff between transmission efficiency and magnetic field (<italic>B</i>-field) spatial uniformity can be found, and customizable according to application needs. A demonstrative platform for freely behaving small animals is set up to validate the proposed method, where three Tx coils are optimized for maximum efficiency with <italic>B</i>-field uniformity of 90% along <italic>x</i>- and <italic>y</i>-axes and 97% along the <italic>z</i>-axis. About 5%–10% transmission efficiency can be achieved inside the spherical shell using a single Rx coil at the measured points. The magnetic field measurement is in good agreement with the simulation results. The proposed method is suitable for the optimization of Tx coil designs for wireless headstage platforms and other consumer applications.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 9","pages":"6562-6573"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-20DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3579794
Bingjie Xiang;Kwai-Man Luk
The beam-shaped technique is introduced in the transmitarray antenna (TA) to enhance the antenna gain and aperture efficiency. Considering the path loss and the TA element’s pattern, the optimum radiation pattern of the feeding source is required to follow the $sec^{3}theta $ in the radiated angular to enhance the illumination efficiency and vanish quickly out of the radiated angular to enhance the spillover efficiency. To realize the optimum pattern, a $2times 2$ magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna array is used as the basic structure to provide a proper gain with identical beamwidth in evaluation planes. Then, a superstrate loaded by airholes is placed above the array to mimic the optimum pattern. To validate this method, a prototype operating at 28 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured. Measured results show that the prototype can achieve a peak gain of 29.1 dBi and peak aperture efficiency of 72.7%. The obtained 1- and 3-dB gain bandwidth is 11% and 25%, respectively. Since the prototype enjoys high aperture efficiency, low sidelobe levels, and simple structure, it is a promising candidate for future point-to-point wireless communication systems.
{"title":"A 28 GHz Transmitarray Antenna With Enhanced Aperture Efficiency by Beam-Shaped Feed","authors":"Bingjie Xiang;Kwai-Man Luk","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3579794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3579794","url":null,"abstract":"The beam-shaped technique is introduced in the transmitarray antenna (TA) to enhance the antenna gain and aperture efficiency. Considering the path loss and the TA element’s pattern, the optimum radiation pattern of the feeding source is required to follow the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sec^{3}theta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> in the radiated angular to enhance the illumination efficiency and vanish quickly out of the radiated angular to enhance the spillover efficiency. To realize the optimum pattern, a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna array is used as the basic structure to provide a proper gain with identical beamwidth in evaluation planes. Then, a superstrate loaded by airholes is placed above the array to mimic the optimum pattern. To validate this method, a prototype operating at 28 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured. Measured results show that the prototype can achieve a peak gain of 29.1 dBi and peak aperture efficiency of 72.7%. The obtained 1- and 3-dB gain bandwidth is 11% and 25%, respectively. Since the prototype enjoys high aperture efficiency, low sidelobe levels, and simple structure, it is a promising candidate for future point-to-point wireless communication systems.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 9","pages":"6949-6954"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Learning-based methods have been widely applied to solve electromagnetic (EM) inverse scattering problems (ISPs). In learning-based induced current inversions, the deterministic part of the induced current is usually extracted from the measured scattered field and used as input to a neural network for predicting the total current. However, this approach relies solely on the neural network’s function approximation capability, which limits its generalization ability and accuracy. To address these limitations, this communication proposes a variation-based residual learning (VBRL) method. Starting with the deterministic current, a variational current is derived from the variation of the scattered field. This variational current is then used to update the deterministic current, providing a refined input for a neural network. To reduce the network’s fitting burden, a residual learning scheme is adopted, where only the residual part of the current is predicted. The total induced current is then obtained by summing the predicted residual current with the input current. In our implementation, both the variational operation and residual learning are encapsulated within a VBRL module, and multiple VBRL modules are cascaded to iteratively refine the solution for higher accuracy. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed VBRL method achieves superior accuracy and generalization ability compared with existing learning-based approaches, with a comparable inversion time.
{"title":"Variation-Based Residual Learning Method for Solving Inverse Scattering Problems","authors":"Changlin Du;Jin Pan;Deqiang Yang;Jun Hu;Zaiping Nie;Yongpin Chen","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3558043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3558043","url":null,"abstract":"Learning-based methods have been widely applied to solve electromagnetic (EM) inverse scattering problems (ISPs). In learning-based induced current inversions, the deterministic part of the induced current is usually extracted from the measured scattered field and used as input to a neural network for predicting the total current. However, this approach relies solely on the neural network’s function approximation capability, which limits its generalization ability and accuracy. To address these limitations, this communication proposes a variation-based residual learning (VBRL) method. Starting with the deterministic current, a variational current is derived from the variation of the scattered field. This variational current is then used to update the deterministic current, providing a refined input for a neural network. To reduce the network’s fitting burden, a residual learning scheme is adopted, where only the residual part of the current is predicted. The total induced current is then obtained by summing the predicted residual current with the input current. In our implementation, both the variational operation and residual learning are encapsulated within a VBRL module, and multiple VBRL modules are cascaded to iteratively refine the solution for higher accuracy. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed VBRL method achieves superior accuracy and generalization ability compared with existing learning-based approaches, with a comparable inversion time.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 9","pages":"6961-6966"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This communication proposes a kind of asymptotic spatial expansion method for fast determination of a single-cut antenna radiation pattern from near-field measurements. When the radiated field is generally given by cylindrical Hankel harmonics, the steepest descent method in the complex plane is adopted to study the Hankel function that can be rewritten as an asymptotic series expansion expression. Furthermore, the single-cut radiated field can be rewritten as a series of spherical waves with different expansion orders, where the first-order coefficient exactly corresponds to the far-field radiation pattern. More importantly, far-field pattern and its derivative function completely determine the high-order expansion coefficients, yielding another mathematical relationship between the near field and far-field. Finally, based on the different forms of the derivative function, the far-field can be directly solved from the near-field sampling data, which is obviously different from the existing transformation methods relying on intermediate variables like Fourier coefficients. Besides, the presented method not only outperforms the conventional Fourier method in the presence of spatial truncation, but also provides another mathematical derivation for the existing Wilcox expansion which is then applied to the near-field measurement. Thus, the study indicates an intrinsic mathematical structure of the radiated field, showing great theoretical significance and application prospects.
{"title":"Asymptotic Spatial Expansion Method of Radiated Field for Single-Cut Antenna Pattern Based on Near-Field Measurement","authors":"Xiaobo Liu;Jiaqian Ding;Chunming Tian;Anxue Zhang;Xiaoming Chen","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3577792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3577792","url":null,"abstract":"This communication proposes a kind of asymptotic spatial expansion method for fast determination of a single-cut antenna radiation pattern from near-field measurements. When the radiated field is generally given by cylindrical Hankel harmonics, the steepest descent method in the complex plane is adopted to study the Hankel function that can be rewritten as an asymptotic series expansion expression. Furthermore, the single-cut radiated field can be rewritten as a series of spherical waves with different expansion orders, where the first-order coefficient exactly corresponds to the far-field radiation pattern. More importantly, far-field pattern and its derivative function completely determine the high-order expansion coefficients, yielding another mathematical relationship between the near field and far-field. Finally, based on the different forms of the derivative function, the far-field can be directly solved from the near-field sampling data, which is obviously different from the existing transformation methods relying on intermediate variables like Fourier coefficients. Besides, the presented method not only outperforms the conventional Fourier method in the presence of spatial truncation, but also provides another mathematical derivation for the existing Wilcox expansion which is then applied to the near-field measurement. Thus, the study indicates an intrinsic mathematical structure of the radiated field, showing great theoretical significance and application prospects.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 9","pages":"7063-7068"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145036991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-13DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3577781
Bingbing Song;Tian Liu;Fanxu Meng;Wu Yang;Weibing Lu
The subentire-domain (SED) basis functions method is the most effective method for analyzing the electromagnetic (EM) properties of large-scale finite periodic structures (LFPSs). Recently, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been employed to accelerate this method by rapidly predicting the expansion coefficients of SED basis functions without filling mutual coupling matrices. However, the training processes of prediction models can be further improved due to its classical computational paradigm. In this article, a novel variational quantum algorithm (VQA) enhanced SED basis functions method is proposed and the quantum computing paradigm is utilized to analyze LFPSs for the first time. In our algorithm, the array features are expanded and encoded onto few qubits, and the resulting quantum state is unitarily transformed into expansion coefficients by the parameterized quantum circuit. In addition, the algorithm is deployed on the quantum simulator for numerical experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that our method can accurately and quickly analyze LFPSs. Furthermore, the quantum-inspired models achieve 27%–62% improvements in learning efficiency for corner and edge cells (ECs), and 22%–59% improvements in robustness for all types of cells.
{"title":"Hybrid Variational Quantum Algorithm Enhanced Subentire-Domain Basis Functions Method With High Learning Efficiency and Better Robustness","authors":"Bingbing Song;Tian Liu;Fanxu Meng;Wu Yang;Weibing Lu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3577781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3577781","url":null,"abstract":"The subentire-domain (SED) basis functions method is the most effective method for analyzing the electromagnetic (EM) properties of large-scale finite periodic structures (LFPSs). Recently, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been employed to accelerate this method by rapidly predicting the expansion coefficients of SED basis functions without filling mutual coupling matrices. However, the training processes of prediction models can be further improved due to its classical computational paradigm. In this article, a novel variational quantum algorithm (VQA) enhanced SED basis functions method is proposed and the quantum computing paradigm is utilized to analyze LFPSs for the first time. In our algorithm, the array features are expanded and encoded onto few qubits, and the resulting quantum state is unitarily transformed into expansion coefficients by the parameterized quantum circuit. In addition, the algorithm is deployed on the quantum simulator for numerical experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that our method can accurately and quickly analyze LFPSs. Furthermore, the quantum-inspired models achieve 27%–62% improvements in learning efficiency for corner and edge cells (ECs), and 22%–59% improvements in robustness for all types of cells.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 9","pages":"6707-6717"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article proposes a novel machine learning (ML)-assisted framework for solving full-wave inverse scattering problems (ISPs) in inhomogeneous, high-contrast media. Traditional deterministic algorithms used to solve such ISPs face significant challenges due to their high computational cost, inherent nonlinearity, and strong ill-posedness. Recently, the introduction of ML methods has enabled the development of rapid solutions to this problem. However, these solutions’ limited out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization capabilities pose significant challenges for practical applications. To address these challenges, we propose a novel pathway to combine ML models with full-wave inversion (FWI). In this framework, ML models serve as auxiliary tools, supplying prior knowledge for use in FWI. A mathematically guaranteed bounds-generation algorithm is proposed to bridge ML models with FWI, and a limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher–Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm with bound constraints (L-BFGS-B) is introduced in FWI to incorporate these bounds. In contrast to the existing research, our framework leverages ML to enhance computational speed while preserving the interpretability and broad applicability of physical models, making it outstanding for OOD samples. We validate the framework across three numerical datasets and conducted rigorous ablation studies on each component to confirm its contributions. To further assess the robustness of the framework, we perform a noise stability study under perturbed conditions. In addition, we extend the framework to multifrequency and time-domain inversion schemes, thereby demonstrating its broad applicability across diverse FWI tasks. We also integrate transfer learning techniques to highlight the framework’s strong compatibility with emerging ML techniques.
{"title":"A Fast and Generalizable ML-Assisted Framework for Full-Wave Inverse Scattering","authors":"Siyi Huang;Shuwen Yang;Haochang Wu;Shunchuan Yang;Xinyue Zhang;Xingqi Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3577780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3577780","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a novel machine learning (ML)-assisted framework for solving full-wave inverse scattering problems (ISPs) in inhomogeneous, high-contrast media. Traditional deterministic algorithms used to solve such ISPs face significant challenges due to their high computational cost, inherent nonlinearity, and strong ill-posedness. Recently, the introduction of ML methods has enabled the development of rapid solutions to this problem. However, these solutions’ limited out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization capabilities pose significant challenges for practical applications. To address these challenges, we propose a novel pathway to combine ML models with full-wave inversion (FWI). In this framework, ML models serve as auxiliary tools, supplying prior knowledge for use in FWI. A mathematically guaranteed bounds-generation algorithm is proposed to bridge ML models with FWI, and a limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher–Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm with bound constraints (L-BFGS-B) is introduced in FWI to incorporate these bounds. In contrast to the existing research, our framework leverages ML to enhance computational speed while preserving the interpretability and broad applicability of physical models, making it outstanding for OOD samples. We validate the framework across three numerical datasets and conducted rigorous ablation studies on each component to confirm its contributions. To further assess the robustness of the framework, we perform a noise stability study under perturbed conditions. In addition, we extend the framework to multifrequency and time-domain inversion schemes, thereby demonstrating its broad applicability across diverse FWI tasks. We also integrate transfer learning techniques to highlight the framework’s strong compatibility with emerging ML techniques.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 9","pages":"6839-6854"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Millimeter-wave and terahertz antennas require high manufacturing precision and low dielectric loss. As a new solution, micrometal additive manufacturing (M-MAM) technology can achieve multilayer pure copper structure, with planar pattern precision of up to $5~mu $ m. In this work, a new nine-layer M-MAM process flow was used to fabricate a W-band metasurface antenna. The large metal and blank areas of the antenna structure were substituted by periodic rectangular metal posts to balance the electrostatic field across the wafer during the electroforming process. These structural changes ensure the uniformity of the layer thickness and help reduce the accumulation of errors. The measured 10-dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 22.5%, and a maximum peak gain of 13.7 dBi is achieved in an overall aperture size of $1.43 lambda _{0} times 0.88 lambda _{0}$ . In addition, the front-to-back ratio (FBR) of the metasurface antenna is larger than 20 dB across the whole bandwidth. Thanks to the M-MAM technology that nearly eliminates the dielectric loss, the antenna achieved a maximum simulated radiation efficiency of 96%.
毫米波和太赫兹天线需要高制造精度和低介电损耗。微金属增材制造（m - mam）技术作为一种新的解决方案，可以实现多层纯铜结构，平面图案精度可达$5~mu $ m。本文采用一种新的九层m - mam工艺流程制备了w波段超表面天线。在电铸过程中，天线结构的大型金属和空白区域被周期性的矩形金属柱取代，以平衡晶圆上的静电场。这些结构变化保证了层厚的均匀性，有助于减少误差的积累。测得天线的10db阻抗带宽为22.5%, and a maximum peak gain of 13.7 dBi is achieved in an overall aperture size of $1.43 lambda _{0} times 0.88 lambda _{0}$ . In addition, the front-to-back ratio (FBR) of the metasurface antenna is larger than 20 dB across the whole bandwidth. Thanks to the M-MAM technology that nearly eliminates the dielectric loss, the antenna achieved a maximum simulated radiation efficiency of 96%.
{"title":"Air-Filled High-Efficiency W-Band Metasurface Antennas Using the Microcoaxial Additive Manufacturing Process","authors":"Ruihua Liang;Le Chang;Cheng Guo;Guanghua Shi;Zhen Wang;Anxue Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2025.3576983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2025.3576983","url":null,"abstract":"Millimeter-wave and terahertz antennas require high manufacturing precision and low dielectric loss. As a new solution, micrometal additive manufacturing (M-MAM) technology can achieve multilayer pure copper structure, with planar pattern precision of up to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$5~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m. In this work, a new nine-layer M-MAM process flow was used to fabricate a W-band metasurface antenna. The large metal and blank areas of the antenna structure were substituted by periodic rectangular metal posts to balance the electrostatic field across the wafer during the electroforming process. These structural changes ensure the uniformity of the layer thickness and help reduce the accumulation of errors. The measured 10-dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 22.5%, and a maximum peak gain of 13.7 dBi is achieved in an overall aperture size of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.43 lambda _{0} times 0.88 lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. In addition, the front-to-back ratio (FBR) of the metasurface antenna is larger than 20 dB across the whole bandwidth. Thanks to the M-MAM technology that nearly eliminates the dielectric loss, the antenna achieved a maximum simulated radiation efficiency of 96%.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 9","pages":"7045-7050"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145036747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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