The XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) spectra of water-tree regions in low-density polyethylene are reported. Results shown an increase in the oxygen and nitrogen concentrations in treed regions compared to nontreed regions. Peak fitting of the C1s peak suggests the presence of up to 10% of various combined carbon-oxygen species and another 10% of the C-N species. The source of the C-N species is not certain but may be related to subcorona aging. >
{"title":"XPS spectra of water-tree regions in low-density PE","authors":"J. King, D. Walton, L. Salvati","doi":"10.1109/14.236206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/14.236206","url":null,"abstract":"The XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) spectra of water-tree regions in low-density polyethylene are reported. Results shown an increase in the oxygen and nitrogen concentrations in treed regions compared to nontreed regions. Peak fitting of the C1s peak suggests the presence of up to 10% of various combined carbon-oxygen species and another 10% of the C-N species. The source of the C-N species is not certain but may be related to subcorona aging. >","PeriodicalId":13105,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84220885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A general life model, valid for any type of insulating material, with or without evidence of an electrical threshold at room temperature, is proposed. The definition of threshold is changed; the behavior of materials is classified as threshold or no-threshold according to the value of applied stresses. The electrical gradient-temperature graph is examined, and the relationships between electrical and thermal thresholds are shown. The various life models for electrical and thermal stress used by researchers are examined and discussed. The combined-stress life model for threshold materials is improved by adding to the denominator a cross term which gives rise to a threshold line which is curved instead of straight. The application of the model is outlined, and the results are compared with experimental data obtained for several insulating materials. >
{"title":"A general multi-stress life model for insulating materials with or without evidence for thresholds","authors":"L. Simoni, G. Mazzanti, G. Montanari, L. Lefebre","doi":"10.1109/14.236212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/14.236212","url":null,"abstract":"A general life model, valid for any type of insulating material, with or without evidence of an electrical threshold at room temperature, is proposed. The definition of threshold is changed; the behavior of materials is classified as threshold or no-threshold according to the value of applied stresses. The electrical gradient-temperature graph is examined, and the relationships between electrical and thermal thresholds are shown. The various life models for electrical and thermal stress used by researchers are examined and discussed. The combined-stress life model for threshold materials is improved by adding to the denominator a cross term which gives rise to a threshold line which is curved instead of straight. The application of the model is outlined, and the results are compared with experimental data obtained for several insulating materials. >","PeriodicalId":13105,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84478341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A family of perfluorinated fluids that recently has become available, called perfluoropolyethers, contain oxygen in addition to fluorine and carbon and are potentially interesting as electrical insulating fluids. A study of their behavior under electrical pulse conditions is reported. Under the prevailing nonuniform field conditions, the breakdown voltage was lower when the needle was a cathode than when it was an anode. The streamer structures and their inception voltages are studied in some detail. The effect of pressure on the streamer structure is evaluated. >
{"title":"Streamer formation in perfluoropolyether under impulse conditions","authors":"H. Yamashita, E. Forster, M. Pompili","doi":"10.1109/14.236216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/14.236216","url":null,"abstract":"A family of perfluorinated fluids that recently has become available, called perfluoropolyethers, contain oxygen in addition to fluorine and carbon and are potentially interesting as electrical insulating fluids. A study of their behavior under electrical pulse conditions is reported. Under the prevailing nonuniform field conditions, the breakdown voltage was lower when the needle was a cathode than when it was an anode. The streamer structures and their inception voltages are studied in some detail. The effect of pressure on the streamer structure is evaluated. >","PeriodicalId":13105,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87936141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The properties of a dielectric for which the resistivity is an exponential function of electric field are examined. It is shown that such a dielectric exhibits a limiting electric field when applied to an AC system. The thermal characteristics of a small conducting stress enhancement in this system are examined to demonstrate thermal stability for power frequency applications. >
{"title":"Theory of a defect-tolerant dielectric system","authors":"S. Boggs","doi":"10.1109/14.236211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/14.236211","url":null,"abstract":"The properties of a dielectric for which the resistivity is an exponential function of electric field are examined. It is shown that such a dielectric exhibits a limiting electric field when applied to an AC system. The thermal characteristics of a small conducting stress enhancement in this system are examined to demonstrate thermal stability for power frequency applications. >","PeriodicalId":13105,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80711954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of gaseous discharges leads one to the surface streamer channel. If the propagation of the generated streamer could be interrupted by some method, the surface leader would be eliminated. To achieve high reliability of HV insulation, a method is established for elimination of negative leaders, even when the streamers appear. A hollow insulator is designed to interrupt the streamer's propagation. Surface insulation abilities are studied using the hollow insulator. The elimination of negative surface leaders and increase in flashover voltage under AC voltage in air are reported. >
{"title":"Elimination of surface leader and increase in flashover strength by use of hollow insulators","authors":"Y. Yamano","doi":"10.1109/14.236210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/14.236210","url":null,"abstract":"The study of gaseous discharges leads one to the surface streamer channel. If the propagation of the generated streamer could be interrupted by some method, the surface leader would be eliminated. To achieve high reliability of HV insulation, a method is established for elimination of negative leaders, even when the streamers appear. A hollow insulator is designed to interrupt the streamer's propagation. Surface insulation abilities are studied using the hollow insulator. The elimination of negative surface leaders and increase in flashover voltage under AC voltage in air are reported. >","PeriodicalId":13105,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77868159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Discharges in model capacitors made of polypropylene impregnated with an organic liquid are studied with a digital analyzer. The effect of the nature of the liquid (aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon) and the influence of parameters such as voltage, pressure and temperature on the main characteristics of the discharges are investigated. Discharges were monitored during aging tests of the models. It is concluded that aging of the models tested at high electric fields ( approximately 135 V/ mu m) is not due to discharges but to the chemical degradation of polypropylene due electrical and thermal stresses. >
用数字分析仪研究了浸渍有机液体的聚丙烯模型电容器的放电情况。研究了液体(脂肪烃或芳烃)的性质以及电压、压力和温度等参数对放电主要特性的影响。在模型老化试验期间监测放电情况。结论是，在高电场(约135 V/ mu m)下测试的模型的老化不是由于放电，而是由于电和热应力引起的聚丙烯的化学降解。>
{"title":"Discharges in all-PP film model capacitors","authors":"M. Nemamcha, J. Gosse, B. Gosse","doi":"10.1109/14.236217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/14.236217","url":null,"abstract":"Discharges in model capacitors made of polypropylene impregnated with an organic liquid are studied with a digital analyzer. The effect of the nature of the liquid (aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon) and the influence of parameters such as voltage, pressure and temperature on the main characteristics of the discharges are investigated. Discharges were monitored during aging tests of the models. It is concluded that aging of the models tested at high electric fields ( approximately 135 V/ mu m) is not due to discharges but to the chemical degradation of polypropylene due electrical and thermal stresses. >","PeriodicalId":13105,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81515227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The discussers separately address questions raised in the above-titled paper by M. Nishida et al. (ibid., vol.27, p.1050-1053, 1982) concerning tracking test procedures. The three discussers agree that there is a need to revise IEC 587. Nishida replies that the above paper did not intend to evaluate the tracking resistance of the electrical insulating materials, or to offer any information for a revision of IEC 587. >
{"title":"Detection of tracking carbon path using visual and thermal images (Discussion, with reply by M. Nishida et al.)","authors":"J. H. Mason, K. Mathes, B. Varlow, M. Nishida","doi":"10.1109/14.236203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/14.236203","url":null,"abstract":"The discussers separately address questions raised in the above-titled paper by M. Nishida et al. (ibid., vol.27, p.1050-1053, 1982) concerning tracking test procedures. The three discussers agree that there is a need to revise IEC 587. Nishida replies that the above paper did not intend to evaluate the tracking resistance of the electrical insulating materials, or to offer any information for a revision of IEC 587. >","PeriodicalId":13105,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74727623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Breakdown and voltage-time characteristics of nonuniform field gaps in compressed SF/sub 6/ gas were studied using a point-to-plane electrode arrangement. Combined voltages, consisting of very fast transient (VFT) overvoltage and standard lightning impulse (SLI) voltage superimposed upon DC voltage, were applied. The experimental gas pressure ranged from 100 to 500 kPa. The results presented show that the magnitude and the polarity of the direct voltage, as well as the gas pressure, influence the corona discharge and the breakdown characteristics. It was found that the breakdown voltages under the VFT are higher than the corresponding values obtained under SLI voltages. At the higher gas pressures, the voltage-time characteristics of VFT fall below those for SLI. >
{"title":"Breakdown of SF/sub 6/ in non-uniform field gaps under combined DC fast oscillating impulse and standard lightning impulse voltages","authors":"K. Siodła, E. Kuffel, H. Fujinami","doi":"10.1109/14.212250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/14.212250","url":null,"abstract":"Breakdown and voltage-time characteristics of nonuniform field gaps in compressed SF/sub 6/ gas were studied using a point-to-plane electrode arrangement. Combined voltages, consisting of very fast transient (VFT) overvoltage and standard lightning impulse (SLI) voltage superimposed upon DC voltage, were applied. The experimental gas pressure ranged from 100 to 500 kPa. The results presented show that the magnitude and the polarity of the direct voltage, as well as the gas pressure, influence the corona discharge and the breakdown characteristics. It was found that the breakdown voltages under the VFT are higher than the corresponding values obtained under SLI voltages. At the higher gas pressures, the voltage-time characteristics of VFT fall below those for SLI. >","PeriodicalId":13105,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73123384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study of the flashover mechanism initiated by metallic particles in SF/sub 6/ gas is presented. Using a high-speed Imacon photographic camera, it was established that a metallic particle near the insulator surface plays an important role in flashover development. The influence of the particle on flashover development depends on the pressure of the SF/sub 6/ gas. At atmospheric pressure, the flashover was always initiated at a point on the particle farthest from the nearest electrode. At high pressures, it was found that breakdown develops from the electrode of relative positive polarity in the form of a leader. The velocity of the discharge crossing the gap increases exponentially when the distance between the particle and the insulator surface decreases. >
{"title":"The effect of a metallic particle near a spacer on flashover phenomena in SF/sub 6/","authors":"B. Mazurek, J. Cross, R. V. Heeswijk","doi":"10.1109/14.212247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/14.212247","url":null,"abstract":"A study of the flashover mechanism initiated by metallic particles in SF/sub 6/ gas is presented. Using a high-speed Imacon photographic camera, it was established that a metallic particle near the insulator surface plays an important role in flashover development. The influence of the particle on flashover development depends on the pressure of the SF/sub 6/ gas. At atmospheric pressure, the flashover was always initiated at a point on the particle farthest from the nearest electrode. At high pressures, it was found that breakdown develops from the electrode of relative positive polarity in the form of a leader. The velocity of the discharge crossing the gap increases exponentially when the distance between the particle and the insulator surface decreases. >","PeriodicalId":13105,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74016712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The internal structure of water trees is examined in detail, particularly the nonuniformity of their internal structure. The quantitative space distribution of bouquets and microcavities is given. Based on the fact that the water tree is composed of a number of microcavities filled with liquid, the authors analyze the behavior of water trees, i.e., the dielectric properties of the zone of the water tree and its influence on the distribution of the dielectric field. An interpretation of the development of the water tree is proposed and a possible cause of water-tree-induced breakdown is suggested. >
{"title":"The morphology and behavior of the water tree","authors":"J. L. Chen, J. Filippini","doi":"10.1109/14.212252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/14.212252","url":null,"abstract":"The internal structure of water trees is examined in detail, particularly the nonuniformity of their internal structure. The quantitative space distribution of bouquets and microcavities is given. Based on the fact that the water tree is composed of a number of microcavities filled with liquid, the authors analyze the behavior of water trees, i.e., the dielectric properties of the zone of the water tree and its influence on the distribution of the dielectric field. An interpretation of the development of the water tree is proposed and a possible cause of water-tree-induced breakdown is suggested. >","PeriodicalId":13105,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83148214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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