Pub Date : 2019-02-13DOI: 10.33555/iconiet.v2i3.27
E. Budiarto, Dimas Anindito Widjanarko, L. Kidarsa
The knee exoskeleton is a device that assists users with weak knees to walk. It consists of a mechanical construction put around the human knee which is equipped with an actuator for movement. One mechanism that can be used to mimic movement of the real knee is the four-bar linkage. This research explores the possibility of using pneumatic air muscles as actuators for a knee exoskeleton with four-bar linkage implementation. A pneumatic air muscle is a single-acting linear actuator that contracts when filled with pressurized air, mimicking muscle contraction. It is much lighter than electrical motors, but—according to characterization done in this research—is difficult to control due to its inconsistent torque output. Nevertheless, this research shows that simple gait movements can be simulated using a knee exoskeleton actuated by pneumatic air muscles with an on-off control scheme.
{"title":"Implementation of Pneumatic Air Muscle for Actuating Knee Exoskeleton Using Four-Bar Linkage","authors":"E. Budiarto, Dimas Anindito Widjanarko, L. Kidarsa","doi":"10.33555/iconiet.v2i3.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33555/iconiet.v2i3.27","url":null,"abstract":"The knee exoskeleton is a device that assists users with weak knees to walk. It consists of a mechanical construction put around the human knee which is equipped with an actuator for movement. One mechanism that can be used to mimic movement of the real knee is the four-bar linkage. This research explores the possibility of using pneumatic air muscles as actuators for a knee exoskeleton with four-bar linkage implementation. A pneumatic air muscle is a single-acting linear actuator that contracts when filled with pressurized air, mimicking muscle contraction. It is much lighter than electrical motors, but—according to characterization done in this research—is difficult to control due to its inconsistent torque output. Nevertheless, this research shows that simple gait movements can be simulated using a knee exoskeleton actuated by pneumatic air muscles with an on-off control scheme. ","PeriodicalId":13150,"journal":{"name":"ICONIET PROCEEDING","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82838666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-13DOI: 10.33555/ICONIET.V2I3.40
E. Sinaga, Suryanto Wangsa Mulya, E. Budiarto
In this research, ultrasonic sensors are implemented to measure distances for anautonomous human-following luggage robot. The system consists of the luggage robot and thewireless transmitter device which is held by the person acting as a target. The robot is equippedwith two ultrasonic sensors mounted on the top of it, acting only as receivers, two DC motors todrive the robot, and an Arduino board acting as microcontroller. Meanwhile, the transmitterdevice has one ultrasonic sensor. The luggage robot is designed to follow the person byfollowing the signals sent by the transmitter device. In order to determine the direction of thetarget, a microcontroller is used to measure time difference of the signals received by thereceivers mounted on the top of the luggage. A program is developed to compute the directionand distance to where the robot should move according to the transmitter device. Themicrocontroller then controls the motors through the H Bridge to make speed adjustment onboth motors according to the direction of movement.
{"title":"Implementation of Distance-Measuring System Using Ultrasonic to be used in an Autonomous Human-Following Luggage Robot","authors":"E. Sinaga, Suryanto Wangsa Mulya, E. Budiarto","doi":"10.33555/ICONIET.V2I3.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33555/ICONIET.V2I3.40","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, ultrasonic sensors are implemented to measure distances for anautonomous human-following luggage robot. The system consists of the luggage robot and thewireless transmitter device which is held by the person acting as a target. The robot is equippedwith two ultrasonic sensors mounted on the top of it, acting only as receivers, two DC motors todrive the robot, and an Arduino board acting as microcontroller. Meanwhile, the transmitterdevice has one ultrasonic sensor. The luggage robot is designed to follow the person byfollowing the signals sent by the transmitter device. In order to determine the direction of thetarget, a microcontroller is used to measure time difference of the signals received by thereceivers mounted on the top of the luggage. A program is developed to compute the directionand distance to where the robot should move according to the transmitter device. Themicrocontroller then controls the motors through the H Bridge to make speed adjustment onboth motors according to the direction of movement.","PeriodicalId":13150,"journal":{"name":"ICONIET PROCEEDING","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76468447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-13DOI: 10.33555/ICONIET.V2I2.21
Karissha Fritzi Della, Mutiara Pratiwi, Purwa Tri Cahyana, M. Gunawan-Puteri
Fried food is convenient for many people due to its pleasant texture and taste. On the other hand, it comes with the risk of high oil absorption which might lead to certain health problems. Resistant starch (RS) has been known to have a functionality of reducing oil absorption. Three different types of banana: Kepok (Musa paradisiaca formatypica), Raja Bulu (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Ambon (Musa paradisiaca L. var sapientum) were evaluated on its performance when utilized as source of resistant starch especially on their application in reducing oil absorption in fried food. Tempeh was used as the food model. Banana starch (RS2) was isolated through water alkaline extraction process, continued with modification process through three repeated cycles of autoclaving-cooling process to obtain the RS3. RS3 was added into the batter coating formulation at three substitution ratios (10%, 30% and 50%) and then used to coat tempeh before frying. Evaluation of resistant starch in batter and battered productwas conducted on the following parameters: fat content, water retention capacity (WRC), coating pick up and sensory analysis. The result of this study revealed that Raja Bulu showed the most effective result on reducing oil absorption in the food tested. In the three bananas used, the ratio of 50% performed best in coating pick up (highest), WRC (highest) and fat content(lowest) parameters, but not significantly different with the 30% ratio. In terms of sensory acceptance, using Raja Bulu as the selected banana type, 30% of substitution ratio was significantly more preferable by the panelists in crispness, oiliness, and overall acceptance attributes compared to control and other substitution ratios.
油炸食品由于其令人愉悦的质地和味道，对许多人来说都很方便。另一方面，它带来了高油吸收的风险，这可能会导致某些健康问题。抗性淀粉(RS)具有减少油脂吸收的功能。以三种不同类型的香蕉:Kepok (Musa paradisiaca formatypica)、Raja Bulu (Musa paradisiaca L. var sapientum)和Ambon (Musa paradisiaca L. var sapientum)作为抗性淀粉的来源，特别是在减少油炸食品吸油方面的应用进行了评价。豆豉被用作食物模型。采用水碱提取法分离香蕉淀粉(RS2)，再经过3次反复蒸压-冷却工艺进行改性，得到香蕉淀粉(RS3)。将RS3以10%、30%、50%的替代比例加入到糊包衣配方中，用于煎炸前的豆豉包衣。通过脂肪含量、保水能力(WRC)、涂膜率和感官分析等参数对面糊和糊制品中的抗性淀粉进行了评价。本研究结果显示，拉加布鲁显示出最有效的结果，以减少油的吸收在食品测试。在3种香蕉中，50%配比在包衣量(最高)、WRC(最高)和脂肪含量(最低)方面表现最好，但与30%配比差异不显著。在感官接受度方面，选用Raja Bulu作为香蕉品种，30%的替代比例比对照和其他替代比例在脆度、油度和整体接受度属性上明显更受小组成员的青睐。
{"title":"Evaluation of Resistant Starch Quality from Different Types of Banana in Batter Coating Formulation to Reduce Oil Absorption in Fried Food","authors":"Karissha Fritzi Della, Mutiara Pratiwi, Purwa Tri Cahyana, M. Gunawan-Puteri","doi":"10.33555/ICONIET.V2I2.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33555/ICONIET.V2I2.21","url":null,"abstract":"Fried food is convenient for many people due to its pleasant texture and taste. On the other hand, it comes with the risk of high oil absorption which might lead to certain health problems. Resistant starch (RS) has been known to have a functionality of reducing oil absorption. Three different types of banana: Kepok (Musa paradisiaca formatypica), Raja Bulu (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Ambon (Musa paradisiaca L. var sapientum) were evaluated on its performance when utilized as source of resistant starch especially on their application in reducing oil absorption in fried food. Tempeh was used as the food model. Banana starch (RS2) was isolated through water alkaline extraction process, continued with modification process through three repeated cycles of autoclaving-cooling process to obtain the RS3. RS3 was added into the batter coating formulation at three substitution ratios (10%, 30% and 50%) and then used to coat tempeh before frying. Evaluation of resistant starch in batter and battered productwas conducted on the following parameters: fat content, water retention capacity (WRC), coating pick up and sensory analysis. The result of this study revealed that Raja Bulu showed the most effective result on reducing oil absorption in the food tested. In the three bananas used, the ratio of 50% performed best in coating pick up (highest), WRC (highest) and fat content(lowest) parameters, but not significantly different with the 30% ratio. In terms of sensory acceptance, using Raja Bulu as the selected banana type, 30% of substitution ratio was significantly more preferable by the panelists in crispness, oiliness, and overall acceptance attributes compared to control and other substitution ratios.","PeriodicalId":13150,"journal":{"name":"ICONIET PROCEEDING","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79285593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-13DOI: 10.33555/iconiet.v2i3.31
Jayadi Taslim, James Purnama, Randy Anthony
Waste is becoming a prevalent problem in Indonesia. Waste is overproduced to thepoint that waste landfills are constantly struggling to keep up, and are forced to do destructive,polluting methods. Recycling campaigns have been organized and socialized into the society topromote and motivate recycling in order to tackle waste problems, but failed to do anysignificant impact. Difficulties in finding recyclable waste buyers and insufficient informationof recyclable waste market price further demotivates society to recycle. This paper introduceseLDUS, an electronic auction for recyclable waste auctions, as a solution to attract and motivatesociety to recycle their waste. A prototype is developed in the form of mobile applications and aweb service to facilitate e-auctions for prospective sellers and buyers. To further engage andretain users in continuing the usage of eLDUS, gamification is implemented into the systemwith the help of the Octalysis framework. A closed beta test involving ten respondents are thenconducted. Respondents’ responses are analyzed to find insights and draw conclusions. Theconcept is well-received and can attract and motivate respondents to recycle. The prototype hasbeen evaluated to be very intuitive, easy to use, safe, and convenient in general. Theimplementation of gamification has been found to provide positive impact to the respondents’experience.
{"title":"Building an Electronic Auction Platform for Recyclable Waste Trading with Gamification Implementation","authors":"Jayadi Taslim, James Purnama, Randy Anthony","doi":"10.33555/iconiet.v2i3.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33555/iconiet.v2i3.31","url":null,"abstract":"Waste is becoming a prevalent problem in Indonesia. Waste is overproduced to thepoint that waste landfills are constantly struggling to keep up, and are forced to do destructive,polluting methods. Recycling campaigns have been organized and socialized into the society topromote and motivate recycling in order to tackle waste problems, but failed to do anysignificant impact. Difficulties in finding recyclable waste buyers and insufficient informationof recyclable waste market price further demotivates society to recycle. This paper introduceseLDUS, an electronic auction for recyclable waste auctions, as a solution to attract and motivatesociety to recycle their waste. A prototype is developed in the form of mobile applications and aweb service to facilitate e-auctions for prospective sellers and buyers. To further engage andretain users in continuing the usage of eLDUS, gamification is implemented into the systemwith the help of the Octalysis framework. A closed beta test involving ten respondents are thenconducted. Respondents’ responses are analyzed to find insights and draw conclusions. Theconcept is well-received and can attract and motivate respondents to recycle. The prototype hasbeen evaluated to be very intuitive, easy to use, safe, and convenient in general. Theimplementation of gamification has been found to provide positive impact to the respondents’experience.","PeriodicalId":13150,"journal":{"name":"ICONIET PROCEEDING","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81822192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-13DOI: 10.33555/iconiet.v2i3.36
D. Hendriana, E. Budiarto, Alexander Clements, Arko Djajadi
Wind energy is one of the potential renewable energy, but the applications have to beadjusted to the available wind characteristic in the area. In Indonesia, the wind speed is inaverage not very high, only around 4 m/s. Therefore the wind turbine design have to be adjustedfor usage in Indonesia. In this research, two wind turbine designs are compared. One design isof the form Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) and the other is of the form Vertical-AxisWind Turbine (VAWT). Both designs are optimized for wind speed of 4 m/s. The comparisonsare done using computer simulation software OpenFOAM. The result shows VAWT design canproduce similar power with smaller turbine dimension than the HAWT design.
{"title":"Design comparison of wind turbines for low wind speed","authors":"D. Hendriana, E. Budiarto, Alexander Clements, Arko Djajadi","doi":"10.33555/iconiet.v2i3.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33555/iconiet.v2i3.36","url":null,"abstract":"Wind energy is one of the potential renewable energy, but the applications have to beadjusted to the available wind characteristic in the area. In Indonesia, the wind speed is inaverage not very high, only around 4 m/s. Therefore the wind turbine design have to be adjustedfor usage in Indonesia. In this research, two wind turbine designs are compared. One design isof the form Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) and the other is of the form Vertical-AxisWind Turbine (VAWT). Both designs are optimized for wind speed of 4 m/s. The comparisonsare done using computer simulation software OpenFOAM. The result shows VAWT design canproduce similar power with smaller turbine dimension than the HAWT design.","PeriodicalId":13150,"journal":{"name":"ICONIET PROCEEDING","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83239354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rodgau has nearly 50.000 citizens and have their own sewage treatment plant. The wastewater of the whole town has to be treated to the point where it can be released in the back which gives the town its name, the Rodgau. There are two main sources of wastewater, municipal and industrial waste water. (www.rodgau.de 8.9.17) The objective of Sewage Treatment in Rodgau especially is that the waste water after beingprocess can go directly to Rodau river. The drinking water of Rodgau is not coming from thesewage treatment plant. (Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz) The sewage Treatment Plant in Rodgau has the capacity up to 75.000 citizen value (EW). In this sewage treatment there are physical, chemical and biological processes. In the chemical processes there are neutralization, oxidation and reduction processes. The physical treatment including sedimentation, extraction, and adsorption process. Then main steps of the sewage treatment are screening and filtration of the bigger pollutants, transforming of elements and separating the sludge.( ATV-Handbuch (1999)) Different options can be seen which were used in the Rodgau plant. The Rodgau sewagetreatment plant is at state of the art, very efficient and can be a great example for sewagetreatment plants of other cities.
{"title":"Function of a Sewage Treatment Plant in Rodgau, Germany","authors":"Robin Bialdiga","doi":"10.33555/iconiet.v2i1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33555/iconiet.v2i1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Rodgau has nearly 50.000 citizens and have their own sewage treatment plant. The wastewater of the whole town has to be treated to the point where it can be released in the back which gives the town its name, the Rodgau. There are two main sources of wastewater, municipal and industrial waste water. (www.rodgau.de 8.9.17) \u0000The objective of Sewage Treatment in Rodgau especially is that the waste water after beingprocess can go directly to Rodau river. The drinking water of Rodgau is not coming from thesewage treatment plant. (Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz) \u0000The sewage Treatment Plant in Rodgau has the capacity up to 75.000 citizen value (EW). In this sewage treatment there are physical, chemical and biological processes. In the chemical processes there are neutralization, oxidation and reduction processes. The physical treatment including sedimentation, extraction, and adsorption process. Then main steps of the sewage treatment are screening and filtration of the bigger pollutants, transforming of elements and separating the sludge.( ATV-Handbuch (1999)) \u0000Different options can be seen which were used in the Rodgau plant. The Rodgau sewagetreatment plant is at state of the art, very efficient and can be a great example for sewagetreatment plants of other cities.","PeriodicalId":13150,"journal":{"name":"ICONIET PROCEEDING","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82644791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High shares of power from renewable resources in large power supply grids do not imply insurmountable technical problem anymore. A question is rather whether, besides the technical feasibility, it is also economically viable to go for a high share of power from sun, wind, water, geothermal resources and biomass. This paper scrutinizes the costs of a renewable-energy based power supply in the Java-Bali grid, by far the largest grid in Indonesia. The study refers to a challenging power supply scenario in which 100% of the power in the Java-Bali grid comes from renewable resources. This scenario is expressed in a one-year modeling of the load and the respective power supply in the grid. The modeling identifies possible sets of installed capacities of the different power plant types and storage systems that allow the supply of the required electricity. A cost scenario is applied to these sets, which renders the system costs, and finally the power generation costs. All scenarios refer to the year 2050. The results show that, assuming moderate financing costs, the cost of the electricity generation in the possible supply systems would not be higher than that in currently existing systems in developed countries; and it would even not be far away from the power generation cost in the current Java-Bali grid. A secondary result of the study is that the usage of special long-term storage systems for the balancing of seasonal power supply fluctuations, additionally to pumped storages and batteries, is not economically necessary in the considered grid.
{"title":"Are High Renewable Energy Shares In Large Power Grids In Indonesia Too Expensive?","authors":"Matthias Günther","doi":"10.33555/ICONIET.V2I1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33555/ICONIET.V2I1.8","url":null,"abstract":"High shares of power from renewable resources in large power supply grids do not imply insurmountable technical problem anymore. A question is rather whether, besides the technical feasibility, it is also economically viable to go for a high share of power from sun, wind, water, geothermal resources and biomass. This paper scrutinizes the costs of a renewable-energy based power supply in the Java-Bali grid, by far the largest grid in Indonesia. The study refers to a challenging power supply scenario in which 100% of the power in the Java-Bali grid comes from renewable resources. This scenario is expressed in a one-year modeling of the load and the respective power supply in the grid. The modeling identifies possible sets of installed capacities of the different power plant types and storage systems that allow the supply of the required electricity. A cost scenario is applied to these sets, which renders the system costs, and finally the power generation costs. All scenarios refer to the year 2050. The results show that, assuming moderate financing costs, the cost of the electricity generation in the possible supply systems would not be higher than that in currently existing systems in developed countries; and it would even not be far away from the power generation cost in the current Java-Bali grid. A secondary result of the study is that the usage of special long-term storage systems for the balancing of seasonal power supply fluctuations, additionally to pumped storages and batteries, is not economically necessary in the considered grid.","PeriodicalId":13150,"journal":{"name":"ICONIET PROCEEDING","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80485747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Agaphela, M. Günther, S. Kusumocahyo, N. Nursam
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were developed as low-cost and environmentally friendly alternatives to other types of solar cells. However, due to efficiency and stability shortcomings, and also because of the cost reductions in crystalline Si cells, DSSCs are not yet commercially successful. Several parameters have to be improved, one of which is the cost that should be reduced further. There are two ideas to achieve this: the platinum electrode can be substituted by a cheaper carbon electrode, and the sandwich structure of the cells, with two glass substrates with a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer on them, can be changed to a monolithic structure, in which only one TCO-coated glass substrate is used. In the present project the performance of such monolithic cells with carbon counter-electrode is compared to the performance of cells with sandwich structure that are otherwise identically constructed. The performance assessment was done by means of an I-V curve measurement. The main result is that monolithic cells have a lower efficiency. The data indicate that the internal serial resistance of the monolithic cells was higher than in the sandwich cells. In a further step, three monolithic cells were interconnected in series in a submodule, and the performance of this submodule was assessed. The result indicates that the serial resistance of the three cells that were interconnected in the submodule, including the contacts, was lower than three times the serial resistance of the individual cells including the contacts. This shows that there is a potential for a more efficient usage of monolithic cells by means of a module design that allows for lower resistances in the interconnection of the cells within the module as well as in the module contacts. This should be pursued in further research, as well as the reduction of the internal resistance of the monolithic cells.
{"title":"Development of Lower Cost Monolithic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell with Carbon Counter-Electrode","authors":"Daniel Agaphela, M. Günther, S. Kusumocahyo, N. Nursam","doi":"10.33555/ICONIET.V2I1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33555/ICONIET.V2I1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were developed as low-cost and environmentally friendly alternatives to other types of solar cells. However, due to efficiency and stability shortcomings, and also because of the cost reductions in crystalline Si cells, DSSCs are not yet commercially successful. Several parameters have to be improved, one of which is the cost that should be reduced further. There are two ideas to achieve this: the platinum electrode can be substituted by a cheaper carbon electrode, and the sandwich structure of the cells, with two glass substrates with a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer on them, can be changed to a monolithic structure, in which only one TCO-coated glass substrate is used. In the present project the performance of such monolithic cells with carbon counter-electrode is compared to the performance of cells with sandwich structure that are otherwise identically constructed. The performance assessment was done by means of an I-V curve measurement. The main result is that monolithic cells have a lower efficiency. The data indicate that the internal serial resistance of the monolithic cells was higher than in the sandwich cells. In a further step, three monolithic cells were interconnected in series in a submodule, and the performance of this submodule was assessed. The result indicates that the serial resistance of the three cells that were interconnected in the submodule, including the contacts, was lower than three times the serial resistance of the individual cells including the contacts. This shows that there is a potential for a more efficient usage of monolithic cells by means of a module design that allows for lower resistances in the interconnection of the cells within the module as well as in the module contacts. This should be pursued in further research, as well as the reduction of the internal resistance of the monolithic cells.","PeriodicalId":13150,"journal":{"name":"ICONIET PROCEEDING","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77806429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Molasses is mostly used as feedstock for the bioethanol production in Indonesia. Bioethanol industries has the potential to be more developed if the mandate of blending gasoline with 5% bioethanol is implemented. However, some previous studies abroad have shown that mostly the net energy for producing bioethanol is negative. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the net energy requirement if a bioethanol conversion plant from scenario of a bioethanol producer in East Java. Bioethanol conversion processes inside the plant are pre-fermentation, fermentation, evaporation, distillation and dehydration. Method which was used in this research are modelling and calculation made on monthly basis for plant capacity of 30,000 KL/ year ethanol of 99.5% purity. The result shows that the total energy required to produce 1 L of ethanol is 4.55 MJ. The energy content of 1 L ethanol is 23.46 MJ. The largest energy requirement is for evaporation process (62%) followed by distillation process (33%). Thus, the net energy requirement for bioethanol production process is positive.
{"title":"Net Energy Analysis of Molasses Based Bioethanol Production in Indonesia","authors":"Carrin Aprinada, I. Kartawiria, Evita H. Legowo","doi":"10.33555/ICONIET.V2I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33555/ICONIET.V2I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Molasses is mostly used as feedstock for the bioethanol production in Indonesia. Bioethanol industries has the potential to be more developed if the mandate of blending gasoline with 5% bioethanol is implemented. However, some previous studies abroad have shown that mostly the net energy for producing bioethanol is negative. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the net energy requirement if a bioethanol conversion plant from scenario of a bioethanol producer in East Java. Bioethanol conversion processes inside the plant are pre-fermentation, fermentation, evaporation, distillation and dehydration. Method which was used in this research are modelling and calculation made on monthly basis for plant capacity of 30,000 KL/ year ethanol of 99.5% purity. The result shows that the total energy required to produce 1 L of ethanol is 4.55 MJ. The energy content of 1 L ethanol is 23.46 MJ. The largest energy requirement is for evaporation process (62%) followed by distillation process (33%). Thus, the net energy requirement for bioethanol production process is positive.","PeriodicalId":13150,"journal":{"name":"ICONIET PROCEEDING","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79757501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-12DOI: 10.33555/ICONIET.V2I1.11
Vincentius Vincentius, Evita H. Legowo, I. Kartawiria
Natural gas is a source of energy that comes from the earth which is depleting every day, an alternative source of energy is needed and one of the sources comes from biogas. There is an abundance of empty fruit bunch (EFB) that comes from palm oil plantation that can become a substrate for biogas production. A methodology of fermentation based on Verein Deutscher Ingenieure was used to utilize EFB as a substrate to produce biogas using biogas sludge and wastewater sludge as inoculum in wet fermentation process under mesophilic condition. Another optimization was done by adding a different water ratio to the inoculum mixture. In 20 days, an average of 6gr from 150gr of total EFB used in each sample was consumed by the microbes. The best result from 20 days of experiment with both biogas sludge and wastewater sludge as inoculum were the one added with 150gr of water that produced 2910ml and 2185ml of gas respectively. The highest CH 4 produced achieved from biogas sludge and wastewater sludge with an addition of 150gr of water to the inoculum were 27% and 22% CH 4 respectively. This shows that biogas sludge is better in term of volume of gas that is produced and CH percentage.
天然气是一种来自地球的能源，地球每天都在消耗，需要一种替代能源，其中一种能源来自沼气。有大量来自棕榈油种植园的空果束(EFB)可以成为沼气生产的基质。采用基于Verein Deutscher Ingenieure的发酵方法，在中温条件下，以EFB为底物，以沼气污泥和污水污泥为接种物，进行湿式发酵生产沼气。另一种优化方法是在接种液中加入不同的水比。在20天内，每个样品中使用的150克EFB中平均有6克被微生物消耗。在以沼气污泥和废水污泥为接种物的20天试验中，以150g水为接种物的效果最好，分别产生2910ml和2185ml的气体。在接种物中添加150g水时，沼气污泥和废水污泥产生的最高甲烷含量分别为27%和22%。这表明，沼气污泥在产生的气体体积和CH百分比方面更好。
{"title":"Potential of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Biogas Substrate","authors":"Vincentius Vincentius, Evita H. Legowo, I. Kartawiria","doi":"10.33555/ICONIET.V2I1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33555/ICONIET.V2I1.11","url":null,"abstract":"Natural gas is a source of energy that comes from the earth which is depleting every day, an alternative source of energy is needed and one of the sources comes from biogas. There is an abundance of empty fruit bunch (EFB) that comes from palm oil plantation that can become a substrate for biogas production. A methodology of fermentation based on Verein Deutscher Ingenieure was used to utilize EFB as a substrate to produce biogas using biogas sludge and wastewater sludge as inoculum in wet fermentation process under mesophilic condition. Another optimization was done by adding a different water ratio to the inoculum mixture. In 20 days, an average of 6gr from 150gr of total EFB used in each sample was consumed by the microbes. The best result from 20 days of experiment with both biogas sludge and wastewater sludge as inoculum were the one added with 150gr of water that produced 2910ml and 2185ml of gas respectively. The highest CH 4 produced achieved from biogas sludge and wastewater sludge with an addition of 150gr of water to the inoculum were 27% and 22% CH 4 respectively. This shows that biogas sludge is better in term of volume of gas that is produced and CH percentage.","PeriodicalId":13150,"journal":{"name":"ICONIET PROCEEDING","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86129083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：