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A V2G power response model based on the prediction, evaluation, and correction of charging stations real-time frequency regulation capability
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-13 DOI: 10.1049/gtd2.13347
Leyan Ding, Jun Yang, Song Ke, Xingye Shi, Peixiao Fan, Hongli Wang

With the charging stations (CSs) construction and the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) development, electric vehicles (EVs) have become an important load-side controllable resource. Therefore, a V2G power response model based on the prediction, evaluation, and correction of CSs real-time frequency regulation (FR) capability is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a hierarchical control framework for large-scale EVs aggregated to participate in power grid dispatching/FR service is proposed. Secondly, an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)-convolutional neural network (CNN)-bidirectional long-term and short-term memory (BiLSTM)-attention prediction model for CSs FR capability is proposed, which combines the advantages of CNN and BiLSTM to strengthen the mining of multi-dimensional features. Meanwhile, a rolling evaluation-correction model for CSs FR capability based on the EV CC–CV charging process is proposed, which improves the evaluation fineness and aggregation fitness. Furthermore, a V2G power response model considering the EV battery loss is established. Finally, the simulation results show that compared with LSTM, XGBoost-CNN-BiLSTM, support vector machine, and other prediction models, the proposed XGBoost-CNN-BiLSTM-attention CSs FR capability prediction model with improvement has a better prediction accuracy. In addition, the V2G power response model can achieve the coordination between the EV users’ charging demands and FR tasks.

随着充电站(CS)的建设和车联网(V2G)的发展,电动汽车(EV)已成为重要的负荷侧可控资源。因此,本文提出了一种基于 CS 实时频率调节(FR)能力预测、评估和修正的 V2G 功率响应模型。首先,提出了大规模电动汽车聚集参与电网调度/频率调节服务的分层控制框架。其次,针对 CSs 调频能力提出了极端梯度提升(XGBoost)-卷积神经网络(CNN)-双向长短期记忆(BiLSTM)-注意力预测模型,该模型结合了 CNN 和 BiLSTM 的优势,加强了对多维特征的挖掘。同时,提出了基于电动汽车 CC-CV 充电过程的 CSs FR 能力滚动评估修正模型,提高了评估的精细度和聚合适配性。此外,还建立了考虑电动汽车电池损耗的 V2G 功率响应模型。最后,仿真结果表明,与 LSTM、XGBoost-CNN-BiLSTM、支持向量机等预测模型相比,改进后的 XGBoost-CNN-BiLSTM-attention CSs FR 能力预测模型具有更好的预测精度。此外,V2G 功率响应模型可实现电动汽车用户充电需求与 FR 任务之间的协调。
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引用次数: 0
Protection of systems containing IBR from asymmetrical ground faults using zero sequence current with hardware implementation on FPGA
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-13 DOI: 10.1049/gtd2.13341
Jason Pannell, Ramakrishna Gokaraju

The addition of inverter-based generation to the power system complicates protective relaying in several ways: the magnitude of the fault current will be altered based upon the location of the fault relative to the inverter-based resource, and the response to a fault will be different than traditional generation. The relatively low fault current of inverter-based resources presents difficulties in differentiating faults from increased loads. Additionally negative sequence relays may fail in the presence of IBR's due to the negligible negative sequence current produced by the IBR during a fault. This paper presents a novel method to allow the sensitive sub-cycle detection, and determination of the relative location, of asymmetrical ground in systems containing inverter-based resources through phasor analysis of zero sequence current. Least Error Squares Estimation is applied to the fault currents to improve the detection time of these faults, with low computational overheard for hardware implementation. Hardware implementation of the protection scheme on an Intel Cyclone IV-E FPGA is completed and correct operation of the scheme is verified for the raw samples, as well as five and seven sample LES phasor estimations. Hardware testing is compared to the EMT output to confirm the results.

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引用次数: 0
Dynamic equivalent modelling for active distributed network considering adjustable loads charging characteristics 考虑可调负载充电特性的有源分布式网络动态等效建模
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1049/gtd2.13344
Jingwen Wang, Jiehui Zheng, Zhigang Li, Qing-Hua Wu

As more renewable energy generators and adjustable loads such as electric vehicles are being connected to the power grids, load modelling of the distribution network becomes more complicated. Therefore, this paper explores a dynamic equivalent modelling method for active distribution network that takes into account electric vehicle charging. First of all the combination of integrated ZIP loads and motors is adopted as an equivalent model for active distribution networks. Subsequently, a four-layer, tri-stage deep reinforcement learning approach is used to solve the relevant key parameters of the proposed equivalent model. The method proposed in this paper fully utilizes the superiority of reinforcement learning in decision making, while the method combines the excellent feature extraction capability of deep learning. The method utilizes measurements obtained at boundary nodes to obtain an active distributed network equivalent model after a series of calculations. At the same time, adjustable loads are identified in detail. On the other hand, this method introduces a prioritized empirical playback mechanism, log-cosh loss function, and adaptive operator to improve the computational efficiency of the method. From the simulation results, the present method is effective.

随着越来越多的可再生能源发电机和可调节负荷(如电动汽车)接入电网,配电网的负荷建模变得更加复杂。为此,本文探索了一种考虑电动汽车充电的有源配电网动态等效建模方法。首先采用一体化ZIP负荷与电机的组合作为有源配电网的等效模型。随后,采用四层三阶段深度强化学习方法求解所提出等效模型的相关关键参数。本文提出的方法充分利用了强化学习在决策中的优势,同时结合了深度学习优秀的特征提取能力。该方法利用在边界节点处获得的测量值,经过一系列的计算,得到一个活跃的分布式网络等效模型。同时,详细确定了可调负荷。另一方面,该方法引入了优先的经验回放机制、log-cosh损失函数和自适应算子,提高了方法的计算效率。仿真结果表明,该方法是有效的。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing transformer windings monitoring: An approach using longitudinal branch-circuit conductance analysis 加强变压器绕组监测:使用纵向支路电导分析的方法
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1049/gtd2.13342
Xiangping Kong, Zijun Bin, Jiansheng Li, Shiming Liu, Wenchen Zhao, Mengfei Wu

The operating environment of transformers is getting more complex with the emergence of new energy sources and power electronic devices. This complexity can cause minor internal faults in transformer windings. Under the cumulative effect, minor faults gradually develop into serious faults, resulting in transformer damage. Conventional differential protection systems may have difficulty detecting these glitches and require avoiding the problem of protection false activation caused by inrush currents. This paper proposes a new online monitoring method for transformer windings based on longitudinal branch-circuit conductance to address this issue. First, a unified transformer equivalent circuit is proposed to represent transformers under normal conditions, inrush currents, and internal faults. Then, an online transformer monitoring method based on branch conductance is proposed, which is immune to inrush currents. This method aims to prevent delayed detection of faults during inrush currents, improving sensitivity and response speed, especially for minor turn-to-turn faults hidden in inrush currents. The proposed method also provides higher sensitivity to minor turn-to-turn faults and larger protection margins. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of this method.

随着新能源和电力电子设备的出现,变压器的运行环境变得越来越复杂。这种复杂性会导致变压器绕组出现轻微的内部故障。在累积作用下,小故障逐渐发展为严重故障,造成变压器损坏。传统的差动保护系统可能难以检测这些故障,并且需要避免由涌流引起的保护误激活问题。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种基于纵向支路电导的变压器绕组在线监测新方法。首先,提出了一个统一的变压器等效电路来表示变压器在正常状态、涌流和内部故障情况下的等效电路。在此基础上,提出了一种不受冲击电流影响的基于支路电导的变压器在线监测方法。该方法旨在防止在涌流过程中故障的延迟检测,提高灵敏度和响应速度,特别是对于隐藏在涌流中的小匝间故障。该方法对小匝间故障具有较高的灵敏度和较大的保护裕量。仿真和实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
System wide-band oscillation analysis of fractional frequency offshore wind power systems 分数频率海上风力发电系统的系统宽带振荡分析
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1049/gtd2.13328
Haitao Zhang, Jizhi Han, Zihao Sha, Fengting Wei, Xiuli Wang, Xifan Wang

The fractional frequency offshore wind power system (FFOWPS) is a core technology for the long-distance transmission and integration of the large-scale offshore wind power. However, the risk of wide-band oscillation in the FFOWPS has become increasingly prominent due to the inevitable presence of the power electronic devices. The traditional admittance of the frequency converter, which is a crucial component in the FFOWPS, may contain right-half-plane (RHP) poles when operating under various control modes. To address this deficiency, this paper establishes a four-port small-signal admittance model of a back-to-back frequency converter and demonstrates its interconvertibility with the traditional model. On this basis, the wide-band oscillation analysis method for the FFOWPS is proposed, which explicitly describes the influence of the industrial frequency system, the fractional frequency system, and their coupling interactions on system stability. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink verify the proposed stability analysis method, highlight stability misjudgements associated with the traditional admittance, and analyse the impact of the coupling terms on system stability.

分频海上风电系统(FFOWPS)是实现大规模海上风电远距离传输与并网的核心技术。然而,由于不可避免的电力电子器件的存在,FFOWPS中宽带振荡的风险日益突出。传统变频器导纳是FFOWPS的关键部件,在各种控制模式下,导纳可能含有右半平面(RHP)极。针对这一不足,本文建立了背靠背变频器的四端口小信号导纳模型,并论证了其与传统模型的可互换性。在此基础上,提出了FFOWPS的宽带振荡分析方法,明确描述了工频系统、分频系统及其耦合相互作用对系统稳定性的影响。在MATLAB/Simulink中的仿真结果验证了所提出的稳定性分析方法,突出了传统导纳的稳定性误判,并分析了耦合项对系统稳定性的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic sensitivity-based clustering of distributed energy resources using LoRaWAN technology for voltage regulation in distribution networks 基于LoRaWAN技术的分布式能源动态灵敏度聚类在配电网电压调节中的应用
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1049/gtd2.13343
Ameen Gargoom, Mohammed Elmusrati, Ahmed Gaouda

As the penetration level of renewable energies increases, many inverter-based resources (IBRs) managing algorithms are proposed to control the impact of this penetration on the system. Some of these algorithms are based on a local control without visualizing the status of the whole network and others are based on a centralized control approach that results in dynamic settings without considering the mutual sensitivity among different IBRs. Hence, flexible management of IBRs to be simultaneously controlled either locally or remotely and satisfy technical and fair utilization at IBRs and systems levels becomes essential. The proposed flexible management algorithm suggested a dynamic setting that estimates the mutual sensitivity among IBRs at the system level and assures fairness among different owners. This mutual sensitivity link provides a quantifying measure of IBRs injected power on the status of the whole network. Furthermore, this measure defines dynamic clusters' boundaries that are continuously updated by including the most sensitive IBRs and updating their dynamic settings. This update takes place as system configuration, loads, and available sun-power change in order to satisfy the flexible management algorithm without impacting fairness. The algorithm is applied on a sample DN and imposes compliance with system standard limits within a time-frame of the stand-alone LoRaWAN communication platform.

随着可再生能源渗透水平的提高,人们提出了许多基于逆变器的资源管理算法来控制可再生能源渗透对系统的影响。这些算法中的一些是基于局部控制而不可视化整个网络的状态,而另一些是基于集中控制方法,导致动态设置而不考虑不同ibr之间的相互敏感性。因此,在本地或远程同时控制ibr的灵活管理,并满足ibr和系统一级的技术和公平利用变得至关重要。所提出的柔性管理算法提出了一种动态设置,在系统层面估计ibr之间的相互敏感性,并保证不同所有者之间的公平性。这种互敏链路提供了对整个网络状态的ibr注入功率的量化测量。此外,该措施定义了动态集群的边界,该边界通过包括最敏感的ibr并更新其动态设置而不断更新。此更新发生在系统配置、负载和可用太阳能变化时,以便在不影响公平性的情况下满足灵活的管理算法。该算法应用于一个示例DN,并在独立的LoRaWAN通信平台的时间框架内强制遵守系统标准限制。
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引用次数: 0
A joint data and knowledge-driven method for power system disturbance localisation 电力系统扰动定位的数据与知识联合驱动方法
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1049/gtd2.13331
Zikang Li, Jiyang Tian, Hao Liu

Accurate and fast disturbance localisation is critical for taking timely controls to prevent power system instability. With the increased complexity of systems, the physical model-based disturbance localisation is challenging to achieve good performance due to model deficiency. Phasor measurement unit (PMU)-based approaches are developed but their performance has been significantly affected by the number of PMUs. To this end, this article proposes a joint data and knowledge-driven disturbance localisation method. A spatiotemporal graph convolutional network is proposed to effectively capture the spatiotemporal dependence with a limited number of PMU measurements. By integrating the physical constraints of disturbance type-topology information and localisation cost characteristics, a composite constraint loss function is proposed that embed physical knowledge into the data-driven method. This leads to the development of the disturbance localisation method and allows quick identification, improved localisation accuracy, and interpretability of the algorithm. Simulation results carried out on the IEEE 39-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

准确、快速的扰动定位是及时控制电力系统不稳定的关键。随着系统复杂性的增加,基于物理模型的干扰定位由于模型的不足而难以获得良好的性能。基于相量测量单元(PMU)的方法得到了发展,但其性能受到PMU数量的显著影响。为此,本文提出了一种数据和知识驱动的扰动联合定位方法。提出了一种时空图卷积网络,利用有限数量的PMU测量值有效捕获时空相关性。通过整合扰动类型拓扑信息和定位代价特征的物理约束,提出了一种将物理知识嵌入到数据驱动方法中的复合约束损失函数。这导致了干扰定位方法的发展,并允许快速识别,提高定位精度和算法的可解释性。在IEEE 39总线系统和IEEE 118总线系统上的仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性和鲁棒性。
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引用次数: 0
An IGDT-stochastic model for low-carbon economic dispatch of integrated electricity-natural gas systems considering grid-enhancing technologies 考虑电网增强技术的电力-天然气一体化系统低碳经济调度 IGDT 随机模型
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1049/gtd2.13327
Amir Talebi, Masoud Agabalaye-Rahvar, Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo, Kazem Zare, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam

Utilizing wind power alongside flexible resources such as power-to-gas technology, gas-fuel generator, demand response (DR) program, grid-enhancing technologies, and carbon capture and storage can help to low carbon operation of integrated electricity-gas systems (IEGSs). Accordingly, this paper proposes a low-carbon economic dispatch model for the IEGS, in which gas-fuel generators, DR, and gas-fuel generator are considered to realize the economic and environmentally friendly operation of these systems. Also, the flexible AC transmission system device as one of the grid-enhancing technologies is innovatively included in IEGSs to guarantee that wind power is deliverable entire the electricity system. Besides, power-to-gas equipped with hydrogen storage is used to absorb the excess wind power to produce CH4. On the other hand, to capture the inherent flexibility of the gas network, the gas-storing characteristic of pipelines is shown by line pack modelling. To manage uncertainties associated with wind power and DR program, the proposed model is formulated as an IGDT-stochastic problem. For efficient computation purposes, the present work follows the mixed-integer linear programming framework. Different case studies are performed on an integrated test system. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed model leads to reducing the total cost, carbon emissions, and wind curtailment by 29%, 16.4%, and 100%, respectively. It can be seen that the proposed low-carbon ED model is environmentally friendly and has economic benefits.

利用风能和灵活的资源,如电制气技术、燃气发电机、需求响应(DR)计划、电网增强技术以及碳捕获和储存,可以帮助实现综合电-气系统(iegs)的低碳运行。据此,本文提出了IEGS低碳经济调度模型,该模型考虑燃气发电机组、DR和燃气发电机组,实现IEGS系统的经济环保运行。创新地将柔性交流输电系统装置作为电网增强技术之一纳入电力系统,以保证风电在整个电力系统中的可输送性。此外,还利用配备储氢装置的电制气,吸收多余的风力发电产生CH4。另一方面,为了捕捉天然气网络的固有灵活性,管道的储气特性通过线包建模来显示。为了管理风电和DR计划相关的不确定性,所提出的模型被表示为一个igdt随机问题。为了提高计算效率,本文采用混合整数线性规划框架。不同的案例研究是在一个集成测试系统上进行的。数值模拟结果表明,该模型可使总成本、碳排放和弃风量分别降低29%、16.4%和100%。由此可见,所提出的低碳ED模式既环保又具有经济效益。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of transmission network connection solutions based on HVAC for offshore wind 基于暖通空调的海上风电输电网连接方案评估
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1049/gtd2.13252
Mattia Deriu, Michela Migliori, Corrado Gadaleta, Marco Cortese, Enrico Maria Carlini, Maria Dicorato, Giuseppe Forte, Gioacchino Tricarico

The diffusion of offshore wind power plants (OWPPs), useful to fulfil renewable diffusion policy targets, implies several technological challenges for integration in power transmission network. The definition of the OWPP connection to the transmission network affects possible exploitation of the assets, involves an evaluation of active power losses and loadability and points out the need for compensation devices, in order to comply with connection rules fixed by the grid operator. This paper proposes a methodology to determine the most suitable electric connection for an OWPP based on high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) cables, for providing indications for transmission system operators. In particular, different HVAC connection schemes for OWPPs are analysed, focusing on new 66 kV standard voltage and high-voltage levels, providing technical insight on transmission cable optimal operation conditions. An economic analysis is carried out by proper estimation of construction costs and production forecast, accounting for active power losses and reliability impact. The most suitable connection solution depending on OWPP size and distance in Italian framework is evaluated by means of synthetic techno-economic indicators, further analysing possible sensitivities of energy price and capacity factor.

海上风力发电厂(OWPPs)的扩散有助于实现可再生能源扩散政策目标,但也意味着输电网整合的一些技术挑战。OWPP与输电网连接的定义影响到资产的可能开发,涉及有功功率损耗和负载性的评估,并指出需要补偿装置,以符合电网运营商制定的连接规则。本文提出了一种基于高压交流电(HVAC)电缆确定OWPP最合适的电气连接的方法,为输电系统操作员提供指示。重点分析了不同的电网连接方案,重点分析了新的66千伏标准电压和高压水平,为输电电缆的最佳运行条件提供了技术见解。在考虑有功损耗和可靠性影响的情况下,通过合理估算建设成本和生产预测进行经济分析。根据意大利框架中OWPP的大小和距离,通过综合技术经济指标来评估最合适的连接解决方案,进一步分析能源价格和容量因素的可能敏感性。
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引用次数: 0
Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays: A fast and precise quadratically constrained quadratic programming solution methodology 定向过流继电器的最优协调:一种快速精确的二次约束二次规划求解方法
IF 2 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-12-03 DOI: 10.1049/gtd2.13329
Amir Hossein Poursaeed, Meysam Doostizadeh, Sina Hossein Beigi Fard, Amir Hossein Baharvand, Farhad Namdari

Nowadays, power system protection is increasingly important because of the growing number of customers and the pressing need for timely fault resolution and relay operations. This paper addresses the non-linear nature of the objective function in the optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) by employing a quadratic Taylor series expansion around an operating point, converting the problem into a quadratically constrained quadratic programming problem, ensuring a global optimal solution with increased computational efficiency. Additionally, the quadratic constraints are converted into second-order cone constraints for compatibility with the CPLEX solver. Using the least square method, the operating point values are determined and further fine-tuned using iterations with the DOCR operation times. The IEEE 3-bus, IEEE 8-bus, and IEEE 14-bus test systems are used to test the method, which shows higher improvement rates in reducing DOCR operation times and enhancing cooperation than conventional and metaheuristic methods. The simulation results verify the numerical superiority of the method in optimizing the protection system's efficiency while obtaining rapid and accurate solutions. The proposed method was tested on IEEE 3-bus, 8-bus, and 14-bus systems, optimizing relay operating times to 0.87, 2.96, and 7.05 s, respectively, demonstrating the method's efficiency over conventional approaches.

如今,由于用户数量的不断增加以及对故障及时解决和继电保护操作的迫切需求,电力系统保护变得越来越重要。针对定向过流继电器(DOCRs)优化协调中目标函数的非线性性质,采用围绕工作点的二次泰勒级数展开,将问题转化为二次约束的二次规划问题,保证了全局最优解,提高了计算效率。此外,为了与CPLEX求解器兼容,将二次约束转换为二阶锥约束。使用最小二乘法,确定作用点值,并使用与DOCR操作时间的迭代进一步微调。采用ieee3总线、ieee8总线和ieee14总线测试系统对该方法进行了测试,结果表明该方法在减少DOCR操作次数和增强协作性方面比传统方法和元启发式方法有更高的改进率。仿真结果验证了该方法在优化保护系统效率的同时获得快速、准确的解的数值优势。该方法在IEEE 3总线、8总线和14总线系统上进行了测试,分别将继电器的运行时间优化到0.87、2.96和7.05 s,证明了该方法比传统方法的效率。
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引用次数: 0
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