This study evaluated the effectiveness of ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) alone and in combination with aztreonam (ATM) against 50 extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolates using disk stacking method. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM) was the predominant carbapenemase, detected in 50% of isolates showing synergy. The CZA-ATM combination demonstrated synergy in 40% of isolates, with 75% of patients receiving this combination achieving microbiological clearance. This simple, rapid synergy testing method can guide effective therapeutic decisions in resource-limited settings.
{"title":"“Rapid identification of carbapenemases and in vitro synergy testing of ceftazidime-avibactam with aztreonam in extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens: Establishing the realm of promise”","authors":"Debasish Biswal , Maitrayee Narayan , Sarita Mohapatra , Hitender Gautam , Benu Dhawan , Bimal Kumar Das , Virinder Kumar Bansal , Naveet Wig , Seema Sood","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the effectiveness of ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) alone and in combination with aztreonam (ATM) against 50 extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolates using disk stacking method. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM) was the predominant carbapenemase, detected in 50% of isolates showing synergy. The CZA-ATM combination demonstrated synergy in 40% of isolates, with 75% of patients receiving this combination achieving microbiological clearance. This simple, rapid synergy testing method can guide effective therapeutic decisions in resource-limited settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100834"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Timely diagnosis of mucormycosis is challenging as the disease is rare and confusing to laboratory physicians without experience or expertise. Molecular tools like real-time PCR have been developed to diagnose mucormycosis and can circumvent these issues. However, their use requires an expensive thermocycler. Hence, there is a need for an alternative rapid, sensitive, and specific low-cost molecular test. Here, we developed and evaluated a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) based test for detection of R. arrhizus, the principal cause of mucormycosis in patient samples with and without COVID-19 associated mucormycosis.
Methods
Primers and probes targeting Rhizopus arrhizus for RPA-based assay were designed using PrimedRPA and screened per the manufacturer's guidelines. DNA from 40 clinically relevant bacteria and molds were used to determine the analytical specificity of the assay, and probit regression analysis using plasmid DNA standards were used to determine the analytical sensitivity of the assay. The developed assay was evaluated on 110 tissue samples from patients with suspected mucormycosis.
Results
The developed assay was able to detect 9 mucorales viz. R. arrhizus, R. microsporus, R. stolonifer, R. homothallicus, S. racemosum, M. indicus, M. circinelloides, A. variabilis and Cunninghamella spp. and did not cross-react with the remaining 31 molds or bacteria. Its limit of detection at 95 % probability was 18.58 copies. The test demonstrated a sensitivity of 96 % (95 % CI: 86.3 %–99.5 %) and specificity of 95 % (95 % CI: 86.1 %–98.9 %).
Conclusion
The developed RPA assay for R. arrhizus demonstrates high diagnostic sensitivity(96 %), specificity(95 %), and low detection limit(18.58 copies). While initial testing using stored unfixed tissue showed promise, comprehensive clinical validation studies are needed to establish the assay's diagnostic utility across diverse clinical settings and specimen types.
{"title":"Development and evaluation of real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay for fast identification of Rhizopus arrhizus","authors":"Vinaykumar Hallur , Mukund Sable , Pradipta Parida , Supriya Sahu , Malati Tudu , Subhasmita Bahinipati , Malaya Sahoo , Ashutosh Lenka , Rumita Dey , Pritika Gahlot , Saurav Sarkar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Timely diagnosis of mucormycosis is challenging as the disease is rare and confusing to laboratory physicians without experience or expertise. Molecular tools like real-time PCR have been developed to diagnose mucormycosis and can circumvent these issues. However, their use requires an expensive thermocycler. Hence, there is a need for an alternative rapid, sensitive, and specific low-cost molecular test. Here, we developed and evaluated a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) based test for detection of <em>R. arrhizus</em><em>,</em> the principal cause of mucormycosis in patient samples with and without COVID-19 associated mucormycosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Primers and probes targeting <em>Rhizopus arrhizus</em> for RPA-based assay were designed using PrimedRPA and screened per the manufacturer's guidelines. DNA from 40 clinically relevant bacteria and molds were used to determine the analytical specificity of the assay, and probit regression analysis using plasmid DNA standards were used to determine the analytical sensitivity of the assay. The developed assay was evaluated on 110 tissue samples from patients with suspected mucormycosis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The developed assay was able to detect 9 mucorales viz. <em>R. arrhizus, R. microsporus, R. stolonifer, R. homothallicus, S. racemosum, M. indicus, M. circinelloides, A. variabilis</em> and <em>Cunninghamella</em> spp. and did not cross-react with the remaining 31 molds or bacteria. Its limit of detection at 95 % probability was 18.58 copies. The test demonstrated a sensitivity of 96 % (95 % CI: 86.3 %–99.5 %) and specificity of 95 % (95 % CI: 86.1 %–98.9 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The developed RPA assay for <em>R. arrhizus</em> demonstrates high diagnostic sensitivity(96 %), specificity(95 %), and low detection limit(18.58 copies). While initial testing using stored unfixed tissue showed promise, comprehensive clinical validation studies are needed to establish the assay's diagnostic utility across diverse clinical settings and specimen types.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100845"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100832
Elwaleed Elamin , Moawia Mukhtar , Musa Kheir
Leishmaniases, caused by over 20 species, are parasitic diseases resulting from female phlebotomine sandfly bites. Various clinical forms are existed. Visceral form is the most serious one and constitute a major health concern in Sudan. When linked to HIV, it poses a diagnostic challenge and suggest anthroponotic transmission of leishmania in Sudan as previously suggested by several authors. Seven HIV patients suspected of having VL in this investigation had positive DAT and an effective parasite culture. Patients were treated according to Sudan Ministry of Health protocols for both HIV infection and leishmania. Two patients died, and five experienced infection relapses. The presence of leishmania in blood suggests potential anthroponotic transmission. HIV coinfection did not reduce antibody responses to the leishmania parasites.
{"title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis/HIV co-infection in Sudan: isolation of parasites from peripheral blood and documentation of 7 cases","authors":"Elwaleed Elamin , Moawia Mukhtar , Musa Kheir","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leishmaniases, caused by over 20 species, are parasitic diseases resulting from female phlebotomine sandfly bites. Various clinical forms are existed. Visceral form is the most serious one and constitute a major health concern in Sudan. When linked to HIV, it poses a diagnostic challenge and suggest anthroponotic transmission of leishmania in Sudan as previously suggested by several authors. Seven HIV patients suspected of having VL in this investigation had positive DAT and an effective parasite culture. Patients were treated according to Sudan Ministry of Health protocols for both HIV infection and leishmania. Two patients died, and five experienced infection relapses. The presence of leishmania in blood suggests potential anthroponotic transmission. HIV coinfection did not reduce antibody responses to the leishmania parasites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100832"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143795215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-03DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100844
Hanane El Hafa
{"title":"Measles outbreak in Morocco: Current situation and remedial measures","authors":"Hanane El Hafa","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100844","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100844"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Omadacycline, a novel tetracycline that has been approved for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSIs). In the present study, we evaluated the in-vitro activity of omadacycline against bacterial pathogens causing CABP. Non-duplicate isolates of methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (n = 105), methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (n = 102), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 100) and Moraxella catarrhalis (n = 102) were included. The minimum inhibitory concentration of omadacycline and other comparators were determined using the broth microdilution method. Overall, omadacycline potently inhibited MSSA (MIC90 0.25 mg/L), MRSA (MIC90 0.5 mg/L), S. pneumoniae (MIC90 0.06 mg/L) and M. catarrhalis (MIC90 0.12 mg/L) isolates. This finding reiterates that omadacycline could be a potential treatment alternative for treating severe CABP.
{"title":"Omadacycline as a promising tetracycline alternative for treating community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: Indian experience","authors":"Yamuna Devi Bakthavatchalam , Yuvasri Manokaran , Ranjan Adhiya , Kamini Walia , Balaji Veeraraghavan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Omadacycline, a novel tetracycline that has been approved for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSIs). In the present study, we evaluated the <em>in-vitro</em> activity of omadacycline against bacterial pathogens causing CABP. Non-duplicate isolates of methicillin susceptible <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MSSA) (n = 105), methicillin resistant <em>S</em>. <em>aureus</em> (MRSA) (n = 102), <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> (n = 100) and <em>Moraxella catarrhalis</em> (n = 102) were included. The minimum inhibitory concentration of omadacycline and other comparators were determined using the broth microdilution method. Overall, omadacycline potently inhibited MSSA (MIC<sub>90</sub> 0.25 mg/L), MRSA (MIC<sub>90</sub> 0.5 mg/L), <em>S. pneumoniae</em> (MIC<sub>90</sub> 0.06 mg/L) and <em>M. catarrhalis</em> (MIC<sub>90</sub> 0.12 mg/L) isolates. This finding reiterates that omadacycline could be a potential treatment alternative for treating severe CABP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100833"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-28DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100826
Mohamed Asarudeen S , Latha Ragunathan , Kavitha Kannaiyan , Pramodhini Subramanian , V. Vignesh , Aravind C. Sasi , Sherief Shebeena , Jaishma Rajni , R. Jenifer Raj
A 51-year-old male presented with right knee swelling with persistent pain for the past two weeks. Radiograph of the knee showed no bone abnormalities. Bursectomy was performed and the aspirated fluid was sent for laboratory analysis. Gram staining revealed fungal filaments, and culture on Sabouraud's dextrose agar yielded blackish-brown pigmented fungal colonies. Histopathological examination showed slender, septate hyphae. PCR sequencing identified Paraconiothyrium estuarinum as the causative agent. The patient was treated with itraconazole for 3 months with regular follow-up, resulting in clinical improvement. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and therapeutic considerations in managing fungal bursitis caused by Paraconiothyrium estuarinum.
{"title":"First reported case of phaeohyphomycotic bursitis due to Paraconiothyrium estuarinum","authors":"Mohamed Asarudeen S , Latha Ragunathan , Kavitha Kannaiyan , Pramodhini Subramanian , V. Vignesh , Aravind C. Sasi , Sherief Shebeena , Jaishma Rajni , R. Jenifer Raj","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 51-year-old male presented with right knee swelling with persistent pain for the past two weeks. Radiograph of the knee showed no bone abnormalities. Bursectomy was performed and the aspirated fluid was sent for laboratory analysis. Gram staining revealed fungal filaments, and culture on Sabouraud's dextrose agar yielded blackish-brown pigmented fungal colonies. Histopathological examination showed slender, septate hyphae. PCR sequencing identified <em>Paraconiothyrium estuarinum</em> as the causative agent. The patient was treated with itraconazole for 3 months with regular follow-up, resulting in clinical improvement. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and therapeutic considerations in managing fungal bursitis caused by <em>Paraconiothyrium estuarinum.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100826"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143751904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antibiotic resistance (AMR) is a significant worldwide health problem, with inappropriate antibiotic prescription being a major contributing factor. Prudent antibiotic use is essential for enhancing health outcomes and reducing AMR. This study assesses antibiotic prescribing practices and their logic in a public community health facility catering to 12,900 urban and rural populations in North India.
Methods
Cross-sectional research was performed from August 2021 to August 2022, examining 1219 outpatient antibiotic prescriptions. The data encompassed medication kind, dose, duration, adherence to therapeutic criteria, and rationale evaluated by ID specialists and clinical pharmacologists. The evaluation was conducted in accordance with standard procedures, including those from NCDC and PGIMER. Demographics, antibiotic classifications, WHO AWaRe categories, diagnoses, and compliance with the essential drug list (EDL) were evaluated.
Results
The results indicated that 45.9 % of prescriptions were for males and 54 % for females, predominantly involving individuals aged 20–40 years. Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (27.2 %) was the most often given antibiotic, followed by metronidazole (13.4 %) and azithromycin (10.3 %). The WHO AWaRe categorization revealed that 49.7 % of antibiotics were categorized as “Access,” 27.3 % as “Watch,” and none as “Reserve.” An examination of rationality indicated that 57 % of urinary tract infection prescriptions were justified, but just 29 % of respiratory tract infection prescriptions were deemed logical. Diarrhea and respiratory tract infections were recognized as primary targets for minimizing superfluous antibiotic consumption.
Conclusion
The research underscores the necessity for enhanced antibiotic prescription protocols in outpatient environments. Specialized education for healthcare professionals, improved prescription oversight, and compliance with evidence-based protocols are essential for fostering judicious antibiotic utilization and addressing AMR.
{"title":"An evaluation of antibiotic prescription pattern and drug rationality analysis among outpatients at public health setting, India","authors":"Vinay Modgil , Nusrat Shafiq , Amandeep Gondara , Rashmi Surial , Harpreet Singh , Vivek Karol , Manmeet Kaur , Helen Lambert , Neelam Taneja","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Antibiotic resistance (AMR) is a significant worldwide health problem, with inappropriate antibiotic prescription being a major contributing factor. Prudent antibiotic use is essential for enhancing health outcomes and reducing AMR. This study assesses antibiotic prescribing practices and their logic in a public community health facility catering to 12,900 urban and rural populations in North India.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cross-sectional research was performed from August 2021 to August 2022, examining 1219 outpatient antibiotic prescriptions. The data encompassed medication kind, dose, duration, adherence to therapeutic criteria, and rationale evaluated by ID specialists and clinical pharmacologists. The evaluation was conducted in accordance with standard procedures, including those from NCDC and PGIMER. Demographics, antibiotic classifications, WHO AWaRe categories, diagnoses, and compliance with the essential drug list (EDL) were evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results indicated that 45.9 % of prescriptions were for males and 54 % for females, predominantly involving individuals aged 20–40 years. Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (27.2 %) was the most often given antibiotic, followed by metronidazole (13.4 %) and azithromycin (10.3 %). The WHO AWaRe categorization revealed that 49.7 % of antibiotics were categorized as “Access,” 27.3 % as “Watch,” and none as “Reserve.” An examination of rationality indicated that 57 % of urinary tract infection prescriptions were justified, but just 29 % of respiratory tract infection prescriptions were deemed logical. Diarrhea and respiratory tract infections were recognized as primary targets for minimizing superfluous antibiotic consumption.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The research underscores the necessity for enhanced antibiotic prescription protocols in outpatient environments. Specialized education for healthcare professionals, improved prescription oversight, and compliance with evidence-based protocols are essential for fostering judicious antibiotic utilization and addressing AMR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100829"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143742776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100831
Eduardo Franco Tulio , Fabíola Lucini , Allan Carminatti de Lima , Natalia Daiane Garoni Martins do Carmo , Marcelo dos Santos Barbosa , Gleyce Hellen de Almeida de Souza , Luana Rossato
Background
Candida spp. infections have increasingly been reported among COVID-19 patients, yet the epidemiological factors, diagnostic methods, and outcomes associated with these infections remain poorly understood. These infections, particularly in ICU settings, present significant challenges due to high mortality rates and rising antifungal resistance. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, risk factors, treatment, and outcomes of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida in COVID-19 patients, providing clinical and epidemiological insights.
Methods
A review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, and BVS databases, covering articles published from January 2020 to May 2024. Inclusion criteria included case reports or case series providing detailed information on Candida spp. in COVID-19 patients. Data extraction focused on patient demographics, underlying diseases, antifungal and antibiotic therapies, antifungal susceptibility, resistance profiles, and outcomes. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software.
Results
The review included 67 studies, totaling 223 COVID-19 patients. Male patients were predominant. Common comorbidities included hypertension, cancer, and dyslipidemia. Echinocandins were the primary antifungal treatment. Non-albicans Candida exhibited a higher resistance rate (47.10 %) compared to C. albicans (2.35 %). Overall mortality rates were high, at 60.50 % for C. albicans and 62.30 % for non-albicans. Significant risk factors for mortality included age, central venous catheter use, ICU admission, and corticosteroid therapy.
Conclusions
The study identified critical risk factors and clinical characteristics in COVID-19 patients with Candida infections. The high incidence of antifungal resistance among non-albicans and high mortality rates highlight the need for vigilant monitoring and targeted antifungal strategies to improve outcomes.
{"title":"Candida infections in COVID-19 patients: A review of prevalence, risk factors, and mortality","authors":"Eduardo Franco Tulio , Fabíola Lucini , Allan Carminatti de Lima , Natalia Daiane Garoni Martins do Carmo , Marcelo dos Santos Barbosa , Gleyce Hellen de Almeida de Souza , Luana Rossato","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Candida</em> spp. infections have increasingly been reported among COVID-19 patients, yet the epidemiological factors, diagnostic methods, and outcomes associated with these infections remain poorly understood. These infections, particularly in ICU settings, present significant challenges due to high mortality rates and rising antifungal resistance. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, risk factors, treatment, and outcomes of <em>Candida albicans</em> and non-<em>albicans Candida</em> in COVID-19 patients, providing clinical and epidemiological insights.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, and BVS databases, covering articles published from January 2020 to May 2024. Inclusion criteria included case reports or case series providing detailed information on <em>Candida</em> spp. in COVID-19 patients. Data extraction focused on patient demographics, underlying diseases, antifungal and antibiotic therapies, antifungal susceptibility, resistance profiles, and outcomes. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The review included 67 studies, totaling 223 COVID-19 patients. Male patients were predominant. Common comorbidities included hypertension, cancer, and dyslipidemia. Echinocandins were the primary antifungal treatment. Non-<em>albicans Candida</em> exhibited a higher resistance rate (47.10 %) compared to <em>C. albicans</em> (2.35 %). Overall mortality rates were high, at 60.50 % for <em>C. albicans</em> and 62.30 % for non-<em>albicans</em>. Significant risk factors for mortality included age, central venous catheter use, ICU admission, and corticosteroid therapy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The study identified critical risk factors and clinical characteristics in COVID-19 patients with <em>Candida</em> infections. The high incidence of antifungal resistance among non-<em>albicans</em> and high mortality rates highlight the need for vigilant monitoring and targeted antifungal strategies to improve outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100831"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A 19-year-old male from Odisha state was diagnosed with facial chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea nubica, initially misidentified as F. pedrosoi. Sequencing of Internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA confirmed F. nubica, marking its first detection in India. This highlights the need for further research and monitoring of epidemiology of chromoblastomycosis.
{"title":"Expanding geographical niche of emerging pathogen Fonsecaea nubica: First report of its isolation from India from a case of chromoblastomycosis","authors":"Vinaykumar Hallur , Sajid Khan , Dharitri Mohapatra , Bimoch Projna Paty , Jayashree Mohanty , Diptanu Paul , Pritika Gahlot , Madhuchhanda Das , M.R. Shivaprakash","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 19-year-old male from Odisha state was diagnosed with facial chromoblastomycosis caused by <em>Fonsecaea nubica</em>, initially misidentified as <em>F. pedrosoi</em>. Sequencing of Internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA confirmed <em>F. nubica</em>, marking its first detection in India. This highlights the need for further research and monitoring of epidemiology of chromoblastomycosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100825"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) is a bacterium lacking cell wall, that causes atypical pneumonia in both children and adults, presenting as a mild to moderate illness. However, in some cases, it can result in severe pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications. Here, we report a case of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated facial palsy in a six-year-old child, who exhibited no significant respiratory signs or symptoms. The diagnosis was confirmed through real-time polymerase chain reaction assay of cerebrospinal fluid and throat samples. The possible correlation between Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and different symptoms of the central nervous system should be kept in mind by the clinicians.
{"title":"Atypical presentation of an atypical bacteria - Mycoplasma pneumoniae","authors":"Tanu Sagar , Anusha Rathi , Vinayaraj EV , Nishant Verma , Madhulika Kabra","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em> (Mp) is a bacterium lacking cell wall, that causes atypical pneumonia in both children and adults, presenting as a mild to moderate illness. However, in some cases, it can result in severe pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications. Here, we report a case of <em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae-</em>associated facial palsy in a six-year-old child, who exhibited no significant respiratory signs or symptoms. The diagnosis was confirmed through real-time polymerase chain reaction assay of cerebrospinal fluid and throat samples. The possible correlation between <em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em> infection and different symptoms of the central nervous system should be kept in mind by the clinicians.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100830"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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