Pub Date : 2025-03-29DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3575002
Juliette Breurec;Moustafa Abdel Hafiz;Claudio E. Calosso;Oriane Lelièvre;Rodolphe Boudot
We report on measurements of frequency shifts in a microwave cesium vapor cell atomic clock based on coherent population trapping (CPT). The dependence of the clock frequency on numerous experimental parameters, such as the laser power, the laser frequency, the microwave power, the cell temperature, the static magnetic field, but also the temperature of some key components, or the translation and rotation of critical wave plates and optical elements, is investigated. The stability budget of the clock frequency at one day is reported and discussed. This study constitutes a solid database for the future demonstration of a CPT-based cell clock with enhanced mid- and long-term stability performances.
{"title":"Frequency Shifts in a Coherent Population Trapping Cs Vapor Cell Atomic Clock","authors":"Juliette Breurec;Moustafa Abdel Hafiz;Claudio E. Calosso;Oriane Lelièvre;Rodolphe Boudot","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3575002","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3575002","url":null,"abstract":"We report on measurements of frequency shifts in a microwave cesium vapor cell atomic clock based on coherent population trapping (CPT). The dependence of the clock frequency on numerous experimental parameters, such as the laser power, the laser frequency, the microwave power, the cell temperature, the static magnetic field, but also the temperature of some key components, or the translation and rotation of critical wave plates and optical elements, is investigated. The stability budget of the clock frequency at one day is reported and discussed. This study constitutes a solid database for the future demonstration of a CPT-based cell clock with enhanced mid- and long-term stability performances.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 8","pages":"1160-1171"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144181531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-29DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3574916
Ryan M. DeRuiter;Rebecca M. Jones;Hatim Belgharbi;Masashi Sode;Hanjoo R. Lee;Francisco Santibanez;Paul A. Dayton;Gianmarco F. Pinton
Large field-of-view (FOV) brain imaging with ultrasound has become increasingly achievable with the application of 2-D probes capable of volumetric imaging. However, even in small animals the skull presents a significant barrier and conventional plane-wave transcranial imaging lacks the capability to image in some regions, resulting in incomplete super-resolved vascular reconstructions. Here a high-precision 6 degree-of-freedom robotic approach is used to optimize the transcranial transmission path and to generate composite compounded volumes that improve the field of view and imaging fill fraction. Three-dimensional transcranial simulation quantifies the effect that the skull has on US transmission, and, together with in vivo rat brain results for validation, was used to determine optimal angled transducer orientations for transcranial imaging of ±12°, laterally. Rat brain imaging with an improved FOV was accomplished by a combination of these angles with elevational translations. The 3-D super-resolution results of nine orientations were compounded together using geometric positioning data from the robot arm in combination with a nonrigid deformation correction to account for skull aberration differences. The resulting compounded result was registered against the Waxholm Space rat brain atlas, contextualizing the microvessels. As compared to the zero-angle orientation alone, the compounded result showed improvements in number of vessel-associated voxels for all examined brain regions by at least 350%. Local resolution measurements by a novel 3-D adaptation of a rolling Fourier ring correlation (FRC) approach was used to show consistent resolution measurements between orientation super-resolution results between 10 and $85~mu $ m.
{"title":"Improving Imaging Field of View of 3-D Transcranial Rat Brain Super-Resolution With Robotic Registered Compounding and Nonrigid Deformation Correction","authors":"Ryan M. DeRuiter;Rebecca M. Jones;Hatim Belgharbi;Masashi Sode;Hanjoo R. Lee;Francisco Santibanez;Paul A. Dayton;Gianmarco F. Pinton","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3574916","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3574916","url":null,"abstract":"Large field-of-view (FOV) brain imaging with ultrasound has become increasingly achievable with the application of 2-D probes capable of volumetric imaging. However, even in small animals the skull presents a significant barrier and conventional plane-wave transcranial imaging lacks the capability to image in some regions, resulting in incomplete super-resolved vascular reconstructions. Here a high-precision 6 degree-of-freedom robotic approach is used to optimize the transcranial transmission path and to generate composite compounded volumes that improve the field of view and imaging fill fraction. Three-dimensional transcranial simulation quantifies the effect that the skull has on US transmission, and, together with in vivo rat brain results for validation, was used to determine optimal angled transducer orientations for transcranial imaging of ±12°, laterally. Rat brain imaging with an improved FOV was accomplished by a combination of these angles with elevational translations. The 3-D super-resolution results of nine orientations were compounded together using geometric positioning data from the robot arm in combination with a nonrigid deformation correction to account for skull aberration differences. The resulting compounded result was registered against the Waxholm Space rat brain atlas, contextualizing the microvessels. As compared to the zero-angle orientation alone, the compounded result showed improvements in number of vessel-associated voxels for all examined brain regions by at least 350%. Local resolution measurements by a novel 3-D adaptation of a rolling Fourier ring correlation (FRC) approach was used to show consistent resolution measurements between orientation super-resolution results between 10 and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$85~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 7","pages":"889-905"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144182797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Class imbalance is a significant challenge in medical image analysis, particularly in lung ultrasound (LUS), where severe patterns are often underrepresented. Traditional oversampling techniques, which simply duplicate original data, have limited effectiveness in addressing this issue. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a novel supervised autoencoder generative adversarial network (SA-GAN) for data augmentation, leveraging advanced generative artificial intelligence (AI) to create high-quality synthetic samples for minority classes. In addition, the traditional data augmentation technique is used for comparison. The SA-GAN incorporates an autoencoder to develop a conditional latent space, effectively addressing weight clipping issues and ensuring higher quality synthetic data. The generated samples are evaluated using similarity metrics and expert analysis to validate their utility. Furthermore, state-of-the-art neural networks are used for multiclass classification, and their performance is compared when trained with GAN-based augmentation versus traditional data augmentation techniques. These contributions enhance the robustness and reliability of AI models in mitigating class imbalance in LUS analysis.
{"title":"Synthetic Lung Ultrasound Data Generation Using Autoencoder With Generative Adversarial Network","authors":"Noreen Fatima;Federico Mento;Sajjad Afrakhteh;Tiziano Perrone;Andrea Smargiassi;Riccardo Inchingolo;Libertario Demi","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3555447","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3555447","url":null,"abstract":"Class imbalance is a significant challenge in medical image analysis, particularly in lung ultrasound (LUS), where severe patterns are often underrepresented. Traditional oversampling techniques, which simply duplicate original data, have limited effectiveness in addressing this issue. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a novel supervised autoencoder generative adversarial network (SA-GAN) for data augmentation, leveraging advanced generative artificial intelligence (AI) to create high-quality synthetic samples for minority classes. In addition, the traditional data augmentation technique is used for comparison. The SA-GAN incorporates an autoencoder to develop a conditional latent space, effectively addressing weight clipping issues and ensuring higher quality synthetic data. The generated samples are evaluated using similarity metrics and expert analysis to validate their utility. Furthermore, state-of-the-art neural networks are used for multiclass classification, and their performance is compared when trained with GAN-based augmentation versus traditional data augmentation techniques. These contributions enhance the robustness and reliability of AI models in mitigating class imbalance in LUS analysis.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 5","pages":"624-635"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10943232","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-26DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3555180
Pedro Vianna;Paria Mehrbod;Muawiz Chaudhary;Michael Eickenberg;Guy Wolf;Eugene Belilovsky;An Tang;Guy Cloutier
Ultrasound (US) is considered a key modality for the clinical assessment of hepatic steatosis (i.e., fatty liver) due to its noninvasiveness and availability. Deep learning methods have attracted considerable interest in this field, as they are capable of learning patterns in a collection of images and achieve clinically comparable levels of accuracy in steatosis grading. However, variations in patient populations, acquisition protocols, equipment, and operator expertise across clinical sites can introduce domain shifts that reduce model performance when applied outside the original training setting. In response, unsupervised domain adaptation techniques are being investigated to address these shifts, allowing models to generalize more effectively across diverse clinical environments. In this work, we propose a test-time batch normalization (TTN) technique designed to handle domain shift, especially for changes in label distribution, by adapting selected features of batch normalization (BatchNorm) layers in a trained convolutional neural network model. This approach operates in an unsupervised manner, allowing robust adaptation to new distributions without access to label data. The method was evaluated on two abdominal US datasets collected at different institutions, assessing its capability in mitigating domain shift for hepatic steatosis classification. The proposed method reduced the mean absolute error in steatosis grading by 37% and improved the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) for steatosis detection from 0.78 to 0.97, compared to nonadapted models. These findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed method to address domain shift in US-based hepatic steatosis diagnosis, minimizing risks associated with deploying trained models in various clinical settings.
{"title":"Unsupervised Test-Time Adaptation for Hepatic Steatosis Grading Using Ultrasound B-Mode Images","authors":"Pedro Vianna;Paria Mehrbod;Muawiz Chaudhary;Michael Eickenberg;Guy Wolf;Eugene Belilovsky;An Tang;Guy Cloutier","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3555180","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3555180","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound (US) is considered a key modality for the clinical assessment of hepatic steatosis (i.e., fatty liver) due to its noninvasiveness and availability. Deep learning methods have attracted considerable interest in this field, as they are capable of learning patterns in a collection of images and achieve clinically comparable levels of accuracy in steatosis grading. However, variations in patient populations, acquisition protocols, equipment, and operator expertise across clinical sites can introduce domain shifts that reduce model performance when applied outside the original training setting. In response, unsupervised domain adaptation techniques are being investigated to address these shifts, allowing models to generalize more effectively across diverse clinical environments. In this work, we propose a test-time batch normalization (TTN) technique designed to handle domain shift, especially for changes in label distribution, by adapting selected features of batch normalization (BatchNorm) layers in a trained convolutional neural network model. This approach operates in an unsupervised manner, allowing robust adaptation to new distributions without access to label data. The method was evaluated on two abdominal US datasets collected at different institutions, assessing its capability in mitigating domain shift for hepatic steatosis classification. The proposed method reduced the mean absolute error in steatosis grading by 37% and improved the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) for steatosis detection from 0.78 to 0.97, compared to nonadapted models. These findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed method to address domain shift in US-based hepatic steatosis diagnosis, minimizing risks associated with deploying trained models in various clinical settings.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 5","pages":"601-611"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-26DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3554223
Shilong Cui;Qing Wu;Yiming Huang;Haizhao Dai;Yuyao Zhang;Jingyi Yu;Xiran Cai
Ultrasound computed tomography (USCT) is a promising technique for breast cancer detection because of its quantitative imaging capability of the speed of sound (SOS) of soft tissues and the fact that malignant breast lesions often have a higher SOS compared to healthy tissues in the human breast. Compared to waveform inversion-based USCT, bent-ray tracing USCT is relatively less computationally expensive, which particularly suits breast cancer screening in a large population. However, SOS image reconstruction using bent-ray tracing in USCT is a highly ill-conditioned problem, making it susceptible to measurement errors. This presents significant challenges in achieving stable and high-quality reconstructions. In this study, we show that using implicit neural representation (INR), the ill-conditioned problem can be well mitigated, and stable reconstruction is achievable. This INR approach uses a multilayer perceptron (MLP) with hash encoding to model the slowness map as a continuous function, to better regularize the inverse problem and has been shown more effective than classical approaches of solely adding regularization terms in the loss function. Thereby, we propose the bent-ray neural radiance fields (BentRay-NeRF) method for SOS image reconstruction to address the aforementioned challenges in classical SOS image reconstruction methods, such as the Gauss-Newton method. In silico and in vitro experiments showed that BentRay-NeRF has remarkably improved performance compared to the classical method in many aspects, including the image quality and the robustness of the inversion to different acquisition settings in the presence of measurement errors.
{"title":"BentRay-NeRF: Bent-Ray Neural Radiance Fields for Robust Speed-of-Sound Imaging in Ultrasound Computed Tomography","authors":"Shilong Cui;Qing Wu;Yiming Huang;Haizhao Dai;Yuyao Zhang;Jingyi Yu;Xiran Cai","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3554223","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3554223","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound computed tomography (USCT) is a promising technique for breast cancer detection because of its quantitative imaging capability of the speed of sound (SOS) of soft tissues and the fact that malignant breast lesions often have a higher SOS compared to healthy tissues in the human breast. Compared to waveform inversion-based USCT, bent-ray tracing USCT is relatively less computationally expensive, which particularly suits breast cancer screening in a large population. However, SOS image reconstruction using bent-ray tracing in USCT is a highly ill-conditioned problem, making it susceptible to measurement errors. This presents significant challenges in achieving stable and high-quality reconstructions. In this study, we show that using implicit neural representation (INR), the ill-conditioned problem can be well mitigated, and stable reconstruction is achievable. This INR approach uses a multilayer perceptron (MLP) with hash encoding to model the slowness map as a continuous function, to better regularize the inverse problem and has been shown more effective than classical approaches of solely adding regularization terms in the loss function. Thereby, we propose the bent-ray neural radiance fields (BentRay-NeRF) method for SOS image reconstruction to address the aforementioned challenges in classical SOS image reconstruction methods, such as the Gauss-Newton method. In silico and in vitro experiments showed that BentRay-NeRF has remarkably improved performance compared to the classical method in many aspects, including the image quality and the robustness of the inversion to different acquisition settings in the presence of measurement errors.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 5","pages":"612-623"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-25DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3553784
Tamara Krpic;Maxime Bilodeau;Meaghan A. O’Reilly;Patrice Masson;Nicolas Quaegebeur
In this article, a correlation-based (CB) ultrasound imaging technique is implemented to extend the field of view (FOV) in the inspected medium and to enhance image homogeneity. This implementation involves the acquisition, the compression, and the adaptation of a database of experimental reference signals (CB-Exp), consisting of backpropagated reflections on point-like scatterers at different positions, as an improvement over preceding implementations involving a database of numerical reference signals (CB-Num). Starting from a large database acquired in water to a database with a 99% size reduction that can be applied to tissue-like media, CB-Exp has been validated in vitro on a CIRS 040GSE phantom. When compared with the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) and CB-Num, CB-Exp results show reduced sensitivity to the probe’s directivity, allowing an FOV extension from 25° with SAFT to 75° with CB-Exp. In vivo testing on a piglet’s heart with CB-Exp imaging showed a 3.5-dB contrast improvement on the pericardium wall. Overall benefits of this method include a reduction in the background gCNR standard deviation (std) of 0.2 and a reduction in the std of 10 dB in the point-like targets levels, which translates to more homogeneous sensitivity in the axial and lateral directions of the image.
{"title":"Extended Field of View Imaging Through Correlation With an Experimental Database","authors":"Tamara Krpic;Maxime Bilodeau;Meaghan A. O’Reilly;Patrice Masson;Nicolas Quaegebeur","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3553784","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3553784","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a correlation-based (CB) ultrasound imaging technique is implemented to extend the field of view (FOV) in the inspected medium and to enhance image homogeneity. This implementation involves the acquisition, the compression, and the adaptation of a database of experimental reference signals (CB-Exp), consisting of backpropagated reflections on point-like scatterers at different positions, as an improvement over preceding implementations involving a database of numerical reference signals (CB-Num). Starting from a large database acquired in water to a database with a 99% size reduction that can be applied to tissue-like media, CB-Exp has been validated in vitro on a CIRS 040GSE phantom. When compared with the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) and CB-Num, CB-Exp results show reduced sensitivity to the probe’s directivity, allowing an FOV extension from 25° with SAFT to 75° with CB-Exp. In vivo testing on a piglet’s heart with CB-Exp imaging showed a 3.5-dB contrast improvement on the pericardium wall. Overall benefits of this method include a reduction in the background gCNR standard deviation (std) of 0.2 and a reduction in the std of 10 dB in the point-like targets levels, which translates to more homogeneous sensitivity in the axial and lateral directions of the image.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 5","pages":"646-655"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-25DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3554597
Ian Anderson;Omar Barrera;Nishanth Ravi;Lezli Matto;Kapil Saha;Supratik Dasgupta;Joshua Campbell;Jack Kramer;Eugene Kwon;Tzu-Hsuan Hsu;Sinwoo Cho;Pietro Simeoni;Jue Hou;Matteo Rinaldi;Mark S. Goorsky;Ruochen Lu
This article reports the first groups of low-loss acoustic solidly mounted resonators (SMRs) and acoustic delay lines (ADLs) at 14–20 GHz. Bulk acoustic waves (BAWs) are confined in thin-film scandium aluminum nitride (ScAlN) on top of dielectric acoustic Bragg reflectors, consisting of alternating silicon dioxide with tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5/SiO${}_{{2}}text {)}$ or niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5/SiO${}_{{2}}$ ) on Si carrier wafers. Stack material parameters are extracted via high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and X-ray reflectivity (XRR). The simulation and experiment show confinement for longitudinal BAW from 14 to 20 GHz. ADLs show high propagation Q above 478 and 171 for Ta2O5/SiO2 and Nb2O5/SiO2, respectively. SMRs in both stacks perform similarly, showing coupling coefficient (${k}^{{2}}text {)}$ of 2.0%, series Q (${Q}_{s}text {)}$ of 156, and parallel Q (${Q}_{p}text {)}$ values of 140 for Ta2O5/SiO2, while ${k}^{{2}}$ of 2.4%, ${Q}_{s}$ of 140, and ${Q}_{p}$ of 109 for Nb2O5/SiO2, both at 18.6 GHz. Upon development, ScAlN solidly mounted platforms will enable signal processing elements with better power handling.
{"title":"Solidly Mounted Scandium Aluminum Nitride on Acoustic Bragg Reflector Platforms at 14–20 GHz","authors":"Ian Anderson;Omar Barrera;Nishanth Ravi;Lezli Matto;Kapil Saha;Supratik Dasgupta;Joshua Campbell;Jack Kramer;Eugene Kwon;Tzu-Hsuan Hsu;Sinwoo Cho;Pietro Simeoni;Jue Hou;Matteo Rinaldi;Mark S. Goorsky;Ruochen Lu","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3554597","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3554597","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports the first groups of low-loss acoustic solidly mounted resonators (SMRs) and acoustic delay lines (ADLs) at 14–20 GHz. Bulk acoustic waves (BAWs) are confined in thin-film scandium aluminum nitride (ScAlN) on top of dielectric acoustic Bragg reflectors, consisting of alternating silicon dioxide with tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5/SiO<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{{2}}text {)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> or niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5/SiO<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) on Si carrier wafers. Stack material parameters are extracted via high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and X-ray reflectivity (XRR). The simulation and experiment show confinement for longitudinal BAW from 14 to 20 GHz. ADLs show high propagation Q above 478 and 171 for Ta2O5/SiO2 and Nb2O5/SiO2, respectively. SMRs in both stacks perform similarly, showing coupling coefficient (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${k}^{{2}}text {)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 2.0%, series Q (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${Q}_{s}text {)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 156, and parallel Q (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${Q}_{p}text {)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> values of 140 for Ta2O5/SiO2, while <inline-formula> <tex-math>${k}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 2.4%, <inline-formula> <tex-math>${Q}_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 140, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>${Q}_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 109 for Nb2O5/SiO2, both at 18.6 GHz. Upon development, ScAlN solidly mounted platforms will enable signal processing elements with better power handling.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 5","pages":"656-662"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-24DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3554004
Xingyu Liu;Junyan Zheng;Yansong Yang
Different orders of Lamb wave mode resonators using interdigital transducers (IDTs) and LiNbO3 thin films are increasingly important due to their large electromechanical coupling (${k}_{text {t}}^{{2}}$ ) and high phase velocities, essential for millimeter wave (mmWave) miniaturized acoustic filters. In $50~Omega $ systems, achieving proper impedance matching necessitates large static capacitance. However, this capacitance may interact with self-inductance, leading to multiple electromagnetic (EM) self-resonances in the targeted spectrum, which is one of the major bottlenecks in using acoustic waves for mmWave applications. These resonances will decrease the series quality factor (Q) and alter the capacitive characteristics of the resonator, which significantly degrades the performance in filtering and frequency reference, especially with higher-order Lamb wave modes. Unlike the sub-6 GHz system, a new modeling method is needed to analyze the previously neglected EM-acoustic coupling in the 5 G/6G mmWave spectrum. This study proposes new design philosophies for IDTs to reduce self-inductance for mmWave applications, exploring the interactions between acoustic and EM waves within the IDTs and introducing new equivalent circuit models for various scenarios. To verify these methods, devices were fabricated on Y-128° cut LiNbO3 thin films. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approaches. This work enables the effective use of IDT in the mmWave range without sacrificing necessary static capacitance and explains the EM effects based on the proposed multiphysic equivalent circuit models.
{"title":"Scale Interdigital Transducer-Based Microacoustic Resonators Into mmWave Applications","authors":"Xingyu Liu;Junyan Zheng;Yansong Yang","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3554004","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3554004","url":null,"abstract":"Different orders of Lamb wave mode resonators using interdigital transducers (IDTs) and LiNbO3 thin films are increasingly important due to their large electromechanical coupling (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${k}_{text {t}}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and high phase velocities, essential for millimeter wave (mmWave) miniaturized acoustic filters. In <inline-formula> <tex-math>$50~Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> systems, achieving proper impedance matching necessitates large static capacitance. However, this capacitance may interact with self-inductance, leading to multiple electromagnetic (EM) self-resonances in the targeted spectrum, which is one of the major bottlenecks in using acoustic waves for mmWave applications. These resonances will decrease the series quality factor (Q) and alter the capacitive characteristics of the resonator, which significantly degrades the performance in filtering and frequency reference, especially with higher-order Lamb wave modes. Unlike the sub-6 GHz system, a new modeling method is needed to analyze the previously neglected EM-acoustic coupling in the 5 G/6G mmWave spectrum. This study proposes new design philosophies for IDTs to reduce self-inductance for mmWave applications, exploring the interactions between acoustic and EM waves within the IDTs and introducing new equivalent circuit models for various scenarios. To verify these methods, devices were fabricated on Y-128° cut LiNbO3 thin films. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approaches. This work enables the effective use of IDT in the mmWave range without sacrificing necessary static capacitance and explains the EM effects based on the proposed multiphysic equivalent circuit models.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 5","pages":"674-685"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-21DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3553735
Vassili Pustovalov;Duong Hung Pham;Corentin Alix;Jean-Pierre Remeniéras;Denis Kouamé
Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) represents a significant advancement over traditional ultrasound (US) imaging, enabling super-resolution (SR) imaging of microvascular structures with unprecedented detail, by using microbubbles (MBs) as highly reflective contrast agents. After injection into the bloodstream, MBs are localized in US images to reconstruct the microvasculature. However, this technique faces a tradeoff between MB localization accuracy and acquisition time. Perfusion with low MB concentrations reduces signal overlap and achieves high localization accuracy but requires extended acquisition times. Conversely, higher MB concentrations shorten acquisition times but increase signal overlap, limiting localization precision. Traditionally, ULM consists of five main steps: tissue filtering, MB detection, MB super-localization, tracking, and rendering. In this study, we present a novel approach that combines a robust principal component analysis (RPCA) with a computational SR technique, replacing the first three steps of ULM with a single process based on solving an SR inverse problem. This method isolates MB signals from background noise and enhances the localization of overlapping MBs, thereby improving overall ULM performance. The experimental results from simulated and in vivo data demonstrate that our proposed approach increases the SR factor by up to 30% and enhances the contrast ratio (CR) by 3.5 dB. It also produces comparable results across other image quality metrics. These improvements enable denser, higher contrast vascular images.
{"title":"Computational Super-Resolution for Ultrasound Localization Microscopy Through Solving an Inverse Problem","authors":"Vassili Pustovalov;Duong Hung Pham;Corentin Alix;Jean-Pierre Remeniéras;Denis Kouamé","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3553735","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3553735","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) represents a significant advancement over traditional ultrasound (US) imaging, enabling super-resolution (SR) imaging of microvascular structures with unprecedented detail, by using microbubbles (MBs) as highly reflective contrast agents. After injection into the bloodstream, MBs are localized in US images to reconstruct the microvasculature. However, this technique faces a tradeoff between MB localization accuracy and acquisition time. Perfusion with low MB concentrations reduces signal overlap and achieves high localization accuracy but requires extended acquisition times. Conversely, higher MB concentrations shorten acquisition times but increase signal overlap, limiting localization precision. Traditionally, ULM consists of five main steps: tissue filtering, MB detection, MB super-localization, tracking, and rendering. In this study, we present a novel approach that combines a robust principal component analysis (RPCA) with a computational SR technique, replacing the first three steps of ULM with a single process based on solving an SR inverse problem. This method isolates MB signals from background noise and enhances the localization of overlapping MBs, thereby improving overall ULM performance. The experimental results from simulated and in vivo data demonstrate that our proposed approach increases the SR factor by up to 30% and enhances the contrast ratio (CR) by 3.5 dB. It also produces comparable results across other image quality metrics. These improvements enable denser, higher contrast vascular images.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 5","pages":"636-645"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143673833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-20DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3553083
Ryan Hubbard;David Choi;Tejaswi Worlikar;Ulrich Scheven;Hanna Kim;Jonathan R. Sukovich;Timothy L. Hall;Zhen Xu
Histotripsy has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for liver tumors, recently gaining food and drug administration (FDA) approval for clinical use in October 2023. Preclinical in vivo histotripsy experiments primarily utilize subcutaneous ectopic murine tumor models, which fail to accurately replicate the complex immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) of liver tumors. In order to address this gap, we present the design, development, and in vivo demonstration of a miniature, electronically steerable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided histotripsy array tailored for orthotopic murine liver tumor models. This novel system integrates an 89-element phased array within a 7.0-T small animal MRI scanner, enabling precise targeting through enhanced soft tissue contrast and 3-D visualization. The targeting accuracy of the array was validated in tissue-mimicking red blood cell (RBC) phantoms, exhibiting targeting precision of $0.24~pm ~0.1$ mm. Subsequent in vivo experiments in naïve mice demonstrated successful liver ablations, confirmed by gross morphology and histological analysis. However, the presence of grating lobes led to undesired collateral damage, highlighted by lung hemorrhages, necessitating future adjustments in the array’s design. This study illustrates the foundational steps necessary for translating histotripsy experiments from subcutaneous to orthotopic models.
{"title":"MRI Coregistered Rodent Histotripsy Array for Orthotopic Liver Models","authors":"Ryan Hubbard;David Choi;Tejaswi Worlikar;Ulrich Scheven;Hanna Kim;Jonathan R. Sukovich;Timothy L. Hall;Zhen Xu","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3553083","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3553083","url":null,"abstract":"Histotripsy has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for liver tumors, recently gaining food and drug administration (FDA) approval for clinical use in October 2023. Preclinical in vivo histotripsy experiments primarily utilize subcutaneous ectopic murine tumor models, which fail to accurately replicate the complex immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) of liver tumors. In order to address this gap, we present the design, development, and in vivo demonstration of a miniature, electronically steerable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided histotripsy array tailored for orthotopic murine liver tumor models. This novel system integrates an 89-element phased array within a 7.0-T small animal MRI scanner, enabling precise targeting through enhanced soft tissue contrast and 3-D visualization. The targeting accuracy of the array was validated in tissue-mimicking red blood cell (RBC) phantoms, exhibiting targeting precision of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.24~pm ~0.1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm. Subsequent in vivo experiments in naïve mice demonstrated successful liver ablations, confirmed by gross morphology and histological analysis. However, the presence of grating lobes led to undesired collateral damage, highlighted by lung hemorrhages, necessitating future adjustments in the array’s design. This study illustrates the foundational steps necessary for translating histotripsy experiments from subcutaneous to orthotopic models.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 5","pages":"581-590"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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