Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3463731
Ioana Zdru, Florin Ciubotaru, Claudia Nastase, Andrei Florescu, Alexandre Abbass Hamadeh, Moritz Geilen, Alexandra Nicoloiu, George Boldeiu, Dan Vasilache, Sergiu Iordanescu, Life Monica Nedelcu, Daniele Narducci, Mihaela-Cristina Ciornei, Christoph Adelmann, Adrian Dinescu, Mathias Weiler, Philipp Pirro, Alexandru Muller
A two port surface acoustic wave (SAW) device was developed to be used for the control and excitation via spin waves (SW). The structure was manufactured using advanced nanolithography techniques, on GaN/Si, enabling fundamental Rayleigh interdigitated transducer (IDT) resonances in GHz frequency range. The ferromagnetic resonance of the magnetostrictive Ni/NiFeSi layer placed between the IDTs of the SAW device can be tuned to the SAW resonance frequency by magnetic fields. Using structures with finger and interdigit spacing of 170 nm and 100 nm, fundamental Rayleigh IDT resonance frequencies of 6.4 and 10.4 GHz have been obtained. Coupling of SAW to SW was demonstrated through transmission measurements at the fundamental Rayleigh frequencies in a magnetic field, μ0H from -280 to +280 mT, at different angles (θ) between the SAW propagation direction and the magnetic field direction. For the 6.4 GHz resonator a maximum decrease of about 1.2 dB occurred in |S21|, at μ0H = 30 mT and at θ = 45. Time-gated processing of the frequency domain raw data was used to remove the direct electromagnetic cross talk and triple transit effects. Nonreciprocity associated to the coupling was analyzed for the two SAW structures. The quantitative influence of the magnetic field strength on the phase of the transmission parameters is also presented.
{"title":"Interaction of acoustic waves with spin waves using a GHz operating GaN/Si SAW device with a Ni/NiFeSi layer between its IDTs.","authors":"Ioana Zdru, Florin Ciubotaru, Claudia Nastase, Andrei Florescu, Alexandre Abbass Hamadeh, Moritz Geilen, Alexandra Nicoloiu, George Boldeiu, Dan Vasilache, Sergiu Iordanescu, Life Monica Nedelcu, Daniele Narducci, Mihaela-Cristina Ciornei, Christoph Adelmann, Adrian Dinescu, Mathias Weiler, Philipp Pirro, Alexandru Muller","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3463731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3463731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A two port surface acoustic wave (SAW) device was developed to be used for the control and excitation via spin waves (SW). The structure was manufactured using advanced nanolithography techniques, on GaN/Si, enabling fundamental Rayleigh interdigitated transducer (IDT) resonances in GHz frequency range. The ferromagnetic resonance of the magnetostrictive Ni/NiFeSi layer placed between the IDTs of the SAW device can be tuned to the SAW resonance frequency by magnetic fields. Using structures with finger and interdigit spacing of 170 nm and 100 nm, fundamental Rayleigh IDT resonance frequencies of 6.4 and 10.4 GHz have been obtained. Coupling of SAW to SW was demonstrated through transmission measurements at the fundamental Rayleigh frequencies in a magnetic field, μ0H from -280 to +280 mT, at different angles (θ) between the SAW propagation direction and the magnetic field direction. For the 6.4 GHz resonator a maximum decrease of about 1.2 dB occurred in |S21|, at μ0H = 30 mT and at θ = 45. Time-gated processing of the frequency domain raw data was used to remove the direct electromagnetic cross talk and triple transit effects. Nonreciprocity associated to the coupling was analyzed for the two SAW structures. The quantitative influence of the magnetic field strength on the phase of the transmission parameters is also presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142345783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) is becoming well established in preclinical applications. For its translation into clinical practice, the localization precision achievable with commercial ultrasound (US) scanners is crucial—especially with volume imaging, which is essential for dealing with out-of-plane motion. Here, we propose an easy-to-perform method to estimate the localization precision of 3-D US scanners. With this method, we evaluated imaging sequences of the Philips Epiq 7 US device using the X5-1 and the XL14-3 matrix transducers and also tested different localization methods. For the X5-1 transducer, the best lateral, elevational, and axial precision was 109, 95, and $55~mu $ m for one contrast mode, and 29, 22, and $19~mu $ m for the other. The higher frequency XL14-3 transducer yielded precisions of 17, 38, and $6~mu $ m using the harmonic imaging mode. Although the center of mass was the most robust localization method also often providing the best precision, the localization method has only a minor influence on the localization precision compared to the impact by the imaging sequence and transducer. The results show that with one of the imaging modes of the X5-1 transducer, precisions comparable to the XL14-3 transducer can be achieved. However, due to localization precisions worse than $10~mu $ m, reconstruction of the microvasculature at the capillary level will not be possible. These results show the importance of evaluating the localization precision of imaging sequences from different US transducers or scanners in all directions before using them for in vivo measurements.
{"title":"Ultrasound Localization Microscopy Precision of Clinical 3-D Ultrasound Systems","authors":"Stefanie Dencks;Thomas Lisson;Nico Oblisz;Fabian Kiessling;Georg Schmitz","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3467391","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3467391","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) is becoming well established in preclinical applications. For its translation into clinical practice, the localization precision achievable with commercial ultrasound (US) scanners is crucial—especially with volume imaging, which is essential for dealing with out-of-plane motion. Here, we propose an easy-to-perform method to estimate the localization precision of 3-D US scanners. With this method, we evaluated imaging sequences of the Philips Epiq 7 US device using the X5-1 and the XL14-3 matrix transducers and also tested different localization methods. For the X5-1 transducer, the best lateral, elevational, and axial precision was 109, 95, and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$55~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m for one contrast mode, and 29, 22, and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$19~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m for the other. The higher frequency XL14-3 transducer yielded precisions of 17, 38, and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$6~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m using the harmonic imaging mode. Although the center of mass was the most robust localization method also often providing the best precision, the localization method has only a minor influence on the localization precision compared to the impact by the imaging sequence and transducer. The results show that with one of the imaging modes of the X5-1 transducer, precisions comparable to the XL14-3 transducer can be achieved. However, due to localization precisions worse than \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m, reconstruction of the microvasculature at the capillary level will not be possible. These results show the importance of evaluating the localization precision of imaging sequences from different US transducers or scanners in all directions before using them for in vivo measurements.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 12: Breaking the Resolution Barrier in Ultrasound","pages":"1677-1689"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142345784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3465837
Antonio Lopez-Marin, Verya Daeichin, Andres Hunt, Geert Springeling, Robert Beurskens, Antonius F W Van der Steen, Gijs Van Soest
Multimodal intravascular ultrasound and photoacoustic (IVUS/PA) imaging is a promising diagnostic tool for cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis. IVUS/PA catheters typically require two independent transducers due to different frequency requirements, potentially increasing the catheter size. To facilitate multimodal imaging within conventional catheter dimensions, we designed, fabricated, and characterized a dual-transducer acoustic stack where a low-frequency (LF) PA receiver sits as a matching layer for the high-frequency (HF) US transducer. While the HF transducer operates around 50 MHz, the LF receiver targets frequencies below 15 MHz to capture most of the PA energy from atherosclerotic plaque lipids. Simulation results reveal that this configuration could increase the sensitivity of the HF transducer by 3.54 dB while maintaining bandwidth. Phantom experiments with fabricated stacks showed improved performance for the US transducer, validating the enhanced sensitivity and bandwidth. Following improvements in stack fabrication, the proposed acoustic stack is a viable design that can significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy for atherosclerosis, providing high-resolution, multifrequency imaging within a compact catheter form factor.
多模态血管内超声和光声（IVUS/PA）成像是治疗动脉粥样硬化等心血管疾病的一种前景广阔的诊断工具。由于频率要求不同，IVUS/PA 导管通常需要两个独立的传感器，这可能会增加导管的尺寸。为了在传统导管尺寸内实现多模态成像，我们设计、制造并鉴定了一种双换能器声学叠层，其中低频 PA 接收器作为高频 US 换能器的匹配层。高频换能器的工作频率约为 50 兆赫，而低频接收器的目标频率低于 15 兆赫，以捕获动脉粥样硬化斑块脂质的大部分 PA 能量。模拟结果表明，这种配置可将高频换能器的灵敏度提高 3.54 dB，同时保持带宽不变。使用制作好的堆栈进行的模拟实验显示，US 传感器的性能得到了改善，验证了灵敏度和带宽的提高。在改进堆栈制造之后，所提出的声学堆栈是一种可行的设计，可显著提高动脉粥样硬化的诊断准确性，在紧凑的导管外形中提供高分辨率、多频成像。
{"title":"Acoustic stack for combined intravascular ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging.","authors":"Antonio Lopez-Marin, Verya Daeichin, Andres Hunt, Geert Springeling, Robert Beurskens, Antonius F W Van der Steen, Gijs Van Soest","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3465837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3465837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multimodal intravascular ultrasound and photoacoustic (IVUS/PA) imaging is a promising diagnostic tool for cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis. IVUS/PA catheters typically require two independent transducers due to different frequency requirements, potentially increasing the catheter size. To facilitate multimodal imaging within conventional catheter dimensions, we designed, fabricated, and characterized a dual-transducer acoustic stack where a low-frequency (LF) PA receiver sits as a matching layer for the high-frequency (HF) US transducer. While the HF transducer operates around 50 MHz, the LF receiver targets frequencies below 15 MHz to capture most of the PA energy from atherosclerotic plaque lipids. Simulation results reveal that this configuration could increase the sensitivity of the HF transducer by 3.54 dB while maintaining bandwidth. Phantom experiments with fabricated stacks showed improved performance for the US transducer, validating the enhanced sensitivity and bandwidth. Following improvements in stack fabrication, the proposed acoustic stack is a viable design that can significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy for atherosclerosis, providing high-resolution, multifrequency imaging within a compact catheter form factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using acoustic vortex tweezers (AVTs) to spatially accumulate microbubbles (MBs) shows promise for enhancing drug delivery efficiency and reducing off-target effects. The strong echogenicity of accumulated MBs also improves diagnostics via conventional ultrasound (US) B-mode imaging. However, the annular high-pressure distribution of AVT inhibits MBs inflow at the inlet, reducing MBs collection. The spatial resolution of US B-mode imaging further limits theranostic applications of AVT-mediated MBs accumulation. To address these challenges, we integrated an AVT waveform with volumetric super-resolution imaging (VSRI) to monitor the dynamic growth of MBs cluster during accumulation. We used a 5-MHz 2-D array transducer for VSRI, employing plane wave pulses interleaved with accumulating pulses to retain MBs at a flow rate of 0.023–0.047 mL/s in a 3-mm vessel phantom. An asymmetrical AVT waveform (AVT $^{ast }$ ) was produced by modulating the pressure at the MBs inlet compared to the outlet. The effectiveness was validated in rat cerebral vessels for real-time volumetric tracking of MBs clusters. Microscopy observations showed that AVT $^{ast }$ could quickly gather flowing MBs into cluster without repelling them at a flow rate of 0.023 mL/s. Statistical results indicated that microscopic data correlated better with VSRI than with B-mode images, suggesting VSRI suffices to detect the dynamics of AVT $^{ast }$ -actuated MBs accumulation in real-time. Additionally, VSRI detected a significant increase in MBs cluster size over time during AVT $^{ast }$ in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) of the rat brain. These findings demonstrate that the proposed strategy can accumulate the flowing MBs at a desired location and simultaneously observe this phenomenon.
{"title":"Super-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging for Analysis of Microbubbles Cluster by Acoustic Vortex Tweezers","authors":"Ching-Hsiang Fan;Wei-Chen Lo;Chung-Han Huang;Thi-Nhan Phan;Chih-Kuang Yeh","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3466119","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3466119","url":null,"abstract":"Using acoustic vortex tweezers (AVTs) to spatially accumulate microbubbles (MBs) shows promise for enhancing drug delivery efficiency and reducing off-target effects. The strong echogenicity of accumulated MBs also improves diagnostics via conventional ultrasound (US) B-mode imaging. However, the annular high-pressure distribution of AVT inhibits MBs inflow at the inlet, reducing MBs collection. The spatial resolution of US B-mode imaging further limits theranostic applications of AVT-mediated MBs accumulation. To address these challenges, we integrated an AVT waveform with volumetric super-resolution imaging (VSRI) to monitor the dynamic growth of MBs cluster during accumulation. We used a 5-MHz 2-D array transducer for VSRI, employing plane wave pulses interleaved with accumulating pulses to retain MBs at a flow rate of 0.023–0.047 mL/s in a 3-mm vessel phantom. An asymmetrical AVT waveform (AVT\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{ast }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) was produced by modulating the pressure at the MBs inlet compared to the outlet. The effectiveness was validated in rat cerebral vessels for real-time volumetric tracking of MBs clusters. Microscopy observations showed that AVT\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{ast }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 could quickly gather flowing MBs into cluster without repelling them at a flow rate of 0.023 mL/s. Statistical results indicated that microscopic data correlated better with VSRI than with B-mode images, suggesting VSRI suffices to detect the dynamics of AVT\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{ast }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-actuated MBs accumulation in real-time. Additionally, VSRI detected a significant increase in MBs cluster size over time during AVT\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{ast }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) of the rat brain. These findings demonstrate that the proposed strategy can accumulate the flowing MBs at a desired location and simultaneously observe this phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 12: Breaking the Resolution Barrier in Ultrasound","pages":"1814-1822"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3466290
Ruud J. G. van Sloun
Ultrasound (US) has the unique potential to offer access to medical imaging to anyone, everywhere. Devices have become ultraportable and cost-effective, akin to the stethoscope. Nevertheless, and despite many advances, US image quality and diagnostic efficacy are still highly operator- and patient-dependent. In difficult-to-image patients, image quality is often insufficient for reliable diagnosis. In this article, we put forth the idea that US imaging systems can be recast as information-seeking agents that engage in reciprocal interactions with their anatomical environment. Such agents autonomously adapt their transmit-receive sequences to fully personalize imaging and actively maximize information gain in situ. To that end, we will show that the sequence of pulse-echo experiments that a US system performs can be interpreted as a perception-action loop: the action is the data acquisition, probing tissue with acoustic waves and recording reflections at the detection array, and perception is the inference of the anatomical and or functional state, potentially including associated diagnostic quantities. We then equip systems with a mechanism to actively reduce uncertainty and maximize diagnostic value across a sequence of experiments, treating action and perception jointly using Bayesian inference given generative models of the environment and action-conditional pulse-echo observations. Since the representation capacity of the generative models dictates both the quality of inferred anatomical states and the effectiveness of inferred sequences of future imaging actions, we will be greatly leveraging the enormous advances in deep generative modeling (generative AI), which are currently disrupting many fields and society at large. Finally, we show some examples of cognitive, closed-loop, US systems that perform active beamsteering and adaptive scanline selection based on deep generative models that track anatomical belief states.
{"title":"Active Inference and Deep Generative Modeling for Cognitive Ultrasound","authors":"Ruud J. G. van Sloun","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3466290","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3466290","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound (US) has the unique potential to offer access to medical imaging to anyone, everywhere. Devices have become ultraportable and cost-effective, akin to the stethoscope. Nevertheless, and despite many advances, US image quality and diagnostic efficacy are still highly operator- and patient-dependent. In difficult-to-image patients, image quality is often insufficient for reliable diagnosis. In this article, we put forth the idea that US imaging systems can be recast as information-seeking agents that engage in reciprocal interactions with their anatomical environment. Such agents autonomously adapt their transmit-receive sequences to fully personalize imaging and actively maximize information gain in situ. To that end, we will show that the sequence of pulse-echo experiments that a US system performs can be interpreted as a perception-action loop: the action is the data acquisition, probing tissue with acoustic waves and recording reflections at the detection array, and perception is the inference of the anatomical and or functional state, potentially including associated diagnostic quantities. We then equip systems with a mechanism to actively reduce uncertainty and maximize diagnostic value across a sequence of experiments, treating action and perception jointly using Bayesian inference given generative models of the environment and action-conditional pulse-echo observations. Since the representation capacity of the generative models dictates both the quality of inferred anatomical states and the effectiveness of inferred sequences of future imaging actions, we will be greatly leveraging the enormous advances in deep generative modeling (generative AI), which are currently disrupting many fields and society at large. Finally, we show some examples of cognitive, closed-loop, US systems that perform active beamsteering and adaptive scanline selection based on deep generative models that track anatomical belief states.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 11","pages":"1478-1490"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3465589
Sanjog Vilas Joshi;Sina Sadeghpour;Michael Kraft
This article reports a $30times 12$ row-column (RC) addressed flexible piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer (PMUT) array with a top-down fabrication process. The fabrication uses a temporary carrier wafer from which the array device is released by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). About 0.8- $mu $ m-thick sol-gel processed lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin film acts as the active piezoelectric. The flexible PMUT membrane includes the PZT film and a 14- $mu $ m polyimide as a passive layer. A sidewall made of polyimide measuring $21~mu $ m in thickness with a cavity of $100~mu $ m in diameter is realized by reactive ion etching (RIE). Laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) characterization of the PMUT indicates 2.7 and 2.1 MHz as the resonance frequency in-air and underwater, respectively. Excitation of a single PMUT element coupled with 5-V direct current (dc) bias results in 1.2-nm/V sensitivity in-air, whereas when the same is excited along with 10-V dc bias, a pressure response of 40 Pa/V at 1 cm is measured underwater using a hydrophone. The presented results under bending to an 8-mm bending radius show the potential for wearable applications in shallow-depth regions subject to further optimization.
{"title":"Flexible PZT-Based Row-Column Addressed 2-D PMUT Array","authors":"Sanjog Vilas Joshi;Sina Sadeghpour;Michael Kraft","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3465589","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3465589","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$30times 12$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 row-column (RC) addressed flexible piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer (PMUT) array with a top-down fabrication process. The fabrication uses a temporary carrier wafer from which the array device is released by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). About 0.8-\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m-thick sol-gel processed lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin film acts as the active piezoelectric. The flexible PMUT membrane includes the PZT film and a 14-\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m polyimide as a passive layer. A sidewall made of polyimide measuring \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$21~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m in thickness with a cavity of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$100~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m in diameter is realized by reactive ion etching (RIE). Laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) characterization of the PMUT indicates 2.7 and 2.1 MHz as the resonance frequency in-air and underwater, respectively. Excitation of a single PMUT element coupled with 5-V direct current (dc) bias results in 1.2-nm/V sensitivity in-air, whereas when the same is excited along with 10-V dc bias, a pressure response of 40 Pa/V at 1 cm is measured underwater using a hydrophone. The presented results under bending to an 8-mm bending radius show the potential for wearable applications in shallow-depth regions subject to further optimization.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 11","pages":"1616-1626"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3465214
Yimeng Dou;Fangzhou Mu;Yin Li;Tomy Varghese
Three-dimensional ultrasound (3-D US) imaging with freehand scanning is utilized in cardiac, obstetric, abdominal, and vascular examinations. While 3-D US using either a “wobbler” or “matrix” transducer suffers from a small field of view and low acquisition rates, freehand scanning offers significant advantages due to its ease of use. However, current 3-D US volumetric reconstruction methods with freehand sweeps are limited by imaging plane shifts along the scanning path, i.e., out-of-plane (OOP) motion. Prior studies have incorporated motion sensors attached to the transducer, which is cumbersome and inconvenient in a clinical setting. Recent work has introduced deep neural networks (DNNs) with 3-D convolutions to estimate the position of imaging planes from a series of input frames. These approaches, however, fall short for estimating OOP motion. The goal of this article is to bridge the gap by designing a novel, physics-inspired DNN for freehand 3-D US reconstruction without motion sensors, aiming to improve the reconstruction quality and, at the same time, to reduce computational resources needed for training and inference. To this end, we present our physics-guided learning-based prediction of pose information (PLPPI) model for 3-D freehand US reconstruction without 3-D convolution. PLPPI yields significantly more accurate reconstructions and offers a major reduction in computation time. It attains a performance increase in the double digits in terms of mean percentage error, with up to 106% speedup and 131% reduction in graphic processing unit (GPU) memory usage, when compared to the latest deep learning methods.
采用自由手持扫描的三维超声（3D US）成像技术可用于心脏、产科、腹部和血管检查。使用 "摇摆 "或 "矩阵 "传感器的三维 US 存在视野小和采集率低的问题，而徒手扫描因其易于使用而具有显著的优势。然而，目前采用徒手扫描的三维超声容积重建方法受到成像平面沿扫描路径移动（即平面外运动）的限制。之前的研究将运动传感器连接到传感器上，这在临床环境中既麻烦又不方便。最近的研究引入了具有三维卷积功能的深度神经网络（DNN），以便从一系列输入帧中估计成像平面的位置。然而，这些方法在估计 OOP 运动方面存在不足。本文的目标是通过设计一种新颖的、受物理学启发的 DNN 来弥合这一差距，该 DNN 适用于无运动传感器的徒手三维 US 重建，旨在提高重建质量，同时减少训练和推理所需的计算资源。为此，我们提出了基于物理引导学习的姿势信息预测模型（PLPPI），用于无三维卷积的三维徒手 US 重建。PLPPI 模型能大大提高重建的精确度，并显著减少计算时间。与最新的深度学习方法相比，它在平均百分比误差方面实现了两位数的性能提升，速度提高了106%，图形处理器（GPU）内存使用量减少了131%。
{"title":"Sensorless End-to-End Freehand 3-D Ultrasound Reconstruction With Physics-Guided Deep Learning","authors":"Yimeng Dou;Fangzhou Mu;Yin Li;Tomy Varghese","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3465214","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3465214","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional ultrasound (3-D US) imaging with freehand scanning is utilized in cardiac, obstetric, abdominal, and vascular examinations. While 3-D US using either a “wobbler” or “matrix” transducer suffers from a small field of view and low acquisition rates, freehand scanning offers significant advantages due to its ease of use. However, current 3-D US volumetric reconstruction methods with freehand sweeps are limited by imaging plane shifts along the scanning path, i.e., out-of-plane (OOP) motion. Prior studies have incorporated motion sensors attached to the transducer, which is cumbersome and inconvenient in a clinical setting. Recent work has introduced deep neural networks (DNNs) with 3-D convolutions to estimate the position of imaging planes from a series of input frames. These approaches, however, fall short for estimating OOP motion. The goal of this article is to bridge the gap by designing a novel, physics-inspired DNN for freehand 3-D US reconstruction without motion sensors, aiming to improve the reconstruction quality and, at the same time, to reduce computational resources needed for training and inference. To this end, we present our physics-guided learning-based prediction of pose information (PLPPI) model for 3-D freehand US reconstruction without 3-D convolution. PLPPI yields significantly more accurate reconstructions and offers a major reduction in computation time. It attains a performance increase in the double digits in terms of mean percentage error, with up to 106% speedup and 131% reduction in graphic processing unit (GPU) memory usage, when compared to the latest deep learning methods.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 11","pages":"1514-1525"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142286107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3465268
Lukas Holzapfel;Vasiliki Giagka
Traditionally, implants are powered by batteries, which have to be recharged by an inductive power link. In the recent years, ultrasonic power links are being investigated, promising more available power for deeply implanted miniaturized devices. These implants often need to transfer back information. For ultrasonically powered implants, this is usually achieved with on-off keying (OOK) based on backscatter modulation, or active driving of a secondary transducer. In this article, we propose to superimpose subcarriers, effectively leveraging frequency-shift keying (FSK), which increases the robustness of the link against interference and fading. It also allows for simultaneous powering and communication, and inherently provides the possibility of frequency domain multiplexing for implant networks. The modulation scheme can be implemented in miniaturized application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and microcontrollers. We have validated this modulation scheme in a water tank during continuous ultrasound and movement. We achieved symbol rates of up to 104 kBd, and were able to transfer data through 20 cm of water and through a 5 cm tissue phantom with additional misalignment and during movements. This approach could provide a robust uplink for miniaturized implants that are located deep inside the body and need continuous ultrasonic powering.
{"title":"A Robust Backscatter Modulation Scheme for Uninterrupted Ultrasonic Powering and Back-Communication of Deep Implants","authors":"Lukas Holzapfel;Vasiliki Giagka","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3465268","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3465268","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, implants are powered by batteries, which have to be recharged by an inductive power link. In the recent years, ultrasonic power links are being investigated, promising more available power for deeply implanted miniaturized devices. These implants often need to transfer back information. For ultrasonically powered implants, this is usually achieved with on-off keying (OOK) based on backscatter modulation, or active driving of a secondary transducer. In this article, we propose to superimpose subcarriers, effectively leveraging frequency-shift keying (FSK), which increases the robustness of the link against interference and fading. It also allows for simultaneous powering and communication, and inherently provides the possibility of frequency domain multiplexing for implant networks. The modulation scheme can be implemented in miniaturized application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and microcontrollers. We have validated this modulation scheme in a water tank during continuous ultrasound and movement. We achieved symbol rates of up to 104 kBd, and were able to transfer data through 20 cm of water and through a 5 cm tissue phantom with additional misalignment and during movements. This approach could provide a robust uplink for miniaturized implants that are located deep inside the body and need continuous ultrasonic powering.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 12: Breaking the Resolution Barrier in Ultrasound","pages":"1897-1905"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142286056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3464330
Phuong T. Vu;Stephan Strassle Rojas;Caroline C. Ott;Brooks D. Lindsey
Large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke, in which major cerebral arteries such as the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries supplying the brain are occluded, is the most debilitating form of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The current gold standard treatment for LVO stroke is mechanical thrombectomy; however, initial attempts to recanalize these large, proximal arteries supplying the brain fail in up to 75% of cases, leading to repeated passes that decrease the likelihood of success and affect patient outcomes. We report the design, fabrication, and testing of a $3times 3$ mm forward-treating ultrasound (US) transducer with an acoustic metamaterial lens to dissolve blood clots recalcitrant to first-pass mechanical thrombectomy in LVO stroke. Due to the lens with microscale features, the device was able to produce a $2.3times $ increase in peak negative pressure (PNP) (4.3 versus 1.8 MPa) and $2.4times $ increase in blood clot dissolution rate ( $5.43~pm ~0.89$ versus $2.23~pm ~0.41$ mg/min) with 90% mass reduction after 30 min of treatment. In this small endovascular form factor, the acoustic metamaterial lens increased the acoustic output from the transducer while minimizing the US energy delivered to the surrounding areas outside of the treatment volume.
{"title":"A 9-Fr Endovascular Therapy Transducer With an Acoustic Metamaterial Lens for Rapid Stroke Thrombectomy","authors":"Phuong T. Vu;Stephan Strassle Rojas;Caroline C. Ott;Brooks D. Lindsey","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3464330","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3464330","url":null,"abstract":"Large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke, in which major cerebral arteries such as the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries supplying the brain are occluded, is the most debilitating form of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The current gold standard treatment for LVO stroke is mechanical thrombectomy; however, initial attempts to recanalize these large, proximal arteries supplying the brain fail in up to 75% of cases, leading to repeated passes that decrease the likelihood of success and affect patient outcomes. We report the design, fabrication, and testing of a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mm forward-treating ultrasound (US) transducer with an acoustic metamaterial lens to dissolve blood clots recalcitrant to first-pass mechanical thrombectomy in LVO stroke. Due to the lens with microscale features, the device was able to produce a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.3times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 increase in peak negative pressure (PNP) (4.3 versus 1.8 MPa) and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.4times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 increase in blood clot dissolution rate (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$5.43~pm ~0.89$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 versus \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.23~pm ~0.41$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mg/min) with 90% mass reduction after 30 min of treatment. In this small endovascular form factor, the acoustic metamaterial lens increased the acoustic output from the transducer while minimizing the US energy delivered to the surrounding areas outside of the treatment volume.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 11","pages":"1627-1640"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142286055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3463188
Junjin Yu;Yang Cai;Zhili Zeng;Kailiang Xu
Accurate assessment of spinal cord vasculature is important for the urgent diagnosis of injury and subsequent treatment. Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) offers super-resolution imaging of microvasculature by localizing and tracking individual microbubbles (MBs) across multiple frames. However, a long data acquisition often involves significant motion artifacts caused by breathing and heartbeat, which further impairs the resolution of ULM. This effect is particularly pronounced in spinal cord imaging due to respiratory movement. We propose a VoxelMorph-based deep learning (DL) motion correction method to enhance the ULM performance in spinal cord imaging. Simulations were conducted to demonstrate the motion estimation accuracy of the proposed method, achieving a mean absolute error of $8~mu $ m. Results from in vivo experiments show that the proposed method efficiently compensates for rigid and nonrigid motion, providing improved resolution with smaller vascular diameters and enhanced microvessel reconstruction after motion correction. Nonrigid deformation fields with varying displacement magnitudes were applied to in vivo data for assessing the robustness of the algorithm.
{"title":"VoxelMorph-Based Deep Learning Motion Correction for Ultrasound Localization Microscopy of Spinal Cord","authors":"Junjin Yu;Yang Cai;Zhili Zeng;Kailiang Xu","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3463188","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3463188","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate assessment of spinal cord vasculature is important for the urgent diagnosis of injury and subsequent treatment. Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) offers super-resolution imaging of microvasculature by localizing and tracking individual microbubbles (MBs) across multiple frames. However, a long data acquisition often involves significant motion artifacts caused by breathing and heartbeat, which further impairs the resolution of ULM. This effect is particularly pronounced in spinal cord imaging due to respiratory movement. We propose a VoxelMorph-based deep learning (DL) motion correction method to enhance the ULM performance in spinal cord imaging. Simulations were conducted to demonstrate the motion estimation accuracy of the proposed method, achieving a mean absolute error of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$8~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m. Results from in vivo experiments show that the proposed method efficiently compensates for rigid and nonrigid motion, providing improved resolution with smaller vascular diameters and enhanced microvessel reconstruction after motion correction. Nonrigid deformation fields with varying displacement magnitudes were applied to in vivo data for assessing the robustness of the algorithm.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 12: Breaking the Resolution Barrier in Ultrasound","pages":"1752-1764"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142286110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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