Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3420242
Jiro Kusunose;William J. Rodriguez;Huiwen Luo;Thomas J. Manuel;M. Anthony Phipps;Pai-Feng Yang;William A. Grissom;Peter E. Konrad;Li Min Chen;Benoit M. Dawant;Charles F. Caskey
Transcranial-focused ultrasound (tFUS) procedures such as neuromodulation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening require precise focus placement within the brain. MRI is currently the most reliable tool for focus localization but can be prohibitive for procedures requiring recurrent therapies. We designed, fabricated, and characterized a patient-specific, 3-D-printed, stereotactic frame for repeated tFUS therapy. The frame is compact, with minimal footprint, can be removed and re-secured between treatments while maintaining sub-mm accuracy, and will allow for precise and repeatable transcranial FUS treatment without the need for MR-guidance following the initial calibration scan. Focus localization and repeatability were assessed via MR-thermometry and MR-acoustic radiation force imaging (ARFI) on an ex vivo skull phantom and in vivo nonhuman primates (NHPs), respectively. Focal localization, registration, steering, and re-steering were accomplished during the initial MRI calibration scan session. Keeping steering coordinates fixed in subsequent therapy and imaging sessions, we found good agreement between steered foci and the intended target, with target registration error (TRE) of $1.2~pm ~0.3$ ( ${n} =4$ , ex vivo) and $1.0~pm ~0.5$ ( ${n} =3$ , in vivo) mm. Focus position (steered and non-steered) was consistent, with sub-mm variation in each dimension between studies. Our 3-D-printed, patient-specific stereotactic frame can reliably position and orient the ultrasound transducer for repeated targeting of brain regions using a single MR-based calibration. The compact frame allows for high-precision tFUS to be carried out outside the magnet and could help reduce the cost of tFUS treatments where repeated application of an ultrasound focus is required with high precision.
{"title":"Design and Validation of a Patient-Specific Stereotactic Frame for Transcranial Ultrasound Therapy","authors":"Jiro Kusunose;William J. Rodriguez;Huiwen Luo;Thomas J. Manuel;M. Anthony Phipps;Pai-Feng Yang;William A. Grissom;Peter E. Konrad;Li Min Chen;Benoit M. Dawant;Charles F. Caskey","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3420242","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3420242","url":null,"abstract":"Transcranial-focused ultrasound (tFUS) procedures such as neuromodulation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening require precise focus placement within the brain. MRI is currently the most reliable tool for focus localization but can be prohibitive for procedures requiring recurrent therapies. We designed, fabricated, and characterized a patient-specific, 3-D-printed, stereotactic frame for repeated tFUS therapy. The frame is compact, with minimal footprint, can be removed and re-secured between treatments while maintaining sub-mm accuracy, and will allow for precise and repeatable transcranial FUS treatment without the need for MR-guidance following the initial calibration scan. Focus localization and repeatability were assessed via MR-thermometry and MR-acoustic radiation force imaging (ARFI) on an ex vivo skull phantom and in vivo nonhuman primates (NHPs), respectively. Focal localization, registration, steering, and re-steering were accomplished during the initial MRI calibration scan session. Keeping steering coordinates fixed in subsequent therapy and imaging sessions, we found good agreement between steered foci and the intended target, with target registration error (TRE) of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.2~pm ~0.3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${n} =4$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, ex vivo) and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.0~pm ~0.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${n} =3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, in vivo) mm. Focus position (steered and non-steered) was consistent, with sub-mm variation in each dimension between studies. Our 3-D-printed, patient-specific stereotactic frame can reliably position and orient the ultrasound transducer for repeated targeting of brain regions using a single MR-based calibration. The compact frame allows for high-precision tFUS to be carried out outside the magnet and could help reduce the cost of tFUS treatments where repeated application of an ultrasound focus is required with high precision.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 8","pages":"1030-1041"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141723600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3427850
Nathan Blanken, Baptiste Heiles, Alina Kuliesh, Michel Versuis, Kartik Jain, David Maresca, Guillaume Lajoinie
Ultrasound contrast agents have been used as vascular reporters for the past 40 years. The ability to enhance vascular features in ultrasound images with engineered lipid-shelled microbubbles has enabled break-throughs such as the detection of tissue perfusion or super-resolution imaging of the microvasculature. However, advances in the field of contrast-enhanced ultra-sound are hindered by experimental variables that are difficult to control in a laboratory setting, such as complex vascular geometries, the lack of ground truth, and tissue nonlinearities. In addition, the demand for large datasets to train deep learning-based computational ultrasound imaging methods calls for the development of a simulation tool that can reproduce the physics of ultrasound wave interactions with tissues and microbubbles. Here, we introduce a physically realistic contrast-enhanced ultrasound simulator (PROTEUS) consisting of four inter-connected modules that account for blood flow dynamics in segmented vascular geometries, intravascular microbubble trajectories, ultrasound wave propagation, and nonlinear microbubble scattering. The first part of this study describes numerical methods that enabled this development. We demonstrate that PROTEUS can generate contrast-enhanced radiofrequency data in various vascular architectures across the range of medical ultrasound frequencies. PROTEUS offers a customizable framework to explore novel ideas in the field of contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging. It is released as an open-source tool for the scientific community.
{"title":"PROTEUS: A Physically Realistic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Simulator-Part I: Numerical Methods.","authors":"Nathan Blanken, Baptiste Heiles, Alina Kuliesh, Michel Versuis, Kartik Jain, David Maresca, Guillaume Lajoinie","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3427850","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3427850","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultrasound contrast agents have been used as vascular reporters for the past 40 years. The ability to enhance vascular features in ultrasound images with engineered lipid-shelled microbubbles has enabled break-throughs such as the detection of tissue perfusion or super-resolution imaging of the microvasculature. However, advances in the field of contrast-enhanced ultra-sound are hindered by experimental variables that are difficult to control in a laboratory setting, such as complex vascular geometries, the lack of ground truth, and tissue nonlinearities. In addition, the demand for large datasets to train deep learning-based computational ultrasound imaging methods calls for the development of a simulation tool that can reproduce the physics of ultrasound wave interactions with tissues and microbubbles. Here, we introduce a physically realistic contrast-enhanced ultrasound simulator (PROTEUS) consisting of four inter-connected modules that account for blood flow dynamics in segmented vascular geometries, intravascular microbubble trajectories, ultrasound wave propagation, and nonlinear microbubble scattering. The first part of this study describes numerical methods that enabled this development. We demonstrate that PROTEUS can generate contrast-enhanced radiofrequency data in various vascular architectures across the range of medical ultrasound frequencies. PROTEUS offers a customizable framework to explore novel ideas in the field of contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging. It is released as an open-source tool for the scientific community.</p>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141619901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The spatial distribution of a transduction efficiency over the air-coupled probe surface was proposed as a convenient tool for the probe integrity inspection. In this research, a parabolic reflector is used for passive focusing of the acoustic wave on the surface of inspected probe. Therefore, no additional transducer is required for inspection: probe is used for self-inspection. This approach allows to avoid the expensive focused transducer and replaces it by the same-type air-coupled transducers as probe under test. Moreover, the use of the parabolic mirror for focusing is frequency-independent; therefore, such approach allows to inspect a wide range of the probes. Spread spectrum signals were used for excitation to improve the SNR and bandwidth coverage. The results of the experimental measurements of air-coupled transducer sensitivity map with natural and artificial defects implemented have been presented. Comparison with previously proposed techniques is given. It was found that defects presence distorts the focused beam, creating large sidelobes. Therefore, sensitivity map obtained with the proposed technique is lower quality than with previously proposed techniques. Beam profile measurements using a miniature microphone have been presented. Aperture-limiting mask has been proposed to reduce the sidelobes arising due to defects presence and resulting measurements quality has been improved.
{"title":"Self-Test of Air-Coupled Probe for Sensitivity Map Production Using Parabolic Reflector","authors":"Linas Svilainis;Jorge Camacho Sosa Dias;Darius Kybartas;Andrius Chaziachmetovas;Valdas Eidukynas","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3428326","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3428326","url":null,"abstract":"The spatial distribution of a transduction efficiency over the air-coupled probe surface was proposed as a convenient tool for the probe integrity inspection. In this research, a parabolic reflector is used for passive focusing of the acoustic wave on the surface of inspected probe. Therefore, no additional transducer is required for inspection: probe is used for self-inspection. This approach allows to avoid the expensive focused transducer and replaces it by the same-type air-coupled transducers as probe under test. Moreover, the use of the parabolic mirror for focusing is frequency-independent; therefore, such approach allows to inspect a wide range of the probes. Spread spectrum signals were used for excitation to improve the SNR and bandwidth coverage. The results of the experimental measurements of air-coupled transducer sensitivity map with natural and artificial defects implemented have been presented. Comparison with previously proposed techniques is given. It was found that defects presence distorts the focused beam, creating large sidelobes. Therefore, sensitivity map obtained with the proposed technique is lower quality than with previously proposed techniques. Beam profile measurements using a miniature microphone have been presented. Aperture-limiting mask has been proposed to reduce the sidelobes arising due to defects presence and resulting measurements quality has been improved.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 9","pages":"1132-1140"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10597609","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141619902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3428917
Pooja Dubey;Shreya Nigam;Dicky Silitonga;Nico F. Declercq
Diffraction gratings, with their periodically ordered structures, have been critical components in acoustics, optics, and spectroscopy for over a century. The classical grating equation describes the emergence of diffraction phenomena by gratings, considering the groove periodicity and the characteristics of the incident wave. These gratings find extensive applications in communication, spectroscopy, architectural acoustics, and underwater research, and they are foundational to pioneering investigations in phononic crystals and meta-materials. While much attention has been given to understanding the diffraction behavior of linear acoustics concerning gratings, the literature lacks research regarding the influence of high-amplitude ultrasonic waves, which introduce observable nonlinear effects. This experimental enquiry presents a pioneering methodology for isolating higher harmonics from these nonlinear phenomena. We have developed a spatial filtering apparatus with a single-frequency transducer and a specially designed grating profile, enabling precise frequency selection or rejection.
{"title":"Unveiling the Potential of Diffraction Gratings for Precision Separation of Higher Harmonics in Nonlinear Acoustics","authors":"Pooja Dubey;Shreya Nigam;Dicky Silitonga;Nico F. Declercq","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3428917","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3428917","url":null,"abstract":"Diffraction gratings, with their periodically ordered structures, have been critical components in acoustics, optics, and spectroscopy for over a century. The classical grating equation describes the emergence of diffraction phenomena by gratings, considering the groove periodicity and the characteristics of the incident wave. These gratings find extensive applications in communication, spectroscopy, architectural acoustics, and underwater research, and they are foundational to pioneering investigations in phononic crystals and meta-materials. While much attention has been given to understanding the diffraction behavior of linear acoustics concerning gratings, the literature lacks research regarding the influence of high-amplitude ultrasonic waves, which introduce observable nonlinear effects. This experimental enquiry presents a pioneering methodology for isolating higher harmonics from these nonlinear phenomena. We have developed a spatial filtering apparatus with a single-frequency transducer and a specially designed grating profile, enabling precise frequency selection or rejection.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 9","pages":"1152-1161"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141619903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3417640
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3417640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3417640","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 7","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10591484","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141583536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3404105
Xiaoning Jiang;Alessandro Stuart Savoia;Chih-Chung Huang
Wearable healthcare devices are expected to greatly improve the quality of human life by providing continuous health monitoring, remedying weakened or lost body or organ functions, and sometimes enabling superhuman capabilities. Enabled by recent advancements in soft matter, nanotechnology, integrated circuits, portable power technology, and artificial intelligence (AI), and inspired by the demands of healthcare applications, wearable ultrasound research has gained unprecedented momentum and is expected to play an increasingly important role in continuous healthcare sensing, imaging, therapy, drug delivery applications, and so on.
{"title":"Wearable Ultrasound Devices, Materials, and Applications","authors":"Xiaoning Jiang;Alessandro Stuart Savoia;Chih-Chung Huang","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3404105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3404105","url":null,"abstract":"Wearable healthcare devices are expected to greatly improve the quality of human life by providing continuous health monitoring, remedying weakened or lost body or organ functions, and sometimes enabling superhuman capabilities. Enabled by recent advancements in soft matter, nanotechnology, integrated circuits, portable power technology, and artificial intelligence (AI), and inspired by the demands of healthcare applications, wearable ultrasound research has gained unprecedented momentum and is expected to play an increasingly important role in continuous healthcare sensing, imaging, therapy, drug delivery applications, and so on.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 7","pages":"709-712"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10591485","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141583534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Color Doppler echocardiography enables visualization of blood flow within the heart. However, the limited frame rate impedes the quantitative assessment of blood velocity throughout the cardiac cycle, thereby compromising a comprehensive analysis of ventricular filling. Concurrently, deep learning is demonstrating promising outcomes in postprocessing of echocardiographic data for various applications. This work explores the use of deep learning models for intracardiac Doppler velocity estimation from a reduced number of filtered I/Q signals. We used a supervised learning approach by simulating patient-based cardiac color Doppler acquisitions and proposed data augmentation strategies to enlarge the training dataset. We implemented architectures based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In particular, we focused on comparing the U-Net model and the recent ConvNeXt model, alongside assessing real-valued versus complex-valued representations. We found that both models outperformed the state-of-the-art autocorrelator method, effectively mitigating aliasing and noise. We did not observe significant differences between the use of real and complex data. Finally, we validated the models on in vitro and in vivo experiments. All models produced quantitatively comparable results to the baseline and were more robust to noise. ConvNeXt emerged as the sole model to achieve high-quality results on in vivo aliased samples. These results demonstrate the interest of supervised deep learning methods for Doppler velocity estimation from a reduced number of acquisitions.
{"title":"Boosting Cardiac Color Doppler Frame Rates With Deep Learning","authors":"Julia Puig;Denis Friboulet;Hang Jung Ling;François Varray;Michael Mougharbel;Jonathan Porée;Jean Provost;Damien Garcia;Fabien Millioz","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3424549","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3424549","url":null,"abstract":"Color Doppler echocardiography enables visualization of blood flow within the heart. However, the limited frame rate impedes the quantitative assessment of blood velocity throughout the cardiac cycle, thereby compromising a comprehensive analysis of ventricular filling. Concurrently, deep learning is demonstrating promising outcomes in postprocessing of echocardiographic data for various applications. This work explores the use of deep learning models for intracardiac Doppler velocity estimation from a reduced number of filtered I/Q signals. We used a supervised learning approach by simulating patient-based cardiac color Doppler acquisitions and proposed data augmentation strategies to enlarge the training dataset. We implemented architectures based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In particular, we focused on comparing the U-Net model and the recent ConvNeXt model, alongside assessing real-valued versus complex-valued representations. We found that both models outperformed the state-of-the-art autocorrelator method, effectively mitigating aliasing and noise. We did not observe significant differences between the use of real and complex data. Finally, we validated the models on in vitro and in vivo experiments. All models produced quantitatively comparable results to the baseline and were more robust to noise. ConvNeXt emerged as the sole model to achieve high-quality results on in vivo aliased samples. These results demonstrate the interest of supervised deep learning methods for Doppler velocity estimation from a reduced number of acquisitions.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 11","pages":"1540-1551"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141558628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM), an emerging medical imaging technique, effectively resolves the classical tradeoff between resolution and penetration inherent in traditional ultrasound imaging, opening up new avenues for noninvasive observation of the microvascular system. However, traditional microbubble tracking methods encounter various practical challenges. These methods typically entail multiple processing stages, including intricate steps such as pairwise correlation and trajectory optimization, rendering real-time applications unfeasible. Furthermore, existing deep learning-based tracking techniques neglect the temporal aspects of microbubble motion, leading to ineffective modeling of their dynamic behavior. To address these limitations, this study introduces a novel approach called the gated recurrent unit-based multitasking temporal neural network (GRU-MT). GRU-MT is designed to simultaneously handle microbubble trajectory tracking and trajectory optimization tasks. In addition, we enhance the nonlinear motion model initially proposed by Piepenbrock et al. to better encapsulate the nonlinear motion characteristics of microbubbles, thereby improving trajectory tracking accuracy. In this study, we perform a series of experiments involving network layer replacements to systematically evaluate the performance of various temporal neural networks, including recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory network (LSTM), GRU, Transformer, and its bidirectional counterparts, on the microbubble trajectory tracking task. Concurrently, the proposed method undergoes qualitative and quantitative comparisons with traditional microbubble tracking techniques. The experimental results demonstrate that GRU-MT exhibits superior nonlinear modeling capabilities and robustness, both in simulation and in vivo dataset. In addition, it achieves reduced trajectory tracking errors in shorter time intervals, underscoring its potential for efficient microbubble trajectory tracking. The model code is open-sourced at https://github.com/zyt-Lib/GRU-MT .
{"title":"Efficient Microbubble Trajectory Tracking in Ultrasound Localization Microscopy Using a Gated Recurrent Unit-Based Multitasking Temporal Neural Network","authors":"Yuting Zhang;Wenjun Zhou;Lijie Huang;Yongjie Shao;Anguo Luo;Jianwen Luo;Bo Peng","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3424955","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3424955","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM), an emerging medical imaging technique, effectively resolves the classical tradeoff between resolution and penetration inherent in traditional ultrasound imaging, opening up new avenues for noninvasive observation of the microvascular system. However, traditional microbubble tracking methods encounter various practical challenges. These methods typically entail multiple processing stages, including intricate steps such as pairwise correlation and trajectory optimization, rendering real-time applications unfeasible. Furthermore, existing deep learning-based tracking techniques neglect the temporal aspects of microbubble motion, leading to ineffective modeling of their dynamic behavior. To address these limitations, this study introduces a novel approach called the gated recurrent unit-based multitasking temporal neural network (GRU-MT). GRU-MT is designed to simultaneously handle microbubble trajectory tracking and trajectory optimization tasks. In addition, we enhance the nonlinear motion model initially proposed by Piepenbrock et al. to better encapsulate the nonlinear motion characteristics of microbubbles, thereby improving trajectory tracking accuracy. In this study, we perform a series of experiments involving network layer replacements to systematically evaluate the performance of various temporal neural networks, including recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory network (LSTM), GRU, Transformer, and its bidirectional counterparts, on the microbubble trajectory tracking task. Concurrently, the proposed method undergoes qualitative and quantitative comparisons with traditional microbubble tracking techniques. The experimental results demonstrate that GRU-MT exhibits superior nonlinear modeling capabilities and robustness, both in simulation and in vivo dataset. In addition, it achieves reduced trajectory tracking errors in shorter time intervals, underscoring its potential for efficient microbubble trajectory tracking. The model code is open-sourced at \u0000<uri>https://github.com/zyt-Lib/GRU-MT</uri>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 12: Breaking the Resolution Barrier in Ultrasound","pages":"1714-1734"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141558629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3420158
Luca De Marchi
Key requirements to boost the applicability of ultrasonic systems for in situ, real-time operations are low hardware complexity and low power consumption. These features are not available in present-day systems due to the fact that US inspections are typically achieved through phased arrays featuring a large number of individually controlled piezoelectric transducers and generating huge quantities of data. To minimize the energy and computational requirements, novel devices that feature enhanced functionalities beyond the mere conversion (i.e., metatransducers) can be conceived. This article reviews the potential of recent research breakthroughs in the transducer technology, which allow them to efficiently perform tasks, such as focusing, energy harvesting, beamforming, data communication, or mode filtering, and discusses the challenges for the widespread adoption of these solutions.
{"title":"The Blossoming of Ultrasonic Metatransducers","authors":"Luca De Marchi","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3420158","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3420158","url":null,"abstract":"Key requirements to boost the applicability of ultrasonic systems for in situ, real-time operations are low hardware complexity and low power consumption. These features are not available in present-day systems due to the fact that US inspections are typically achieved through phased arrays featuring a large number of individually controlled piezoelectric transducers and generating huge quantities of data. To minimize the energy and computational requirements, novel devices that feature enhanced functionalities beyond the mere conversion (i.e., metatransducers) can be conceived. This article reviews the potential of recent research breakthroughs in the transducer technology, which allow them to efficiently perform tasks, such as focusing, energy harvesting, beamforming, data communication, or mode filtering, and discusses the challenges for the widespread adoption of these solutions.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"71 9","pages":"1097-1105"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10574853","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141467647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3418708
Stephan Strassle Rojas;Alexander Samady;Saeyoung Kim;Brooks D. Lindsey
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of death globally. Currently, diagnosis and intervention in CAD are typically performed via minimally invasive cardiac catheterization procedures. Using current diagnostic technology, such as angiography and fractional flow reserve (FFR), interventional cardiologists must decide which patients require intervention and which can be deferred; 10% of patients with stable CAD are incorrectly deferred using current diagnostic best practices. By developing a forward-viewing intravascular ultrasound (FV-IVUS) 2-D array capable of simultaneously evaluating morphology, hemodynamics, and plaque composition, physicians would be better able to stratify risk of major adverse cardiac events in patients with intermediate stenosis. For this application, a forward-viewing, 16-MHz 2-D array transducer was designed and fabricated. A 2-mm-diameter aperture consisting of 140 elements, with element dimensions of $98times 98times 70~mu $ m ( ${w}times {h}times {t}$ ) and a nominal interelement spacing of $120~mu $ m, was designed for this application based on simulations. The acoustic stack for this array was developed with a designed center frequency of 16 MHz. A novel via-less interconnect was developed to enable electrical connections to fan-out from a 140-element 2-D array with 120- $mu $ m interelement spacing. The fabricated array transducer had 96/140 functioning elements operating at a center frequency of 16 MHz with a −6-dB fractional bandwidth of 62% $pm ~7$ %. Single-element SNR was $23~pm ~3$ dB, and the measured electrical crosstalk was $- 33~pm ~3$ dB. In imaging experiments, the measured lateral resolution was 0.231 mm and the measured axial resolution was 0.244 mm at a depth of 5 mm. Finally, the transducer was used to perform 3-D B-mode imaging of a 3-mm-diameter spring and 3-D B-mode and power Doppler imaging of a tissue-mimicking phantom.
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