The National Medical Commission of India introduced Competency-based Medical Education in 2019 mandated duration allocation for the self-directed learning (SDL) activity in each course throughout the undergraduate medical programme. A successful implementation requires a structured methodology for the introduction of SDL activities for the undergraduate learner. The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) To develop and implement structured cooperative self-directed learning (Sc-SDL) activity for 1st-year medical students. (2) To explore perceptions of students for the developed process (Sc-SDL). A prospective cohort study for 1st-year medical students was initiated, exposing them to three Sc-SDL activities having sessions in a blended manner. The formative assessment score was analysed by mean, standard deviation and paired t-tests. A validated learner feedback questionnaire was submitted by the participants, which was analysed by the Friedman rank test and satisfaction index. Analysis for open-ended questions from the participants 3 months after completion of the course was by thematic analysis manually. The academic score for topics taught through the Sc-SDL approach ranged from 67.62 ± 21.72 to 83.72 ± 24.34 (Activity-1–3), showing significant differences in scores for Activity-1 with 2, and Activity-1 with 3. The maximum satisfaction index score and Friedman rank, from the learner feedback questionnaire were for item 8 (8.80; 93.6%) and the minimum for item 10 (3.28; 57.83%). Three major themes other than suggestions for improvement were identified from the open-ended questionnaire. The Sc-SDL approach showed an increase in academic gain, thus enhancing the cognitive approach of the learner. The activity encouraged undergraduate students to attain attributional and social skills such as team-building, sharing, presentation skills and time and conflict management. However, input from other stakeholders needs to be considered.
{"title":"Developing and introducing structured cooperative self-directed learning activities for undergraduate medical students","authors":"Puja Dulloo, Minal Patel, Neeraj Vedi","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_128_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_128_2023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The National Medical Commission of India introduced Competency-based Medical Education in 2019 mandated duration allocation for the self-directed learning (SDL) activity in each course throughout the undergraduate medical programme. A successful implementation requires a structured methodology for the introduction of SDL activities for the undergraduate learner. The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) To develop and implement structured cooperative self-directed learning (Sc-SDL) activity for 1st-year medical students. (2) To explore perceptions of students for the developed process (Sc-SDL).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A prospective cohort study for 1st-year medical students was initiated, exposing them to three Sc-SDL activities having sessions in a blended manner. The formative assessment score was analysed by mean, standard deviation and paired t-tests. A validated learner feedback questionnaire was submitted by the participants, which was analysed by the Friedman rank test and satisfaction index. Analysis for open-ended questions from the participants 3 months after completion of the course was by thematic analysis manually.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The academic score for topics taught through the Sc-SDL approach ranged from 67.62 ± 21.72 to 83.72 ± 24.34 (Activity-1–3), showing significant differences in scores for Activity-1 with 2, and Activity-1 with 3. The maximum satisfaction index score and Friedman rank, from the learner feedback questionnaire were for item 8 (8.80; 93.6%) and the minimum for item 10 (3.28; 57.83%). Three major themes other than suggestions for improvement were identified from the open-ended questionnaire.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The Sc-SDL approach showed an increase in academic gain, thus enhancing the cognitive approach of the learner. The activity encouraged undergraduate students to attain attributional and social skills such as team-building, sharing, presentation skills and time and conflict management. However, input from other stakeholders needs to be considered.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141371589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Self-directed learning (SDL) is a process in which individuals take the initiative with or without the help of others in diagnosing their learning needs, formulating goals, identifying human as well as material resources for learning, implementing appropriate strategies and evaluating learning outcomes. In SDL, the onus of learning is on the learner and learning control is slowly transferred from facilitator to learner. Hence, this study helped to understand the SDL readiness in undergraduate medical students and figure out whether it differed between students of 2nd and 3rd professional years. The study was conducted on undergraduate medical students of 2nd and 3rd professional year of tertiary care medical college hospital in south India after receiving permission from the Institutional Ethics Committee. A total of 285 students were considered in this study from both years after informed consent. A pre-validated questionnaire of the self-rating scale for SDL (SRSSDL) tool was included, and it comprised five components, namely, awareness, learning strategy, learning activity, evaluation and interpersonal skills, with 12 questions in individual sections. Demographic data were expressed in percentages while the Chi-square test and independent sample Mann–Whitney U-test were applied to understand the differences between 2 professional years. Out of 285 students, 56.8% had a moderate level of readiness, followed by a high level of readiness (42.9%). The majority of the students from both academic years had a moderate level of readiness toward SDL. Learning strategy had the highest mean response score of 3.7 ± 0.52, followed by awareness with 3.69 ± 0.49. This mean score reflects that the majority of participants’ responses recorded were either ‘sometimes’ or ‘often’ for various components of the SRSSDL tool. The distribution of awareness, learning strategy, learning activities, evaluation and interpersonal skills did not show any significant association across academic years and gender. The moderate level of readiness shows that areas of improvement must be identified and evaluated with teacher guidance when necessary. The SRSSDL tool can be used as a measure of evaluation, as it helps to classify student readiness toward SDL.
{"title":"Perspectives of medical undergraduate students toward self-directed learning","authors":"M. Kiran, N. G. Hema","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_30_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_30_2023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Self-directed learning (SDL) is a process in which individuals take the initiative with or without the help of others in diagnosing their learning needs, formulating goals, identifying human as well as material resources for learning, implementing appropriate strategies and evaluating learning outcomes. In SDL, the onus of learning is on the learner and learning control is slowly transferred from facilitator to learner. Hence, this study helped to understand the SDL readiness in undergraduate medical students and figure out whether it differed between students of 2nd and 3rd professional years.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The study was conducted on undergraduate medical students of 2nd and 3rd professional year of tertiary care medical college hospital in south India after receiving permission from the Institutional Ethics Committee. A total of 285 students were considered in this study from both years after informed consent. A pre-validated questionnaire of the self-rating scale for SDL (SRSSDL) tool was included, and it comprised five components, namely, awareness, learning strategy, learning activity, evaluation and interpersonal skills, with 12 questions in individual sections. Demographic data were expressed in percentages while the Chi-square test and independent sample Mann–Whitney U-test were applied to understand the differences between 2 professional years.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Out of 285 students, 56.8% had a moderate level of readiness, followed by a high level of readiness (42.9%). The majority of the students from both academic years had a moderate level of readiness toward SDL. Learning strategy had the highest mean response score of 3.7 ± 0.52, followed by awareness with 3.69 ± 0.49. This mean score reflects that the majority of participants’ responses recorded were either ‘sometimes’ or ‘often’ for various components of the SRSSDL tool. The distribution of awareness, learning strategy, learning activities, evaluation and interpersonal skills did not show any significant association across academic years and gender.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The moderate level of readiness shows that areas of improvement must be identified and evaluated with teacher guidance when necessary. The SRSSDL tool can be used as a measure of evaluation, as it helps to classify student readiness toward SDL.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"7 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141380337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maintaining balance and stability is essential for performing everyday activities and complex tasks that require coordination between muscles, tendons, bones, eyes, ears and the brain. However, slip, trip or fall incidents may occur if balance is compromised. Footwear (FW) design features have been identified as factors that affect balance. To investigate the impact of high-heeled and flat FW on balance stability during stationary standing, this study was conducted. Seven (n = 7) physically fit female subjects volunteered for the study. A repeated method was used to conduct this study. A high heel and flat FW were investigated for detailed kinetic parameters during standing. Participants stood on a force platform for 40 seconds in each condition. Bioware software was used to collect and process the data. Student’s t-test was applied to determine the significant effects (P < 0.05) of the selected FW on dependent variables. Ground reaction force (GRF) (Fx, P = 0.001), (Fy, P = 0.002), (Fz, P = 0.000), Centre of Pressure (CoP) Trajectories (Ax, P = 0.02), (Ay, P = 0.011), displacement (sx, P = 0.002), (sy, P = 0.001) and (sz, P = 0.002) and Absolute Coefficient of Friction (Cofxy) (P = 0.0012) values of high heel FW reflect poor balance and stability patterns compared to flat FW. Recent studies have shown that wearing high-heeled FW for extended periods can be detrimental to one’s health. This is due to the significantly elevated GRF, a more dispersed body sway area in terms of Centre of Pressure (CoP) movement, a curved displacement path and a lower coefficient of friction value. As a result, there is an increase in postural load and effort, which can lead to an increased risk of injury.
{"title":"Effect of wearing high heel and flat footwear on balance and stability dynamics: A kinetic study","authors":"Sugata Das (Kumar), K. Sandhu, Madhusudan Pal","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_578_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_578_2023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Maintaining balance and stability is essential for performing everyday activities and complex tasks that require coordination between muscles, tendons, bones, eyes, ears and the brain. However, slip, trip or fall incidents may occur if balance is compromised. Footwear (FW) design features have been identified as factors that affect balance. To investigate the impact of high-heeled and flat FW on balance stability during stationary standing, this study was conducted.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Seven (n = 7) physically fit female subjects volunteered for the study. A repeated method was used to conduct this study. A high heel and flat FW were investigated for detailed kinetic parameters during standing. Participants stood on a force platform for 40 seconds in each condition. Bioware software was used to collect and process the data. Student’s t-test was applied to determine the significant effects (P < 0.05) of the selected FW on dependent variables.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Ground reaction force (GRF) (Fx, P = 0.001), (Fy, P = 0.002), (Fz, P = 0.000), Centre of Pressure (CoP) Trajectories (Ax, P = 0.02), (Ay, P = 0.011), displacement (sx, P = 0.002), (sy, P = 0.001) and (sz, P = 0.002) and Absolute Coefficient of Friction (Cofxy) (P = 0.0012) values of high heel FW reflect poor balance and stability patterns compared to flat FW.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Recent studies have shown that wearing high-heeled FW for extended periods can be detrimental to one’s health. This is due to the significantly elevated GRF, a more dispersed body sway area in terms of Centre of Pressure (CoP) movement, a curved displacement path and a lower coefficient of friction value. As a result, there is an increase in postural load and effort, which can lead to an increased risk of injury.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"2 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141378751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exercise physiology is one of the leading branches of applied physiology. It is concerned with studies related to the effect of acute and chronic exercise on mental and physical health research in human subjects and animals. There are various methods of physical exercise which have been used in animal studies including rodents. However, the machines available for research purposes are sophisticated and expensive, which also requires an additional annual maintenance cost. The objective is to assemble an efficient, reliable, cost-effective, and humane motorized exercise wheel setup for the study of acute and chronic physical exercise in rodents. The motorized rodent exercise wheel was assembled using affordable locally available materials. A cost-effective, efficient model for rodent exercise was built and the total cost of this setup was 32 USD or 2860 INR only. This cost-effective rodent exercise wheel works efficiently for the conduction of exercise-related studies in rodents.
{"title":"Assembling of a cost-effective and adaptable motorised rodent exercise wheel","authors":"Reshmi R, Suganthi V, Rajaram S, Malleshappa K","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_558_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_558_2023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Exercise physiology is one of the leading branches of applied physiology. It is concerned with studies related to the effect of acute and chronic exercise on mental and physical health research in human subjects and animals. There are various methods of physical exercise which have been used in animal studies including rodents. However, the machines available for research purposes are sophisticated and expensive, which also requires an additional annual maintenance cost. The objective is to assemble an efficient, reliable, cost-effective, and humane motorized exercise wheel setup for the study of acute and chronic physical exercise in rodents.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The motorized rodent exercise wheel was assembled using affordable locally available materials.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A cost-effective, efficient model for rodent exercise was built and the total cost of this setup was 32 USD or 2860 INR only.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This cost-effective rodent exercise wheel works efficiently for the conduction of exercise-related studies in rodents.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"33 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140364170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohanaprabha Ravichandran, Rajalakshmi Rajasegaran, V. Govindaraj
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), an often underdiagnosed and undertreated sleep-related breathing disorder, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of OSA risk and its association with anthropometric indices (AI) of cardiometabolic risks, domain-specific cognitive functions and quality of sleep in apparently healthy young and middle-aged adults. One hundred and eighty-nine apparently healthy individuals (123 males and 66 females) aged 19–45 years were included in this cross-sectional study. The participant’s current risk of OSA was assessed using the STOP-Bang questionnaire, and AI indicative of cardiometabolic risk (body mass index, waist-hip ratio [W/H ratio], waist-height ratio [WHtR], conicity index and a body shape index) was assessed using standard techniques. Domain-specific cognitive tests were performed to assess the cognitive status of the individual. Quality of sleep was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The correlation between the OSA risk score and the study parameters was assessed using the Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient test. The prevalence of high current risk of moderate to severe OSA was found to be 12.7%. Significant positive correlations were observed between OSA risk score and W/H, WHtR and sleep quality scores. While a significant positive correlation was observed between OSA risk score and executive functioning, significant negative correlations were observed with the other cognitive tests (short-term memory, verbal fluency, visuospatial memory and sustained attention and response speed). A high risk of moderate to severe OSA is associated with obesity, cognitive decline and poor sleep quality in apparently healthy young and middle-aged adults.
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）是一种与睡眠有关的呼吸障碍，往往诊断不足且治疗不及时，与心血管疾病发病率和死亡率的增加有关。因此，本研究旨在评估明显健康的中青年人中 OSA 风险的患病率及其与心血管代谢风险人体测量指数（AI）、特定领域认知功能和睡眠质量的关联。研究使用 STOP-Bang 问卷评估了参与者目前患 OSA 的风险，并使用标准技术评估了表明心脏代谢风险的 AI（体重指数、腰臀比[W/H 比]、腰高比[WHTR]、锥体指数和体形指数）。还进行了特定领域的认知测试，以评估个人的认知状况。睡眠质量采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数和爱普沃斯嗜睡量表进行评估。OSA风险评分与研究参数之间的相关性采用皮尔逊或斯皮尔曼相关系数检验进行评估。OSA风险评分与W/H、WHtR和睡眠质量评分之间呈显著正相关。OSA风险评分与执行功能之间呈明显正相关，而与其他认知测试（短期记忆、语言流畅性、视觉空间记忆、持续注意力和反应速度）之间呈明显负相关。
{"title":"Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea risk and its association with anthropometric indices of cardiometabolic risks and cognition in young and middle-aged adults","authors":"Mohanaprabha Ravichandran, Rajalakshmi Rajasegaran, V. Govindaraj","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_341_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_341_2023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), an often underdiagnosed and undertreated sleep-related breathing disorder, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of OSA risk and its association with anthropometric indices (AI) of cardiometabolic risks, domain-specific cognitive functions and quality of sleep in apparently healthy young and middle-aged adults.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000One hundred and eighty-nine apparently healthy individuals (123 males and 66 females) aged 19–45 years were included in this cross-sectional study. The participant’s current risk of OSA was assessed using the STOP-Bang questionnaire, and AI indicative of cardiometabolic risk (body mass index, waist-hip ratio [W/H ratio], waist-height ratio [WHtR], conicity index and a body shape index) was assessed using standard techniques. Domain-specific cognitive tests were performed to assess the cognitive status of the individual. Quality of sleep was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The correlation between the OSA risk score and the study parameters was assessed using the Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient test.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The prevalence of high current risk of moderate to severe OSA was found to be 12.7%. Significant positive correlations were observed between OSA risk score and W/H, WHtR and sleep quality scores. While a significant positive correlation was observed between OSA risk score and executive functioning, significant negative correlations were observed with the other cognitive tests (short-term memory, verbal fluency, visuospatial memory and sustained attention and response speed).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A high risk of moderate to severe OSA is associated with obesity, cognitive decline and poor sleep quality in apparently healthy young and middle-aged adults.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"53 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140361514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Letter to editor manuscript: What’s more?","authors":"T. Shamim","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_376_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_376_2023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"34 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140361970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. S. Bhat, Prathibha Maria D’ Almeida, Prajnya Prabhu, G. Sivakumar, A. Dhanushkodi, K. S. Rai
The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and potential protective effects of various intervention strategies, such as choline and docosahexaenoic acid (Ch-DHA) supplementation, Clitoria ternatea root extract (CTR) supplements, human embryonic kidney stem cell conditioned media (HEK-CM) treatment and exposure to enriched environments (EEs), in mitigating neural cell degeneration in dorsal hippocampal subregions of naturally ageing mice brain. Twelve–fifteen-month-old CF1 male mice were subdivided (n = 6/group) into normal age-matched control, Ch-DHA supplemented, EE exposed, HEK-CM administered and CTR-supplemented groups. Neuro morphological alterations in the dorsal hippocampus were assessed using cresyl violet staining. Higher neural cell degeneration was observed in the CA1–CA3 dorsal hippocampal subregions in normal ageing mice brains. Notably, interventions such as HEK-CM administration, Ch-DHA supplementation, exposure to an EE and CTR supplementation significantly reduced degeneration, particularly in the CA3 and CA2 regions. Ch-DHA supplementation and HEK-CM treatment are observed to significantly reduce age-dependent degeneration of dorsal hippocampal CA3 and CA2 neurons in naturally ageing mice compared to EE exposure or CTR supplementation.
{"title":"Preventive interventional strategies mitigate age-associated degeneration of dorsal hippocampal neural cells in naturally ageing mice","authors":"M. S. Bhat, Prathibha Maria D’ Almeida, Prajnya Prabhu, G. Sivakumar, A. Dhanushkodi, K. S. Rai","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_490_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_490_2023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and potential protective effects of various intervention strategies, such as choline and docosahexaenoic acid (Ch-DHA) supplementation, Clitoria ternatea root extract (CTR) supplements, human embryonic kidney stem cell conditioned media (HEK-CM) treatment and exposure to enriched environments (EEs), in mitigating neural cell degeneration in dorsal hippocampal subregions of naturally ageing mice brain.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Twelve–fifteen-month-old CF1 male mice were subdivided (n = 6/group) into normal age-matched control, Ch-DHA supplemented, EE exposed, HEK-CM administered and CTR-supplemented groups. Neuro morphological alterations in the dorsal hippocampus were assessed using cresyl violet staining.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Higher neural cell degeneration was observed in the CA1–CA3 dorsal hippocampal subregions in normal ageing mice brains. Notably, interventions such as HEK-CM administration, Ch-DHA supplementation, exposure to an EE and CTR supplementation significantly reduced degeneration, particularly in the CA3 and CA2 regions.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Ch-DHA supplementation and HEK-CM treatment are observed to significantly reduce age-dependent degeneration of dorsal hippocampal CA3 and CA2 neurons in naturally ageing mice compared to EE exposure or CTR supplementation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"26 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140362304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dipak Chetry, Archana Chhetri, D. Rajak, Vipin Rathore, Ananya Gupta
Bhramari pranayama is a popular, widely practiced and researched pranayama in yoga that is described in many ancient Indian yoga texts. Several experiments have been conducted on bhramari pranayama to investigate its potential health benefits. The present review aimed to explore all currently available experimental research on bhramari pranayama and its health benefits. We investigate Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar to conduct our literature review. The databases mentioned above were searched in April 2023, and 46 experimental studies between 2006 and 2023 – including 18 single-arm clinical trials, 22 clinically controlled trials (CCTs) and six randomised control trials (RCTs) – were considered in the final evaluation for qualitative synthesis. Bhramari pranayama has been found in RCTs and CCTs to have a positive effect on psychological, cardiovascular and pulmonary health; it may also help those with hypertension and tinnitus lessen the associated symptoms of their conditions. Bhramari pranayama practice is found to be associated with higher levels of attention, quality of sleep, parasympathetic activity and pulmonary functioning and lower levels of stress, anxiety, depression, sympathetic activity and blood pressure across the included studies. This comprehensive review of the literature looked at each experimental trial of bhramari pranayama that examined people’s general health as well as specific medical conditions. To fill in the gaps in the currently available literature, researchers can organise their investigations to address these gaps and carry out more extensive research on bhramari pranayama in the future with the aid of this review.
{"title":"Exploring the health benefits of bhramari pranayama (humming bee breathing): A comprehensive literature review","authors":"Dipak Chetry, Archana Chhetri, D. Rajak, Vipin Rathore, Ananya Gupta","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_325_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_325_2023","url":null,"abstract":"Bhramari pranayama is a popular, widely practiced and researched pranayama in yoga that is described in many ancient Indian yoga texts. Several experiments have been conducted on bhramari pranayama to investigate its potential health benefits. The present review aimed to explore all currently available experimental research on bhramari pranayama and its health benefits. We investigate Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar to conduct our literature review. The databases mentioned above were searched in April 2023, and 46 experimental studies between 2006 and 2023 – including 18 single-arm clinical trials, 22 clinically controlled trials (CCTs) and six randomised control trials (RCTs) – were considered in the final evaluation for qualitative synthesis. Bhramari pranayama has been found in RCTs and CCTs to have a positive effect on psychological, cardiovascular and pulmonary health; it may also help those with hypertension and tinnitus lessen the associated symptoms of their conditions. Bhramari pranayama practice is found to be associated with higher levels of attention, quality of sleep, parasympathetic activity and pulmonary functioning and lower levels of stress, anxiety, depression, sympathetic activity and blood pressure across the included studies. This comprehensive review of the literature looked at each experimental trial of bhramari pranayama that examined people’s general health as well as specific medical conditions. To fill in the gaps in the currently available literature, researchers can organise their investigations to address these gaps and carry out more extensive research on bhramari pranayama in the future with the aid of this review.","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140220861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vishal Singh Kaharwar, Sugata Das Kumar, Madhusudan Pal
Normal load carriage is an inevitable part of military marching tasks. Military tasks are inextricably related to carrying huge loads irrespective of different terrain. Continuous carrying of heavy loads from level ground to uphill gradient may alter kinetic and kinematic responses. Such responses, in the long run, may cause the risk of injury. This study was designed to find out the effects of external load on kinetic and kinematic responses at specific loads and grades (+10°). Six healthy Indian soldiers mean (± standard error of mean [SEM]) age 30.5 ± 3.5 years, height 168.7 ± 2.8 cm, weight 73.8 ± 7.08 kg participated in this study, walking on treadmill (Deneb and Polak-speed-1625) at 3.5 kmph for 6 min at 10° inclination for two conditions, with no-load and 30 kg compact-load at controlled laboratory condition 25°C and 50% relative humidity (RH). Compressive, shearing, torque, joint reaction force, and erector-spine forces for kinetic and angular changes of neck, trunk, thigh, forearm, upper arm, and leg were analysed by biomechanical analysis software (Ergomaster 4.6). A paired t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance were applied to determine the significant effects of the load on dependent variables. Significant changes were found in kinetic (compressive, shearing, torque, joint reactive force, and erector spine force) and kinematic (neck and trunk) parameters with subsequent increments of loads. From this study, it was concluded that walking in uphill condition, compressive, shearing, torque, joint reactive force, and erector spine force was found to be increased by 2.58, 4.65, 4.06, 2.83, and 4.06 folds, the angular changes found in neck and trunk were 1.78 and 1.25 folds compared to no-load conditions, respectively. The exerted forces, namely compressive force 74.12%, shearing force 86%, joint reaction force almost 75%, and erector spine force 83.82%, were very close to the injury risk profile; only the change of torque was not much closer to the risk profile. Such findings could be used for recommending load carriage guidelines for future studies.
{"title":"Biomechanical responses on specific load carriage and positive gradient walking: A pilot study","authors":"Vishal Singh Kaharwar, Sugata Das Kumar, Madhusudan Pal","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_393_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_393_2023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Normal load carriage is an inevitable part of military marching tasks. Military tasks are inextricably related to carrying huge loads irrespective of different terrain. Continuous carrying of heavy loads from level ground to uphill gradient may alter kinetic and kinematic responses. Such responses, in the long run, may cause the risk of injury. This study was designed to find out the effects of external load on kinetic and kinematic responses at specific loads and grades (+10°).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Six healthy Indian soldiers mean (± standard error of mean [SEM]) age 30.5 ± 3.5 years, height 168.7 ± 2.8 cm, weight 73.8 ± 7.08 kg participated in this study, walking on treadmill (Deneb and Polak-speed-1625) at 3.5 kmph for 6 min at 10° inclination for two conditions, with no-load and 30 kg compact-load at controlled laboratory condition 25°C and 50% relative humidity (RH). Compressive, shearing, torque, joint reaction force, and erector-spine forces for kinetic and angular changes of neck, trunk, thigh, forearm, upper arm, and leg were analysed by biomechanical analysis software (Ergomaster 4.6). A paired t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance were applied to determine the significant effects of the load on dependent variables.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Significant changes were found in kinetic (compressive, shearing, torque, joint reactive force, and erector spine force) and kinematic (neck and trunk) parameters with subsequent increments of loads.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000From this study, it was concluded that walking in uphill condition, compressive, shearing, torque, joint reactive force, and erector spine force was found to be increased by 2.58, 4.65, 4.06, 2.83, and 4.06 folds, the angular changes found in neck and trunk were 1.78 and 1.25 folds compared to no-load conditions, respectively. The exerted forces, namely compressive force 74.12%, shearing force 86%, joint reaction force almost 75%, and erector spine force 83.82%, were very close to the injury risk profile; only the change of torque was not much closer to the risk profile. Such findings could be used for recommending load carriage guidelines for future studies.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140265895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in inhibiting the contractility of gut smooth muscles in various species, and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is a critical NO synthase inhibitor. Previous research investigating the role of NO in regulating gut motility focused on adult animals. Therefore, more research is needed to determine their status in the gut of newborns. Our study intended to understand how NO impacts the large gut contractility, in vitro, in rats, both neonates and adults, to get a better insight into the physiological role of NO in regulating large gut motility, particularly in neonates. In an organ bath preparation, the segments of a large gut (colon and rectum) were subjected to various concentrations of nitroglycerin (NG) (0.01–100 mM), a NO donor, cumulatively. In another group, pre-treatment with L-NAME (100 mM) was done to evaluate the blocking effect of NO on the contractile tension and frequency. NG induced relaxation in the colon and rectum of adult rats in a similar manner. NG caused significantly greater relaxation in neonates’ rectums than in their colons. In neonatal and adult rats, L-NAME pre-application inhibited NG-induced relaxation in contractile tension. Exposure to different concentrations of NG decreased contractile frequency in adult rats’ colons and rectum. However, L-NAME pre-treatment did not affect the decrease in contractile frequency caused by NG. In neonates, NG caused a concentration-dependent reduction in contractile frequency, and a decrease in contractile frequency in the rectum was more than that in the colon. However, L-NAME pre-treatment did not affect the reduction in contractile frequency caused by NG. Nitrergic mechanisms have possibly been present since birth. The intensity of control by NO may be different in the colon and rectum. The differences in NO sensitivity in adults and neonates demonstrated the changes during development.
一氧化氮（NO）在抑制不同物种肠道平滑肌收缩力方面发挥着关键作用，而 NG-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）是一种重要的 NO 合成酶抑制剂。以往调查 NO 在调节肠道运动中作用的研究主要集中在成年动物身上。因此，需要更多的研究来确定它们在新生儿肠道中的地位。我们的研究旨在了解 NO 如何在体外影响新生大鼠和成年大鼠的大肠道收缩力，从而更好地了解 NO 在调节大肠道运动（尤其是新生大鼠）中的生理作用。在另一组中，用 L-NAME（100 mM）进行预处理，以评估 NO 对收缩张力和频率的阻断作用。NG 对新生大鼠直肠的松弛作用明显大于对其结肠的松弛作用。在新生大鼠和成年大鼠中，预先使用 L-NAME 可抑制 NG 诱导的收缩张力松弛。暴露于不同浓度的 NG 会降低成年大鼠结肠和直肠的收缩频率。然而，L-NAME 预处理并不影响 NG 引起的收缩频率下降。在新生大鼠中，NG 导致的收缩频率降低与浓度有关，直肠收缩频率的降低幅度大于结肠。然而，L-NAME 预处理并不影响 NG 导致的收缩频率降低。NO对结肠和直肠的控制强度可能不同。成人和新生儿对 NO 敏感性的差异表明了发育过程中的变化。
{"title":"Role of nitric oxide in determination of large intestinal contractility in neonatal rats","authors":"Shuchita Singh, Parul Sharma, Devarshi Dixit, Maloy Mandal","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_374_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_374_2023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in inhibiting the contractility of gut smooth muscles in various species, and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is a critical NO synthase inhibitor. Previous research investigating the role of NO in regulating gut motility focused on adult animals. Therefore, more research is needed to determine their status in the gut of newborns. Our study intended to understand how NO impacts the large gut contractility, in vitro, in rats, both neonates and adults, to get a better insight into the physiological role of NO in regulating large gut motility, particularly in neonates.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In an organ bath preparation, the segments of a large gut (colon and rectum) were subjected to various concentrations of nitroglycerin (NG) (0.01–100 mM), a NO donor, cumulatively. In another group, pre-treatment with L-NAME (100 mM) was done to evaluate the blocking effect of NO on the contractile tension and frequency.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000NG induced relaxation in the colon and rectum of adult rats in a similar manner. NG caused significantly greater relaxation in neonates’ rectums than in their colons. In neonatal and adult rats, L-NAME pre-application inhibited NG-induced relaxation in contractile tension. Exposure to different concentrations of NG decreased contractile frequency in adult rats’ colons and rectum. However, L-NAME pre-treatment did not affect the decrease in contractile frequency caused by NG. In neonates, NG caused a concentration-dependent reduction in contractile frequency, and a decrease in contractile frequency in the rectum was more than that in the colon. However, L-NAME pre-treatment did not affect the reduction in contractile frequency caused by NG.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Nitrergic mechanisms have possibly been present since birth. The intensity of control by NO may be different in the colon and rectum. The differences in NO sensitivity in adults and neonates demonstrated the changes during development.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"18 1‐2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140265942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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