Swarna Buddha Nayok, Vanteemar Sathyanaryana Sreeraj, Venkataram Shivakumar, Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
The vagus nerve (VN) plays an important role in the modulation of the autonomic nervous system, inflammatory system, and interoception, therefore connecting the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems to the central nervous system. Dysregulation of the VN is implicated in several psychiatric disorders. The recent availability of safe and non-invasive transcutaneous VN stimulation (tVNS) techniques opens new opportunities to evaluate the role of the VN in psychiatric disorders. We briefly review the basic anatomy and physiology of the VN, extensively discuss various theories linking VN dysfunction to health and illness, give details of the probable neurochemical underpinnings of VN activity, delineate its dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and put forward the current state and future directions of VNS, specifically focusing on tVNS.
{"title":"The vagus nerve in psychiatry: From theories to therapeutic neurostimulation in neuropsychiatric disorders","authors":"Swarna Buddha Nayok, Vanteemar Sathyanaryana Sreeraj, Venkataram Shivakumar, Ganesan Venkatasubramanian","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_401_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_401_2022","url":null,"abstract":"The vagus nerve (VN) plays an important role in the modulation of the autonomic nervous system, inflammatory system, and interoception, therefore connecting the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems to the central nervous system. Dysregulation of the VN is implicated in several psychiatric disorders. The recent availability of safe and non-invasive transcutaneous VN stimulation (tVNS) techniques opens new opportunities to evaluate the role of the VN in psychiatric disorders. We briefly review the basic anatomy and physiology of the VN, extensively discuss various theories linking VN dysfunction to health and illness, give details of the probable neurochemical underpinnings of VN activity, delineate its dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and put forward the current state and future directions of VNS, specifically focusing on tVNS.","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136342561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: Wasting is the predominant systemic clinical manifestation of chronic diseases like tuberculosis (TB). Delay in diagnosis and therapy initiation may affect handgrip strength, severity and outcome of the disease. Limited data are available on this in the Indian context, despite a high prevalence of TB. This study aimed to estimate and correlate deficits in handgrip strength amongst sputum-positive and sputum-negative pulmonary TB patients in relation to the time lag between symptom onset and starting of antitubercular therapy (ATT). Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study amongst newly diagnosed sputum-positive and sputum-negative pulmonary TB patients and age- and sex-matched apparently healthy volunteers. Handgrip strength of 341 newly diagnosed patients of TB was monitored within 1 week of starting ATT and analysed. Demographic details and clinical history of the participants were noted in the pre-designed form. The handgrip strength of 100 healthy volunteers was also taken for comparison. Results: The study findings suggest that deficits in handgrip strength amongst sputum-negative patients were more than sputum-positive patients in comparison to age- and sex-matched healthy controls. It took an average of 63 ± 27 days between the onset of symptoms and starting of ATT in sputum-negative patients in comparison to an average of 47 ± 12 days in sputum-positive patients. Conclusion: Early consultation by patients, rapid diagnosis of TB and the start of ATT, thereby decreasing the time lag between the symptom onset and start of ATT, may lead to a decreased deficit in handgrip strength with the improved overall health of patients. Extensive Information, Education and Communication activities and newer diagnostic modalities for early identification of cases and the start of chemotherapy are required for optimal management of TB patients.
{"title":"Handgrip strength deficit and time lag between symptom onset and starting of chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis: A cross-sectional study in North India","authors":"Prashant Mishra, Shashikant Bhargava, Sandeep Vihan","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_205_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_205_2022","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Wasting is the predominant systemic clinical manifestation of chronic diseases like tuberculosis (TB). Delay in diagnosis and therapy initiation may affect handgrip strength, severity and outcome of the disease. Limited data are available on this in the Indian context, despite a high prevalence of TB. This study aimed to estimate and correlate deficits in handgrip strength amongst sputum-positive and sputum-negative pulmonary TB patients in relation to the time lag between symptom onset and starting of antitubercular therapy (ATT). Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study amongst newly diagnosed sputum-positive and sputum-negative pulmonary TB patients and age- and sex-matched apparently healthy volunteers. Handgrip strength of 341 newly diagnosed patients of TB was monitored within 1 week of starting ATT and analysed. Demographic details and clinical history of the participants were noted in the pre-designed form. The handgrip strength of 100 healthy volunteers was also taken for comparison. Results: The study findings suggest that deficits in handgrip strength amongst sputum-negative patients were more than sputum-positive patients in comparison to age- and sex-matched healthy controls. It took an average of 63 ± 27 days between the onset of symptoms and starting of ATT in sputum-negative patients in comparison to an average of 47 ± 12 days in sputum-positive patients. Conclusion: Early consultation by patients, rapid diagnosis of TB and the start of ATT, thereby decreasing the time lag between the symptom onset and start of ATT, may lead to a decreased deficit in handgrip strength with the improved overall health of patients. Extensive Information, Education and Communication activities and newer diagnostic modalities for early identification of cases and the start of chemotherapy are required for optimal management of TB patients.","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136341899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farhan Adam Mukadam, Naveen Gangadharan, Bowya Baskaran, S. Baskaran, Subramani Kandasamy, Syrpailyne Wankhar, Suresh Devasahayam, Sathya Subramani
Objectives: The study presents the magnitude of variation of systolic and diastolic pressures over a few minutes from intra-arterial pressure recordings in 51 hemodynamically stable patients in an intensive care unit. Materials and Methods: Conscious surgical ICU patients, with arterial pressure cannulae placed as the standard of care, were recruited after obtaining informed consent. A validated data acquisition system was used to record intra-arterial blood pressure for a period of 10 minutes following a Fast-Flush test. Only those recordings with acceptable dynamic characteristics as per Gardner’s criteria were included in the analysis. Results: Three categories of systolic and diastolic pressure variability namely “beat-to-beat” variability, “Respiratory” variability, and “Total magnitude of variation” during the duration of recording, were reported for each of the 51 patients. The mean (± SD) of the total magnitude of variation for systolic and diastolic pressures in the study sample were 21 ± 9 mmHg and 14 ± 5 mmHg respectively. Conclusion: Given the magnitude of systolic and diastolic pressure variations over a few minutes, the validity of reporting single- point values for these pressures and using single-point cut-offs for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension must be re-evaluated.
{"title":"Blood pressure variability from intra-arterial pressure recordings in humans","authors":"Farhan Adam Mukadam, Naveen Gangadharan, Bowya Baskaran, S. Baskaran, Subramani Kandasamy, Syrpailyne Wankhar, Suresh Devasahayam, Sathya Subramani","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_61_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_61_2023","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The study presents the magnitude of variation of systolic and diastolic pressures over a few minutes from intra-arterial pressure recordings in 51 hemodynamically stable patients in an intensive care unit. Materials and Methods: Conscious surgical ICU patients, with arterial pressure cannulae placed as the standard of care, were recruited after obtaining informed consent. A validated data acquisition system was used to record intra-arterial blood pressure for a period of 10 minutes following a Fast-Flush test. Only those recordings with acceptable dynamic characteristics as per Gardner’s criteria were included in the analysis. Results: Three categories of systolic and diastolic pressure variability namely “beat-to-beat” variability, “Respiratory” variability, and “Total magnitude of variation” during the duration of recording, were reported for each of the 51 patients. The mean (± SD) of the total magnitude of variation for systolic and diastolic pressures in the study sample were 21 ± 9 mmHg and 14 ± 5 mmHg respectively. Conclusion: Given the magnitude of systolic and diastolic pressure variations over a few minutes, the validity of reporting single- point values for these pressures and using single-point cut-offs for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension must be re-evaluated.","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136192382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: The textile industry including readymade garment manufacturing contributes substantially to the foreign exchange earned by India. More than 45 million people are employed in this industry. Our previous study revealed a compromised lung function (obstructive and mixed) in readymade garment manufacturing workers in the Garden Reach-Metiabruz region of Kolkata. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of the work environment on the immune health at the local and systemic levels of the workers of this region. Oxidative stress encountered by the workers was also assessed. Materials and Methods: Male workers of age group 18–35 years ( n = 80) from readymade garment manufacturing units of Garden Reach-Metiabruz region of Kolkata, India were selected for the study. The control group was selected from the same region unexposed to the factory environment. Blood samples were collected from both groups for estimation of cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol and anti-oxidants of the subjects. Sputum samples from dust-exposed workers were studied for alveolar macrophages. Results: Accumulation of alveolar macrophages in the sputum was noted in the workers which indicated a local inflammation. A systemic inflammatory state was revealed by elevated proinflammatory cytokines and CRP. Reduction in antioxidants noted is an indicator of oxidative stress in the workers. Conclusion: A chronic proinflammatory condition exists in these workers and may be the underlying cause of the compromised respiratory status noted in the workers of this region. The inflammatory condition may lead to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders, autoimmune disorders, etc., later in life. This might also influence the outcome of various respiratory infections like the current COVID-19.
目的:包括成衣制造在内的纺织工业为印度赚取外汇作出了重大贡献。超过4500万人在这个行业工作。我们之前的研究揭示了加尔各答花园河段-梅蒂亚布鲁兹地区成衣服装制造工人的肺功能受损(阻塞性和混合性)。本研究旨在评估工作环境对该地区工人局部和全身免疫健康的影响。工人们遇到的氧化应激也被评估。材料与方法:选取印度加尔各答Garden river - metiabruz地区成衣生产单位18-35岁的男性工人(n = 80)进行研究。对照组选自未暴露于工厂环境的同一地区。采集两组患者的血液样本，评估受试者的细胞因子、c反应蛋白(CRP)、皮质醇和抗氧化剂。对粉尘暴露工人的痰样本进行了肺泡巨噬细胞的研究。结果:工人痰中可见肺泡巨噬细胞积聚，提示局部炎症。促炎细胞因子和CRP升高显示全身性炎症状态。注意到抗氧化剂的减少是工人氧化应激的一个指标。结论:这些工人存在慢性促炎状况，可能是该地区工人呼吸状况受损的根本原因。炎症状况可能导致心血管疾病，自身免疫性疾病等的发病机制，在以后的生活中。这也可能影响各种呼吸道感染的结果，比如目前的COVID-19。
{"title":"Assessment of inflammatory status and oxidative stress in readymade garment manufacturing workers of Garden Reach-Metiabruz area of Kolkata","authors":"Labonya Mandal, Somnath Gangopadhyay, Alok Chattopadhyay","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_64_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_64_2023","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The textile industry including readymade garment manufacturing contributes substantially to the foreign exchange earned by India. More than 45 million people are employed in this industry. Our previous study revealed a compromised lung function (obstructive and mixed) in readymade garment manufacturing workers in the Garden Reach-Metiabruz region of Kolkata. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of the work environment on the immune health at the local and systemic levels of the workers of this region. Oxidative stress encountered by the workers was also assessed. Materials and Methods: Male workers of age group 18–35 years ( n = 80) from readymade garment manufacturing units of Garden Reach-Metiabruz region of Kolkata, India were selected for the study. The control group was selected from the same region unexposed to the factory environment. Blood samples were collected from both groups for estimation of cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol and anti-oxidants of the subjects. Sputum samples from dust-exposed workers were studied for alveolar macrophages. Results: Accumulation of alveolar macrophages in the sputum was noted in the workers which indicated a local inflammation. A systemic inflammatory state was revealed by elevated proinflammatory cytokines and CRP. Reduction in antioxidants noted is an indicator of oxidative stress in the workers. Conclusion: A chronic proinflammatory condition exists in these workers and may be the underlying cause of the compromised respiratory status noted in the workers of this region. The inflammatory condition may lead to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders, autoimmune disorders, etc., later in life. This might also influence the outcome of various respiratory infections like the current COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136192727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nalini YC, Jeneth Berlin Raj, Devi R. Nithiya, Balachandra Adkoli, Abhishekh Basavarajegowda
Objectives: Most teachers have minimal experience with online teaching since most of their learning and teaching years have been spent in a traditional face-to-face classroom. So how do instructors prepare themselves to teach online? What are their expectations of this new learning environment for the first time? The nature of faculty preparation and duration of experience affecting the performance between faculty will vary considerably, and support provided for online teaching also vary over a period of time. The objectives of this study were to obtain/ collect the perception of medical and allied course faculty employed at Deemed to be University, Pondicherry, to online teaching compared to traditional teaching. Materials and Methods: The online questionnaire and informed consent were mailed to all the faculty, and they were instructed to rate on a five-point numerically coded Likert scale (Always = 5, Frequently = 4, Sometimes = 3, Seldom = 2 and Never = 1) their satisfaction level to an online lecture class. Preliminary details, such as name, age, gender, department, college and post P.G experience, were obtained. Based on the scoring, inferential analysis was done. The online discussion session was done amongst selective participants, and a thematic analysis of the same was done. Results: A total of 119 participants responded to the questionnaire. An unpaired t -test was applied, and a significant difference ( P ≤ 0.05) was observed in the 17 questions in the study population between online and traditional lectures. Conclusion: Faculty were overall not satisfied with online lecture classes as they had trouble providing set induction and adequate closure, enabling pupil participation during lecture presentation and time management compared to traditional/conventional lecture classes. Faculty feel that online teaching can continue in the post-pandemic era for a few selectively chosen appropriate topics, and the class duration should be short. A blended approach to learning can be adopted in the future.
{"title":"Self-reflection and perception of medical and allied courses faculty to online teaching compared to traditional teaching: A mixed-method study","authors":"Nalini YC, Jeneth Berlin Raj, Devi R. Nithiya, Balachandra Adkoli, Abhishekh Basavarajegowda","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_146_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_146_2022","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Most teachers have minimal experience with online teaching since most of their learning and teaching years have been spent in a traditional face-to-face classroom. So how do instructors prepare themselves to teach online? What are their expectations of this new learning environment for the first time? The nature of faculty preparation and duration of experience affecting the performance between faculty will vary considerably, and support provided for online teaching also vary over a period of time. The objectives of this study were to obtain/ collect the perception of medical and allied course faculty employed at Deemed to be University, Pondicherry, to online teaching compared to traditional teaching. Materials and Methods: The online questionnaire and informed consent were mailed to all the faculty, and they were instructed to rate on a five-point numerically coded Likert scale (Always = 5, Frequently = 4, Sometimes = 3, Seldom = 2 and Never = 1) their satisfaction level to an online lecture class. Preliminary details, such as name, age, gender, department, college and post P.G experience, were obtained. Based on the scoring, inferential analysis was done. The online discussion session was done amongst selective participants, and a thematic analysis of the same was done. Results: A total of 119 participants responded to the questionnaire. An unpaired t -test was applied, and a significant difference ( P ≤ 0.05) was observed in the 17 questions in the study population between online and traditional lectures. Conclusion: Faculty were overall not satisfied with online lecture classes as they had trouble providing set induction and adequate closure, enabling pupil participation during lecture presentation and time management compared to traditional/conventional lecture classes. Faculty feel that online teaching can continue in the post-pandemic era for a few selectively chosen appropriate topics, and the class duration should be short. A blended approach to learning can be adopted in the future.","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136192728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: Faces and words bearing emotional valence are commonly encountered affective stimuli by humans. It is known that emotional distractors interfere with the task goal and disrupt the cognitive performance. However, the differential cortical sources involved as neural substrates, to process emotional distractors, while affecting performance during the presence of another emotional stimuli, (emotional interference) is still unexplored. Materials and Methods: Emotional interference was studied in 20 healthy adults (25.15 ± 2.978) while performing face-word interference (FwI) and Word-face interference (WfI) tasks, wherein words with emotions and faces were distractors and 128 channel electroencephalogram was acquired simultaneously. Further, standardised low-resolution electromagnetic tomography-based source analysis was done to study the differences in the cortical activity between the tasks across 66 gyri. Results: Higher reaction time (RT) and lower accuracy percentage were seen for categorising face in presence of word (FwI) versus word in presence of face (WfI) ( P < 0.001). We observed no difference in RT and lower accuracy percentage between incongruent FWI trials as compared to congruent FWI trials. In addition, we observed higher RT and lower accuracy percentage between incongruent WFI trials as compared to congruent WFI trials. Source analysis revealed higher cortical activity across 60 gyri and significantly lower cortical activity across three gyri during performance of FwI compared to WfI task ( P < 0.05/66). Activation of areas associated with saliency, conflict and goal directed behaviour exhibited consistently higher activity in FwI trials compared to WfI trials indicating the robustness of face processing and the hierarchical interplay of neural substrates in conditions of cognitive control. Conclusion: Cortical processing of face emerged as more potent distractor compared to an emotional word during emotional interference task.
{"title":"EEG cortical sources of face and word as distractors during emotional interference","authors":"Tanaya Batabyal, Suriya Prakash Muthukrishnan, Prashant Tayade, Ratna Sharma, Simran Kaur","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_430_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_430_2022","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Faces and words bearing emotional valence are commonly encountered affective stimuli by humans. It is known that emotional distractors interfere with the task goal and disrupt the cognitive performance. However, the differential cortical sources involved as neural substrates, to process emotional distractors, while affecting performance during the presence of another emotional stimuli, (emotional interference) is still unexplored. Materials and Methods: Emotional interference was studied in 20 healthy adults (25.15 ± 2.978) while performing face-word interference (FwI) and Word-face interference (WfI) tasks, wherein words with emotions and faces were distractors and 128 channel electroencephalogram was acquired simultaneously. Further, standardised low-resolution electromagnetic tomography-based source analysis was done to study the differences in the cortical activity between the tasks across 66 gyri. Results: Higher reaction time (RT) and lower accuracy percentage were seen for categorising face in presence of word (FwI) versus word in presence of face (WfI) ( P < 0.001). We observed no difference in RT and lower accuracy percentage between incongruent FWI trials as compared to congruent FWI trials. In addition, we observed higher RT and lower accuracy percentage between incongruent WFI trials as compared to congruent WFI trials. Source analysis revealed higher cortical activity across 60 gyri and significantly lower cortical activity across three gyri during performance of FwI compared to WfI task ( P < 0.05/66). Activation of areas associated with saliency, conflict and goal directed behaviour exhibited consistently higher activity in FwI trials compared to WfI trials indicating the robustness of face processing and the hierarchical interplay of neural substrates in conditions of cognitive control. Conclusion: Cortical processing of face emerged as more potent distractor compared to an emotional word during emotional interference task.","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136191888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various physiological mechanisms counteract insulin resistance (IR) during normal pregnancy. Psychological stress is a known, independent risk factor for developing IR. Pregnancy-specific psychological stress may cause IR and increase the risk of overt diabetes. Hence, the study aims to evaluate maternal psychological stress using multiple stress markers and their association with changes in IR during pregnancy and postpartum. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight and skinfold thickness were measured using standard techniques. The stress markers were assessed using perceived stress scales (K10 questionnaire), a physiological marker of stress (Heart rate variability [HRV] measures) and biochemical stress markers (Saliva, hair cortisol levels). IR was estimated using homeostasis model assessment-estimated IR (HOMA-IR). The association of stress markers with IR was studied among fifty healthy pregnant women during pregnancy and postpartum. The psychological stress scores and saliva cortisol were significantly higher during pregnancy than postpartum (P = 0.000). A comparison of cardiac autonomic function as assessed by HRV measures shows that high frequency in normalised units (HFnu) was significantly higher during the postnatal period than in the prenatal period (P = 0.000). High frequency (HF) spectral power in absolute units was also significantly higher (P = 0.002) in the postpartum period (2612.30 ± 432.24) when compared with the prenatal period (1446.10 ± 299.15). Low frequency in normalised units (LFnu), low frequency (LF)/HF ratio was significantly higher during the prenatal period than in the postnatal period (P = 0.000). As assessed by HOMA-IR values, IR was significantly higher during the prenatal period than postpartum (P = 0.04). There was a significant positive correlation between prenatal psychological stress scores, HRV parameters (LFnu, LF/HF) and postnatal IR. Pregnancy is associated with higher psychological stress levels and IR than postpartum. Furthermore, the maternal cardiac autonomic marker could predict postnatal IR among healthy pregnant women.
{"title":"Evaluation of an association between maternal prenatal psychological stress and insulin resistance during pregnancy and postpartum","authors":"A. Kishan, P. Shetty, Shailaja S Moodithaya","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_490_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_490_2022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Various physiological mechanisms counteract insulin resistance (IR) during normal pregnancy. Psychological stress is a known, independent risk factor for developing IR. Pregnancy-specific psychological stress may cause IR and increase the risk of overt diabetes. Hence, the study aims to evaluate maternal psychological stress using multiple stress markers and their association with changes in IR during pregnancy and postpartum.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight and skinfold thickness were measured using standard techniques. The stress markers were assessed using perceived stress scales (K10 questionnaire), a physiological marker of stress (Heart rate variability [HRV] measures) and biochemical stress markers (Saliva, hair cortisol levels). IR was estimated using homeostasis model assessment-estimated IR (HOMA-IR). The association of stress markers with IR was studied among fifty healthy pregnant women during pregnancy and postpartum.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The psychological stress scores and saliva cortisol were significantly higher during pregnancy than postpartum (P = 0.000). A comparison of cardiac autonomic function as assessed by HRV measures shows that high frequency in normalised units (HFnu) was significantly higher during the postnatal period than in the prenatal period (P = 0.000). High frequency (HF) spectral power in absolute units was also significantly higher (P = 0.002) in the postpartum period (2612.30 ± 432.24) when compared with the prenatal period (1446.10 ± 299.15). Low frequency in normalised units (LFnu), low frequency (LF)/HF ratio was significantly higher during the prenatal period than in the postnatal period (P = 0.000). As assessed by HOMA-IR values, IR was significantly higher during the prenatal period than postpartum (P = 0.04). There was a significant positive correlation between prenatal psychological stress scores, HRV parameters (LFnu, LF/HF) and postnatal IR.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Pregnancy is associated with higher psychological stress levels and IR than postpartum. Furthermore, the maternal cardiac autonomic marker could predict postnatal IR among healthy pregnant women.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43307369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sutirtha Ghosh, Archana Gaur, T. Sengupta, M. Banerjee, P. Nayak
Exposure of aluminium (Al) to mankind is inescapable, and its dyslipidaemic impact is a possible contributing factor to health hazards like cardiovascular diseases. The health effects due to the metalloestrogenic property of the metal need imperative consideration. The current experimental work was undertaken to explore Al-induced dyslipidaemia due to its metalloestrogenic property. To fulfil this objective, prepubertal (PP) and young adult (YA) female Wistar rats were intraperitoneally administered to two doses of Al [5 and 10 mg/Kg body weight (BW)] once daily for 2 weeks. After the completion of the acute exposure protocol, plasma and hepatic tissue lipid profiles were estimated. Analysis of variance was carried out by the Kruskal–Wallis test and the differences between the groups were analysed by Mann–Whitney U post hoc test Increased triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and very-LDL cholesterol in plasma were found in YAs treated with both doses of Al in a dose-dependent manner. Similar changes were not present in PP female rats. Decreased levels of lipid levels were observed in the case of hepatic lipid profile. The study ushers light towards the dyslipidaemic alterations in experimental female rats after acute Al exposure. Impacts of Al on the growth and organosomatic index during the vital developmental days were significantly decided by the pubertal status of the female rats. The results of this study indicate the impact of puberty on the Al-induced modifications in lipid profile parameters and cardiovascular risk factors.
{"title":"Effect of aluminium on lipid profile and atherogenic index in prepubertal and young adult female rats: A pilot study","authors":"Sutirtha Ghosh, Archana Gaur, T. Sengupta, M. Banerjee, P. Nayak","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_338_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_338_2022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Exposure of aluminium (Al) to mankind is inescapable, and its dyslipidaemic impact is a possible contributing factor to health hazards like cardiovascular diseases. The health effects due to the metalloestrogenic property of the metal need imperative consideration. The current experimental work was undertaken to explore Al-induced dyslipidaemia due to its metalloestrogenic property.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000To fulfil this objective, prepubertal (PP) and young adult (YA) female Wistar rats were intraperitoneally administered to two doses of Al [5 and 10 mg/Kg body weight (BW)] once daily for 2 weeks. After the completion of the acute exposure protocol, plasma and hepatic tissue lipid profiles were estimated. Analysis of variance was carried out by the Kruskal–Wallis test and the differences between the groups were analysed by Mann–Whitney U post hoc test\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Increased triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and very-LDL cholesterol in plasma were found in YAs treated with both doses of Al in a dose-dependent manner. Similar changes were not present in PP female rats. Decreased levels of lipid levels were observed in the case of hepatic lipid profile.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The study ushers light towards the dyslipidaemic alterations in experimental female rats after acute Al exposure. Impacts of Al on the growth and organosomatic index during the vital developmental days were significantly decided by the pubertal status of the female rats. The results of this study indicate the impact of puberty on the Al-induced modifications in lipid profile parameters and cardiovascular risk factors.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43877642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intolerance to orthostasis encompasses a group of responses on assumption of upright posture. One such response is postural dysautonomia. One of the types of postural dysautonomia is postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, which is characterised by an increase in heart rate of more than 30 bpm without hypotension along with other features of dysautonomia on attaining an erect posture, either actively or passively. This paper brings out a case of postural dysautonomia in a pilot aspirant in response to Head-up tilt (HUT) test. A 23-year-old female military pilot aspirant reported for evaluation of Syncope and Air Sickness. She gave a history of solitary episode of loss of consciousness on ground while preparing for an early morning sortie. She was diagnosed with a case of neurocardiogenic syncope and was put back to flying training. Subsequently, after about 2 months, she developed features of air sickness while flying and also could not tolerate preliminary motion sickness desensitisation at her unit. A thorough medical evaluation failed to reveal any neurocardiological abnormality. Before commencing the air sickness desensitisation protocol at the Institute of Aerospace Medicine, she was subjected to HUT during which she developed signs and symptoms suggestive of postural dysautonomia. A test retest assessment with repeat HUT and passive standing test revealed similar responses.
{"title":"Postural dysautonomia in response to head-up tilt in a military pilot aspirant: Aeromedical considerations","authors":"Gaurab Ghosh, B. Sinha, Siddhant Swamy","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_529_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_529_2022","url":null,"abstract":"Intolerance to orthostasis encompasses a group of responses on assumption of upright posture. One such response is postural dysautonomia. One of the types of postural dysautonomia is postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, which is characterised by an increase in heart rate of more than 30 bpm without hypotension along with other features of dysautonomia on attaining an erect posture, either actively or passively. This paper brings out a case of postural dysautonomia in a pilot aspirant in response to Head-up tilt (HUT) test. A 23-year-old female military pilot aspirant reported for evaluation of Syncope and Air Sickness. She gave a history of solitary episode of loss of consciousness on ground while preparing for an early morning sortie. She was diagnosed with a case of neurocardiogenic syncope and was put back to flying training. Subsequently, after about 2 months, she developed features of air sickness while flying and also could not tolerate preliminary motion sickness desensitisation at her unit. A thorough medical evaluation failed to reveal any neurocardiological abnormality. Before commencing the air sickness desensitisation protocol at the Institute of Aerospace Medicine, she was subjected to HUT during which she developed signs and symptoms suggestive of postural dysautonomia. A test retest assessment with repeat HUT and passive standing test revealed similar responses.","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48905394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hand grip strength (HGS) is an important quantitative measure to evaluate the overall muscle strength of an individual. It is affected by factors such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and hypertension. This study aims to find out the correlation of BMI with HGS and blood pressure indices among young adults. Three hundred and eighty-two medical students between the age group of 18–20 years with no history of systemic illness, musculoskeletal disorder, hand pain or deformity were selected. Informed consent was obtained. Biodata and anthropometric measurements were documented in a proforma. HGS and endurance of the dominant hand were measured using a hand-held dynamometer. Blood pressure was recorded using a mercury sphygmomanometer. Data on BMI was sub grouped into underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese participants to compare the HGS among them. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between BMI and HGS (r = −0.513; P < 0.01), BMI and grip strength ratio (r = −0.750; P < 0.01), and between BMI and handgrip endurance (r = −0.359; P < 0.01). Statistically significant decrease in HGS was found among underweight (29.36 ± 7.01), overweight (26.18 ± 5.45) and obese participants (20.48 ± 3.12) with Kruskal–Wallis value χ2 = 14.231. Furthermore, a statistically significant positive correlation was found between BMI and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.603; P < 0.01), BMI and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.514; P < 0.01), BMI and pulse pressure (r = 0.228; P < 0.01) and between BMI and mean arterial pressure (r = 0.572; P < 0.01). BMI was found to be negatively correlated with HGS and positively correlated with blood pressure indices. This can influence the compatibility of medical students with the physical and emotional stress of course. Determinants such as grip span, hand span, skeletal muscle bulk, and arm and calf muscle circumference are to be considered for further research to improve the endurance of young adults.
{"title":"Correlation of body mass index with handgrip strength and blood pressure indices among young adults","authors":"Smrti Salim, R. Davy .C","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_471_2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_471_2021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Hand grip strength (HGS) is an important quantitative measure to evaluate the overall muscle strength of an individual. It is affected by factors such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and hypertension. This study aims to find out the correlation of BMI with HGS and blood pressure indices among young adults.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Three hundred and eighty-two medical students between the age group of 18–20 years with no history of systemic illness, musculoskeletal disorder, hand pain or deformity were selected. Informed consent was obtained. Biodata and anthropometric measurements were documented in a proforma. HGS and endurance of the dominant hand were measured using a hand-held dynamometer. Blood pressure was recorded using a mercury sphygmomanometer. Data on BMI was sub grouped into underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese participants to compare the HGS among them.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000There was a statistically significant negative correlation between BMI and HGS (r = −0.513; P < 0.01), BMI and grip strength ratio (r = −0.750; P < 0.01), and between BMI and handgrip endurance (r = −0.359; P < 0.01). Statistically significant decrease in HGS was found among underweight (29.36 ± 7.01), overweight (26.18 ± 5.45) and obese participants (20.48 ± 3.12) with Kruskal–Wallis value χ2 = 14.231. Furthermore, a statistically significant positive correlation was found between BMI and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.603; P < 0.01), BMI and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.514; P < 0.01), BMI and pulse pressure (r = 0.228; P < 0.01) and between BMI and mean arterial pressure (r = 0.572; P < 0.01).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000BMI was found to be negatively correlated with HGS and positively correlated with blood pressure indices. This can influence the compatibility of medical students with the physical and emotional stress of course. Determinants such as grip span, hand span, skeletal muscle bulk, and arm and calf muscle circumference are to be considered for further research to improve the endurance of young adults.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45537335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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