Pub Date : 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2025.3631022
Qinhong Zhong;Qinfeng Hu;Shushu Zhu;Chuang Liu
Optimizing permanent magnet (PM) and slot shapes improves surface-mounted PM motor thrust performance. However, this optimization complicates air-gap boundary conditions, creating electromagnetic analysis challenges. To address this, this article proposes a hybrid analytical method integrating equivalent magnetic network (EMN) and sub-domain approaches. Two key innovations enable its application in motors with nonuniform air-gap length. First, arc-shaped PMs are converted into rectangular equivalents. This geometric transformation achieves planar interfaces between PMs and air-gap regions, thereby reducing the computational complexity of magnetic vector potential solutions. Second, extending the EMN into the air-gap region decouples the core from the boundary. This eliminates repeated EMN discretization during slot shape optimization. The hybrid analytical model (HAM) is employed to predict back electromotive force, detent force, and load thrust, which are validated by the finite element analysis (FEA). During motor optimization, the HAM achieves an 89% computation time reduction compared to finite element method (FEM). Experimental results align with both the FEM and hybrid model predictions, confirming the method's applicability for rapid surfacemounted PM motor design.
{"title":"A Hybrid Analysis Method for SPMLSMs With Non-Uniform Air-Gap Length","authors":"Qinhong Zhong;Qinfeng Hu;Shushu Zhu;Chuang Liu","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3631022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3631022","url":null,"abstract":"Optimizing permanent magnet (PM) and slot shapes improves surface-mounted PM motor thrust performance. However, this optimization complicates air-gap boundary conditions, creating electromagnetic analysis challenges. To address this, this article proposes a hybrid analytical method integrating equivalent magnetic network (EMN) and sub-domain approaches. Two key innovations enable its application in motors with nonuniform air-gap length. First, arc-shaped PMs are converted into rectangular equivalents. This geometric transformation achieves planar interfaces between PMs and air-gap regions, thereby reducing the computational complexity of magnetic vector potential solutions. Second, extending the EMN into the air-gap region decouples the core from the boundary. This eliminates repeated EMN discretization during slot shape optimization. The hybrid analytical model (HAM) is employed to predict back electromotive force, detent force, and load thrust, which are validated by the finite element analysis (FEA). During motor optimization, the HAM achieves an 89% computation time reduction compared to finite element method (FEM). Experimental results align with both the FEM and hybrid model predictions, confirming the method's applicability for rapid surfacemounted PM motor design.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 2","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2025.3630487
Sofiane Ben Mbarek;Selma Amara;Gianluca Setti
Magnetic tags offer a compelling alternative to other identification and sensing techniques due to their distinctive combination of durability, potential for miniaturization, and compatibility with non-line-of-sight detection. These tags can generate a multitude of unique codes, identifiable through remote decoding via magnetic measurements. To date, no prior research has specifically addressed the approach of recognizing and identifying magnetic tags through far-field magnetic flux measurements. In this article, we present an innovative study that addresses the inverse problem of recognizing the configuration of a planar 2 × 2 array of N52 grade neodymium permanent magnets using far-field magnetic measurements. The Euler deconvolution method was employed to resolve a linear system derived from the spatial and vertical derivatives of the field. Concurrently, a brute-force matching method was used to compare the normalized measurement data with the forward-simulated fields of all possible configurations to identify the closest match. The results presented herein demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is capable of identifying distinct magnetic tag signatures, particularly when magnetic configurations are arranged in complex designs, with a mean squared error (mse) of less than 12%.
{"title":"Magnetic Dipole-Based Tag Recognition From Far-Field Measurements via Euler Deconvolution","authors":"Sofiane Ben Mbarek;Selma Amara;Gianluca Setti","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3630487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3630487","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic tags offer a compelling alternative to other identification and sensing techniques due to their distinctive combination of durability, potential for miniaturization, and compatibility with non-line-of-sight detection. These tags can generate a multitude of unique codes, identifiable through remote decoding via magnetic measurements. To date, no prior research has specifically addressed the approach of recognizing and identifying magnetic tags through far-field magnetic flux measurements. In this article, we present an innovative study that addresses the inverse problem of recognizing the configuration of a planar 2 × 2 array of N52 grade neodymium permanent magnets using far-field magnetic measurements. The Euler deconvolution method was employed to resolve a linear system derived from the spatial and vertical derivatives of the field. Concurrently, a brute-force matching method was used to compare the normalized measurement data with the forward-simulated fields of all possible configurations to identify the closest match. The results presented herein demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is capable of identifying distinct magnetic tag signatures, particularly when magnetic configurations are arranged in complex designs, with a mean squared error (mse) of less than 12%.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11232512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145847815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2025.3627379
{"title":"TechRxiv: Share Your Preprint Research with the World!","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3627379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3627379","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 11","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11230195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2025.3625119
{"title":"IEEE Magnetics Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3625119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3625119","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 11","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11230197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2025.3628163
Brandon E. Carroll;Jacob L. B. Aman;Shad Roundy;Jake J. Abbott
Radial (also known as radial-flux) magnetic torque couplers (MTCs) enable the transfer of torque between an inner rotor (IR) and an outer rotor (OR), each equipped with a set of permanent magnets. In a previous article, we used dimensional analysis to find the minimum set of nondimensional parameters required to characterize an MTC, and then performed a parametric optimization to maximize the synchronous torque (i.e., the torque required to cog the IR with respect to the OR) in a given package size. However, we only explicitly optimized an MTC with 16 IR magnets and 16 OR magnets, which results in eight stable magnetic equilibria. In this addendum, we applied the same methodology to consider MTCs with 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 stable equilibria. We observe clear trends in the optimal values of the various MTC parameters as we change the number of magnets. We also find that the maximum synchronous torque grows asymptotically with the number of stable equilibria, with a diminishing return beyond 16.
{"title":"Addendum to “Optimal Parametric Design of Radial Magnetic Torque Couplers via Dimensional Analysis”","authors":"Brandon E. Carroll;Jacob L. B. Aman;Shad Roundy;Jake J. Abbott","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3628163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3628163","url":null,"abstract":"Radial (also known as radial-flux) magnetic torque couplers (MTCs) enable the transfer of torque between an inner rotor (IR) and an outer rotor (OR), each equipped with a set of permanent magnets. In a previous article, we used dimensional analysis to find the minimum set of nondimensional parameters required to characterize an MTC, and then performed a parametric optimization to maximize the synchronous torque (i.e., the torque required to cog the IR with respect to the OR) in a given package size. However, we only explicitly optimized an MTC with 16 IR magnets and 16 OR magnets, which results in eight stable magnetic equilibria. In this addendum, we applied the same methodology to consider MTCs with 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 stable equilibria. We observe clear trends in the optimal values of the various MTC parameters as we change the number of magnets. We also find that the maximum synchronous torque grows asymptotically with the number of stable equilibria, with a diminishing return beyond 16.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145847764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2025.3628061
Dávid Sivý;Jozef Strečka
We investigate the deformable quantum spin-1/2 XX chain in a transverse magnetic field, which is exactly solvable via the Jordan–Wigner transformation under the assumption of a linear dependence of the exchange interaction on uniform lattice distortion. By calculating the magnetization, magnetic susceptibility, distortion parameter, and inverse compressibility, we explore the coupled magnetic and elastic properties of the deformable quantum spin chain. It is demonstrated that the deformable spin-1/2 XX chain in a transverse magnetic field exhibits a line of discontinuous phase transitions emerging at low but finite temperatures, which terminates at a critical point corresponding to a continuous phase transition. The discontinuous thermal phase transitions are accompanied by magnetic hysteresis due to metastable states, which gradually vanishes as the temperature increases.
{"title":"Thermal Phase Transitions in a Deformable Quantum Spin-1/2 XX Chain in a Transverse Magnetic Field","authors":"Dávid Sivý;Jozef Strečka","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3628061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3628061","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the deformable quantum spin-1/2 XX chain in a transverse magnetic field, which is exactly solvable via the Jordan–Wigner transformation under the assumption of a linear dependence of the exchange interaction on uniform lattice distortion. By calculating the magnetization, magnetic susceptibility, distortion parameter, and inverse compressibility, we explore the coupled magnetic and elastic properties of the deformable quantum spin chain. It is demonstrated that the deformable spin-1/2 XX chain in a transverse magnetic field exhibits a line of discontinuous phase transitions emerging at low but finite temperatures, which terminates at a critical point corresponding to a continuous phase transition. The discontinuous thermal phase transitions are accompanied by magnetic hysteresis due to metastable states, which gradually vanishes as the temperature increases.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 12","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145600672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2025.3627652
Kyoung-Min Kim;Myeong-Hwan Hwang;Eugene Kim;Hyun-Rok Cha
This article presents an arc-shaped rotor-notch topology for reducing cogging torque in axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motors. Unlike traditional techniques such as magnet skewing or segmentation, which often increase manufacturing complexity, the proposed notch enables localized flux attenuation without altering the stator or magnet volume. By aligning the notch with high-flux-density regions beneath the magnet edge, the design passively modulates magnetic energy and suppresses cogging torque. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed notch geometry, we propose a geometry-sensitive analytical indicator that combines magnetic field strength with flux attenuation efficiency. This indicator serves as a theoretical tool to guide notch design and is shown to correlate well with finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental results, including a 27.5% reduction in cogging torque and only a 5.4% decrease in average torque. This approach offers a simple, cost-effective, and scalable solution for cogging torque suppression without compromising performance or manufacturability. It is especially suitable for AFPM drives employing bobbin-inserted windings, where wider slot openings tend to amplify cogging torque. This insight offers a new strategy for geometry-driven rotor design optimization in precision electric mobility systems.
{"title":"Cogging Torque Reduction in Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor Using Arc-Notched Rotor: Design and Experimental Validation","authors":"Kyoung-Min Kim;Myeong-Hwan Hwang;Eugene Kim;Hyun-Rok Cha","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3627652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3627652","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an arc-shaped rotor-notch topology for reducing cogging torque in axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motors. Unlike traditional techniques such as magnet skewing or segmentation, which often increase manufacturing complexity, the proposed notch enables localized flux attenuation without altering the stator or magnet volume. By aligning the notch with high-flux-density regions beneath the magnet edge, the design passively modulates magnetic energy and suppresses cogging torque. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed notch geometry, we propose a geometry-sensitive analytical indicator that combines magnetic field strength with flux attenuation efficiency. This indicator serves as a theoretical tool to guide notch design and is shown to correlate well with finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental results, including a 27.5% reduction in cogging torque and only a 5.4% decrease in average torque. This approach offers a simple, cost-effective, and scalable solution for cogging torque suppression without compromising performance or manufacturability. It is especially suitable for AFPM drives employing bobbin-inserted windings, where wider slot openings tend to amplify cogging torque. This insight offers a new strategy for geometry-driven rotor design optimization in precision electric mobility systems.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 12","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145600696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2025.3627674
Yiduan Chen;Yutong Zheng
This article presents a novel dual-stator hybrid multi-excitation flux-modulated machine (DS-HMFMM). The proposed machine employs symmetrically arranged alternating Halbach three-segment permanent magnets (Hal-PMs) and iron poles, which together form a “FeNFe–FeNFe” consequent-pole (CP) configuration. This design effectively concentrates the magnetic flux while minimizing flux leakage. The rotor features trapezoidal PMs (TPMs) embedded within a trapezoidal iron core, which aids in alleviating core saturation, thereby enhancing torque density and improving the utilization of PMs. Furthermore, the interaction between the rotor and stator iron poles modulates the magnetic field generated by the stator PMs, resulting in a bidirectional flux modulation effect that further amplifies torque output. The topology of the proposed DS-HMFMM is introduced, and its operational principles are elucidated based on a simplified magnetomotive force (MMF)-permeance model. Subsequently, an analysis is conducted to examine how pole–slot combinations and stator–rotor dimensions influence performance. To validate the advantages of the proposed DS-HMFMM, finite element analysis (FEA) and air-gap harmonic analysis are performed. A comparative study with traditional three-alternating-pole split-tooth PM Vernier machines (T-CPM STVM) is also presented. Finally, the id = 0 dual-loop field-oriented control (Dual-loop FOC) strategy was implemented in the DS-HMFMM} to evaluate its operational characteristics under various working conditions. The results demonstrate that, in comparison to conventional T-CPM} STVM designs, the proposed DS-HMFMM} achieves a 42% increase in torque density, maintains torque ripple within 3%, delivers a 37% improvement in output power, shows an efficiency enhancement of 2.7%, and exhibits superior dynamic performance.
{"title":"Design and Analysis of a New Dual-Stator Hybrid Multi-Field Modulation Machine With Trapezoidal PMs","authors":"Yiduan Chen;Yutong Zheng","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3627674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3627674","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel dual-stator hybrid multi-excitation flux-modulated machine (DS-HMFMM). The proposed machine employs symmetrically arranged alternating Halbach three-segment permanent magnets (Hal-PMs) and iron poles, which together form a “FeNFe–FeNFe” consequent-pole (CP) configuration. This design effectively concentrates the magnetic flux while minimizing flux leakage. The rotor features trapezoidal PMs (TPMs) embedded within a trapezoidal iron core, which aids in alleviating core saturation, thereby enhancing torque density and improving the utilization of PMs. Furthermore, the interaction between the rotor and stator iron poles modulates the magnetic field generated by the stator PMs, resulting in a bidirectional flux modulation effect that further amplifies torque output. The topology of the proposed DS-HMFMM is introduced, and its operational principles are elucidated based on a simplified magnetomotive force (MMF)-permeance model. Subsequently, an analysis is conducted to examine how pole–slot combinations and stator–rotor dimensions influence performance. To validate the advantages of the proposed DS-HMFMM, finite element analysis (FEA) and air-gap harmonic analysis are performed. A comparative study with traditional three-alternating-pole split-tooth PM Vernier machines (T-CPM STVM) is also presented. Finally, the id = 0 dual-loop field-oriented control (Dual-loop FOC) strategy was implemented in the DS-HMFMM} to evaluate its operational characteristics under various working conditions. The results demonstrate that, in comparison to conventional T-CPM} STVM designs, the proposed DS-HMFMM} achieves a 42% increase in torque density, maintains torque ripple within 3%, delivers a 37% improvement in output power, shows an efficiency enhancement of 2.7%, and exhibits superior dynamic performance.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 12","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145600704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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