Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2024.3491334
Junzhan Liu;Liang Zhang;Jinhao Li;Shaoqing Du;Hui Jin;Hongxi Liu;Kaihua Cao;He Zhang;Wang Kang
Computing-in-memory (CIM) technique has attracted considerable attention as a candidate path to surmount the “memory wall” bottleneck in the post-Moore era. Due to its non-volatile characteristics, low power dissipation, and short response latency, magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) has emerged as a widely researched memory medium for CIM designs. This article proposes a multi-bit CIM paradigm based on the resistance-sum principle. This paradigm is implemented in our fabricated dual-MTJ-single-bottom-electrode spin-orbit torque MRAM (SOT-MRAM), referred to as MB-SOT-CIM, which can also be conveniently configured for binary neural networks (BNNs). Thanks to this paradigm, over 50% weight loading is eliminated. Besides, a non-idealities tuning mechanism is presented for the time-domain output unit through a concise lookup table (LUT). This work is simulated using a 40-nm foundry process based on the test parameters of our fabricated SOT devices. Due to the utilization of higher-resistance SOT devices and optimal circuit design, the results demonstrate that the proposed MB-SOT-CIM achieves 57.35 TOPS/W energy efficiency under 4/4/4-bit precision, normalized to 917.6 TOPS/W at 1-bit precision, while exhibits enhanced robustness. This offers a promising technical solution for edge devices.
{"title":"A SOT-MRAM-Based CIM Design With Multi-Bit Resistance-Sum Paradigm and Non-Idealities Tuning Mechanism","authors":"Junzhan Liu;Liang Zhang;Jinhao Li;Shaoqing Du;Hui Jin;Hongxi Liu;Kaihua Cao;He Zhang;Wang Kang","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2024.3491334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2024.3491334","url":null,"abstract":"Computing-in-memory (CIM) technique has attracted considerable attention as a candidate path to surmount the “memory wall” bottleneck in the post-Moore era. Due to its non-volatile characteristics, low power dissipation, and short response latency, magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) has emerged as a widely researched memory medium for CIM designs. This article proposes a multi-bit CIM paradigm based on the resistance-sum principle. This paradigm is implemented in our fabricated dual-MTJ-single-bottom-electrode spin-orbit torque MRAM (SOT-MRAM), referred to as MB-SOT-CIM, which can also be conveniently configured for binary neural networks (BNNs). Thanks to this paradigm, over 50% weight loading is eliminated. Besides, a non-idealities tuning mechanism is presented for the time-domain output unit through a concise lookup table (LUT). This work is simulated using a 40-nm foundry process based on the test parameters of our fabricated SOT devices. Due to the utilization of higher-resistance SOT devices and optimal circuit design, the results demonstrate that the proposed MB-SOT-CIM achieves 57.35 TOPS/W energy efficiency under 4/4/4-bit precision, normalized to 917.6 TOPS/W at 1-bit precision, while exhibits enhanced robustness. This offers a promising technical solution for edge devices.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2024.3490860
Ruilin Zhou;Tao Wang;Yan Nie;Xian Wang
The dc superimposition characteristic is a crucial consideration when employing inductors. Taking a molded inductor with dimensions of $6.6times 6.6times 2.88$ (mm) as an example in this study, we utilize equivalent magnetic circuit theory and finite element analysis software and establish the relationship between the dc superimposition characteristic of inductor and the B–H characteristic of its core material. This relationship significantly simplifies the assessment of the direct current superimposition characteristic in the design and development of inductors. Our results indicate that using effective magnetic circuit volume and electromagnetic energy formulas enables the calculation of the equivalent magnetic field intensity in the inductor, thus establishing the correspondence between the inductance (L)–bias current (I) curve of molded inductor and the B–H curve of core material. Through the analysis of the inductor presented in this letter, we determine that each ampere direct current offset can generate an equivalent magnetic field intensity of approximately 1658 A/m within the inductor, and the result is validated through the experimental characterization on our inductor samples.
{"title":"Modeling and Evaluation of DC Superimposition Characteristics of Molded Inductors","authors":"Ruilin Zhou;Tao Wang;Yan Nie;Xian Wang","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2024.3490860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2024.3490860","url":null,"abstract":"The dc superimposition characteristic is a crucial consideration when employing inductors. Taking a molded inductor with dimensions of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$6.6times 6.6times 2.88$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 (mm) as an example in this study, we utilize equivalent magnetic circuit theory and finite element analysis software and establish the relationship between the dc superimposition characteristic of inductor and the B–H characteristic of its core material. This relationship significantly simplifies the assessment of the direct current superimposition characteristic in the design and development of inductors. Our results indicate that using effective magnetic circuit volume and electromagnetic energy formulas enables the calculation of the equivalent magnetic field intensity in the inductor, thus establishing the correspondence between the inductance (L)–bias current (I) curve of molded inductor and the B–H curve of core material. Through the analysis of the inductor presented in this letter, we determine that each ampere direct current offset can generate an equivalent magnetic field intensity of approximately 1658 A/m within the inductor, and the result is validated through the experimental characterization on our inductor samples.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142905765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2024.3490895
Shuaichao Yue;Jiatong Yin;Yongjian Li;Yu Dou;Ruiying Chen;Jun Liu
The fixed-point iteration method is widely used in electromagnetic field analysis involving hysteresis property due to its strong robustness, but it has the problem of low computational efficiency. In this article, a modified fixed-point iteration algorithm is proposed where the convergence factor is adaptively adjusted for different time steps according to the variation of residuals, instead of being globally static in traditional ways. Numerical analysis for a C-shaped iron core characterized by the inverse vector Preisach model is performed using the traditional method and the proposed method respectively. The efficiency, stability, and applicability of both methods are assessed, in which the proposed approach shows superior performance.
{"title":"A Modified Fixed-Point Iteration Algorithm for Magnetic Field Computation With Hysteresis Models","authors":"Shuaichao Yue;Jiatong Yin;Yongjian Li;Yu Dou;Ruiying Chen;Jun Liu","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2024.3490895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2024.3490895","url":null,"abstract":"The fixed-point iteration method is widely used in electromagnetic field analysis involving hysteresis property due to its strong robustness, but it has the problem of low computational efficiency. In this article, a modified fixed-point iteration algorithm is proposed where the convergence factor is adaptively adjusted for different time steps according to the variation of residuals, instead of being globally static in traditional ways. Numerical analysis for a C-shaped iron core characterized by the inverse vector Preisach model is performed using the traditional method and the proposed method respectively. The efficiency, stability, and applicability of both methods are assessed, in which the proposed approach shows superior performance.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2024.3491375
J. C. Madera;N. De La Espriella;E. Restrepo-Parra
The thermomagnetic behavior of a ferrimagnet configured in a bipartite square lattice, composed of Ising-type particles of spins- $(2,3/2)$ , and subjected to different anisotropies under the effect of an applied external field is investigated using Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). The model presents interesting magnetic phenomena, such as compensation temperatures and discontinuous transitions in the finite temperature phase diagrams of the magnetization and magnetic susceptibility, when the single-ion anisotropies were varied. The influence of the crystal fields is also reflected in the hysteretic behavior of the ferrimagnet, with phenomena of multiple loops and superparamagnetism. Results were compared with previous investigations, finding that there is an agreement in the qualitative behavior of some phase diagrams.
{"title":"Phase Diagrams to Finite Temperatures of an Ising-Type Ferrimagnet of 3/2 and 2 Spins: A Monte Carlo Investigation","authors":"J. C. Madera;N. De La Espriella;E. Restrepo-Parra","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2024.3491375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2024.3491375","url":null,"abstract":"The thermomagnetic behavior of a ferrimagnet configured in a bipartite square lattice, composed of Ising-type particles of spins-\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$(2,3/2)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, and subjected to different anisotropies under the effect of an applied external field is investigated using Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). The model presents interesting magnetic phenomena, such as compensation temperatures and discontinuous transitions in the finite temperature phase diagrams of the magnetization and magnetic susceptibility, when the single-ion anisotropies were varied. The influence of the crystal fields is also reflected in the hysteretic behavior of the ferrimagnet, with phenomena of multiple loops and superparamagnetism. Results were compared with previous investigations, finding that there is an agreement in the qualitative behavior of some phase diagrams.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142912537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2024.3489472
J. Tomezyk;T. Henneron
To study a low-frequency electromagnetic device represented by a finite-element (FE) model coupled with a complex electrical circuit, an approach based on the co-simulation principle can be investigated. Then, each component of a system is solved by a dedicated software. To reduce the computation time of a co-simulation, an approach based on the proper generalized decomposition (PGD) method that is a model order reduction (MOR) approach is investigated. The proposed approach is evaluated using three examples: a single-phase inductance coupled with a simple circuit equation, a three-phase transformer connected to a rectifier supplying a variable electrical load, and a system composed of four FE models coupled with electrical equations.
为了研究由有限元（FE）模型与复杂电路耦合表示的低频电磁装置，可以研究一种基于协同模拟原理的方法。然后，系统的每个组件都由专用软件求解。为了减少协同仿真的计算时间，研究了一种基于适当广义分解（PGD）方法的方法，这是一种模型阶次减少（MOR）方法。我们用三个例子对所提出的方法进行了评估：一个与简单电路方程耦合的单相电感、一个与整流器相连并为可变电力负载供电的三相变压器，以及一个由四个与电气方程耦合的 FE 模型组成的系统。
{"title":"Co-Simulation of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Device Coupled With Complex Electrical Circuit Based on the PGD Approach","authors":"J. Tomezyk;T. Henneron","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2024.3489472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2024.3489472","url":null,"abstract":"To study a low-frequency electromagnetic device represented by a finite-element (FE) model coupled with a complex electrical circuit, an approach based on the co-simulation principle can be investigated. Then, each component of a system is solved by a dedicated software. To reduce the computation time of a co-simulation, an approach based on the proper generalized decomposition (PGD) method that is a model order reduction (MOR) approach is investigated. The proposed approach is evaluated using three examples: a single-phase inductance coupled with a simple circuit equation, a three-phase transformer connected to a rectifier supplying a variable electrical load, and a system composed of four FE models coupled with electrical equations.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"60 12","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142713770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2024.3488742
Xu Wu;Haihong Huang;Sheng Dou;Lan Peng
A magnetically balanced tunneling magneto-resistance (TMR) sensor for high-current measurement was developed to meet the measurement requirements of experimental advanced superconducting tokamak poloidal field (EAST PF) power supply. The difficulty in the research of magnetic balance type high-current sensors is in analyzing and predicting their operating parameters under different working conditions. Analyze the compensation coil and iron core and verify the output parameters of secondary winding based on these operating parameters. In order to obtain the operating parameters under different working conditions, the balance equation of magnetic induction intensity and the characteristic matrix of the magnetically balanced sensor based on linear assumption are proposed. The operating parameters are simulated by the 3-D finite element method. Through simulation and experimental tests, the measured current values of the secondary coil are compared with the theoretical values. The comparison results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. The sensor prototype is also tested continuously for 24 h (20 kA current), the compensation coil was not burned out, and the iron core was not saturated. The sensor measurement accuracy was better than 0.4%. The results prove the correctness and practicality of the proposed analysis method. In addition, external magnetic fields and ferromagnetic materials may become sources of external interference, leading to imbalanced operating parameters between secondary windings. If the interference degree is high, it may cause overcurrent and overheating in certain secondary windings.
为满足先进超导托卡马克极磁场（EAST PF）实验电源的测量要求，我们开发了一种用于大电流测量的磁平衡隧穿磁阻（TMR）传感器。磁平衡式大电流传感器研究的难点在于分析和预测其在不同工况下的工作参数。分析补偿线圈和铁芯，并根据这些工作参数验证次级绕组的输出参数。为了获得不同工况下的工作参数，提出了基于线性假设的磁感应强度平衡方程和磁平衡传感器的特性矩阵。工作参数采用三维有限元法进行模拟。通过模拟和实验测试，将次级线圈的实测电流值与理论值进行了比较。比较结果与理论分析一致。传感器原型还进行了 24 小时的连续测试（20 kA 电流），补偿线圈没有烧坏，铁芯也没有饱和。传感器的测量精度优于 0.4%。这些结果证明了所提分析方法的正确性和实用性。此外，外部磁场和铁磁材料也可能成为外部干扰源，导致二次绕组之间的运行参数失衡。如果干扰程度较高，可能会导致某些二次绕组过流和过热。
{"title":"Research on Magnetically Balanced High-Current TMR Sensor for EAST Poloidal Field Power Supply","authors":"Xu Wu;Haihong Huang;Sheng Dou;Lan Peng","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2024.3488742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2024.3488742","url":null,"abstract":"A magnetically balanced tunneling magneto-resistance (TMR) sensor for high-current measurement was developed to meet the measurement requirements of experimental advanced superconducting tokamak poloidal field (EAST PF) power supply. The difficulty in the research of magnetic balance type high-current sensors is in analyzing and predicting their operating parameters under different working conditions. Analyze the compensation coil and iron core and verify the output parameters of secondary winding based on these operating parameters. In order to obtain the operating parameters under different working conditions, the balance equation of magnetic induction intensity and the characteristic matrix of the magnetically balanced sensor based on linear assumption are proposed. The operating parameters are simulated by the 3-D finite element method. Through simulation and experimental tests, the measured current values of the secondary coil are compared with the theoretical values. The comparison results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. The sensor prototype is also tested continuously for 24 h (20 kA current), the compensation coil was not burned out, and the iron core was not saturated. The sensor measurement accuracy was better than 0.4%. The results prove the correctness and practicality of the proposed analysis method. In addition, external magnetic fields and ferromagnetic materials may become sources of external interference, leading to imbalanced operating parameters between secondary windings. If the interference degree is high, it may cause overcurrent and overheating in certain secondary windings.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"60 12","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142713921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2024.3488199
Yanxin Ren;Nana Duan;Yulu Fan;Weijie Xu;Shuhong Wang
Gas bubbles may appear in the oil commonly used for dielectric insulation. By the coupled effect of electric and fluid fields, the motion of the bubble will show a complex kinetic behavior. The bubble is very easy to cause partial discharge in the oil. Therefore, it is crucial to study the degree of electric field distortion and the dynamic properties of the bubble under the two coupled fields. In this article, a coupled extended finite element method-finite volume method (XFEM-FVM) algorithm is proposed. Extended finite element method (XFEM) is used for the electric field, and finite volume method (FVM) is used for the fluid field calculation. The coupled electric-fluid field is established by the level-set function. The level-set function is an output of data from the fluid field for the position of the bubble and at the same time an input of data for the description of the interpolation function when calculating the electric field by XFEM. The electric field forces will act as source terms in the fluid control equations. The algorithm eliminates the need to redissect the elements at each time step and thus can reduce the computation time while maintaining accuracy.
{"title":"A Novel Fast Numerical Algorithm for Computing the Dynamics of the Bubble in the Electric-Fluid Field","authors":"Yanxin Ren;Nana Duan;Yulu Fan;Weijie Xu;Shuhong Wang","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2024.3488199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2024.3488199","url":null,"abstract":"Gas bubbles may appear in the oil commonly used for dielectric insulation. By the coupled effect of electric and fluid fields, the motion of the bubble will show a complex kinetic behavior. The bubble is very easy to cause partial discharge in the oil. Therefore, it is crucial to study the degree of electric field distortion and the dynamic properties of the bubble under the two coupled fields. In this article, a coupled extended finite element method-finite volume method (XFEM-FVM) algorithm is proposed. Extended finite element method (XFEM) is used for the electric field, and finite volume method (FVM) is used for the fluid field calculation. The coupled electric-fluid field is established by the level-set function. The level-set function is an output of data from the fluid field for the position of the bubble and at the same time an input of data for the description of the interpolation function when calculating the electric field by XFEM. The electric field forces will act as source terms in the fluid control equations. The algorithm eliminates the need to redissect the elements at each time step and thus can reduce the computation time while maintaining accuracy.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"60 12","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142736668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2024.3425788
Gang Lv;Yaqing Liu;Zhixuan Zhang;Leilei Cui;Ruodong Zhi;Tong Zhou
{"title":"Retraction Notice: Characteristics Analysis of the Combined Levitation and Guidance EDS Maglev Train in the Rolling Motion","authors":"Gang Lv;Yaqing Liu;Zhixuan Zhang;Leilei Cui;Ruodong Zhi;Tong Zhou","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2024.3425788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2024.3425788","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"60 11","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10737726","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2024.3486683
Shingo Hiruma;Yasuhito Takahashi;Tetsuji Matsuo
In this study, a novel homogenization method based on the B-input Cauer ladder network (CLN) method, which is a new variant of the CLN method, is proposed. This method yields complex permeability in the form of a continued fraction, which is deemed the impedance function of the Cauer circuit and can be instantly applied to time-domain analysis. By guaranteeing all the positive circuit parameters in the Cauer circuit through the CLN algorithm, this method proved to be robust and stable for time-domain analysis.
{"title":"Homogenization Method Based on Cauer Ladder Network Representation of Unit Cell","authors":"Shingo Hiruma;Yasuhito Takahashi;Tetsuji Matsuo","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2024.3486683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2024.3486683","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a novel homogenization method based on the B-input Cauer ladder network (CLN) method, which is a new variant of the CLN method, is proposed. This method yields complex permeability in the form of a continued fraction, which is deemed the impedance function of the Cauer circuit and can be instantly applied to time-domain analysis. By guaranteeing all the positive circuit parameters in the Cauer circuit through the CLN algorithm, this method proved to be robust and stable for time-domain analysis.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"60 12","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142757845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article proposes an effective method based on a magnetic circuit for the analysis of magnetic properties of soft magnetic composite (SMC). The present method constructs an imitation of SMC by the discrete element method (DEM), which analyzes the motion of the iron particles in SMC. Based on the resulting particle configuration, the magnetic circuit is generated, and the circuit equation is solved to evaluate the macroscopic permeability and the eddy current loss of the SMC assuming that the magnetic saturation is negligible. The microscopic material properties of the iron particles, such as electrical conductivity and insulation layer thickness, are identified, so that the difference between the computed and measured macroscopic properties of SMC is minimal. The proposed method can effectively deal with thin insulation layers, whose finite element modeling results in a huge number of elements. The computational cost for the proposed method is much lower than that of the finite element method (FEM). Furthermore, the computed macroscopic permeability and eddy current loss are shown to be consistent with the measured results with different filling rates.
{"title":"Analysis of Magnetic Properties of Soft Magnetic Composite Using Magnetic Circuits Generated by Discrete Element Method","authors":"Hayaho Sato;Junichi Kotani;Yuma Sasaki;Shohei Tomioka;Toshiyuki Takizawa;Yuki Ueda;Hirokazu Kimiya;Hajime Igarashi","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2024.3486752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2024.3486752","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes an effective method based on a magnetic circuit for the analysis of magnetic properties of soft magnetic composite (SMC). The present method constructs an imitation of SMC by the discrete element method (DEM), which analyzes the motion of the iron particles in SMC. Based on the resulting particle configuration, the magnetic circuit is generated, and the circuit equation is solved to evaluate the macroscopic permeability and the eddy current loss of the SMC assuming that the magnetic saturation is negligible. The microscopic material properties of the iron particles, such as electrical conductivity and insulation layer thickness, are identified, so that the difference between the computed and measured macroscopic properties of SMC is minimal. The proposed method can effectively deal with thin insulation layers, whose finite element modeling results in a huge number of elements. The computational cost for the proposed method is much lower than that of the finite element method (FEM). Furthermore, the computed macroscopic permeability and eddy current loss are shown to be consistent with the measured results with different filling rates.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"60 12","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142713922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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