Pub Date : 2022-12-28DOI: 10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.11271
Andy Febriady, U. Harahap, Yuandani Yuandani
Abstract. Cyclophosphamide is an antineoplastic drug belonging to the alkylating agents commonly used in treating cancer. However, the use of cyclophosphamide causes a decrease in the body's immune system by reducing lymphocyte proliferation. The curent study was conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of ethyl acetate extracts of the leaf of the P. macrocarpa (EEADMD) and the ethanol extracts of the leaf of the P. macrocarpa (EEDMD) in normal and cyclophosphamide induced rats. This study used rats classified into two major groups: normal rats and rats induced by cyclophosphamide which were then given P. macrocarpa leaf extract until day 14. On day 4, the test animals were infected with 1% Staphylococcus aureus suspension in. Induced with cyclophosphamide 70 mg/kg BW was carried out on the 8th and 13th days, and then the immunomodulatory activity was tested using total leukocyte analysis, leukocyte differential, and delayed type hypersensitivity response. The results showed that EEDMD 400 mg/kg BW in normal rats and EEDMD 100 mg/kg BW in cyclophosphamide induced rats could increase total leukocytes and leukocyte differential with a significant difference to the negative group (p <0.05). The results of the delayed hypersensitivity response test of EEADMD and EEDMD at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW with cyclophosphamide induction and normal rats could give an increase in rat paw volume with a significant difference to the negative group (p <0.05). This study shows that EEADMD and EEDMD have an immunomodulatory effect on increasing total and differential leukocytes and leukocyte differential and delayed type hypersensitivity response.
{"title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Phaleria macrocarpa Leaf Extract in Normal And Cyclophosphamides Induced in Wistar Rats","authors":"Andy Febriady, U. Harahap, Yuandani Yuandani","doi":"10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.11271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.11271","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Cyclophosphamide is an antineoplastic drug belonging to the alkylating agents commonly used in treating cancer. However, the use of cyclophosphamide causes a decrease in the body's immune system by reducing lymphocyte proliferation. The curent study was conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of ethyl acetate extracts of the leaf of the P. macrocarpa (EEADMD) and the ethanol extracts of the leaf of the P. macrocarpa (EEDMD) in normal and cyclophosphamide induced rats. This study used rats classified into two major groups: normal rats and rats induced by cyclophosphamide which were then given P. macrocarpa leaf extract until day 14. On day 4, the test animals were infected with 1% Staphylococcus aureus suspension in. Induced with cyclophosphamide 70 mg/kg BW was carried out on the 8th and 13th days, and then the immunomodulatory activity was tested using total leukocyte analysis, leukocyte differential, and delayed type hypersensitivity response. The results showed that EEDMD 400 mg/kg BW in normal rats and EEDMD 100 mg/kg BW in cyclophosphamide induced rats could increase total leukocytes and leukocyte differential with a significant difference to the negative group (p <0.05). The results of the delayed hypersensitivity response test of EEADMD and EEDMD at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW with cyclophosphamide induction and normal rats could give an increase in rat paw volume with a significant difference to the negative group (p <0.05). This study shows that EEADMD and EEDMD have an immunomodulatory effect on increasing total and differential leukocytes and leukocyte differential and delayed type hypersensitivity response.","PeriodicalId":13466,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74697492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-23DOI: 10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.6350
Herman Syukur Harefa, P. Hasibuan, U. Harahap
Liver cancer is a malignant tumor originating from the development of chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis and is responsible for damage to the shape and function of the liver. The loss of the ability of conventional chemotherapy to inhibit the growth of cancer cells is a major focus in the world. Natural ingredients are the solution to this problem, for example the use of Vernonia amygdalina leaves. Vernonia amygdalina contains flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and steroids/triterpenoids which are reported to have anticancer properties. This study aims to examined the activity of these plants as anticancer liver through cytotocix and apoptotic activity. Vernonia amygdalina ethanol extract (VAEE), Vernonia amygdalina ethyl acetate extract (VAEAE), and Vernonia amygdalina n-hexane extract (VAHE) were obtained from a multistage maceration process. The extracts were tested for cytotoxic activity by the MTT method on HepG2 cells. VAEAE had the best inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value of 19.91 ± 0.24 µg/mL. Apoptosis test was performed using double staining method. Subjective observations were made using a fluorescence microscope. It was seen that Vernonia amygdalina ethyl acetate extract was able to trigger apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
{"title":"Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Activities of Vernonia amygdalina Extract in HepG2 Cell Line","authors":"Herman Syukur Harefa, P. Hasibuan, U. Harahap","doi":"10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.6350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.6350","url":null,"abstract":"Liver cancer is a malignant tumor originating from the development of chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis and is responsible for damage to the shape and function of the liver. The loss of the ability of conventional chemotherapy to inhibit the growth of cancer cells is a major focus in the world. Natural ingredients are the solution to this problem, for example the use of Vernonia amygdalina leaves. Vernonia amygdalina contains flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and steroids/triterpenoids which are reported to have anticancer properties. This study aims to examined the activity of these plants as anticancer liver through cytotocix and apoptotic activity. Vernonia amygdalina ethanol extract (VAEE), Vernonia amygdalina ethyl acetate extract (VAEAE), and Vernonia amygdalina n-hexane extract (VAHE) were obtained from a multistage maceration process. The extracts were tested for cytotoxic activity by the MTT method on HepG2 cells. VAEAE had the best inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value of 19.91 ± 0.24 µg/mL. Apoptosis test was performed using double staining method. Subjective observations were made using a fluorescence microscope. It was seen that Vernonia amygdalina ethyl acetate extract was able to trigger apoptosis in HepG2 cells.","PeriodicalId":13466,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"1051 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77245605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-23DOI: 10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.8871
A. S, Anayanti Arianto, A. Dalimunthe
This study aims to determine the characterization of red algae simplicia and the amount of yield obtained from the manufacture of red algae ethanol extract using the soxhletation method. Red algae were taken from Banggai Islands Regency, South Sulawesi and processed into dry simplicia and characterized by macroscopic examination, determination of water content, content of water soluble extract and ethanol, total ash content and acid insoluble ash content. Simplicia was extracted using 96% ethanol solvent by soxhletation method and calculated the amount of yield obtained. Macroscopic observation of red algae simplicia obtained a brown coarse powder accompanied by a distinctive taste and odor. Determination of the water content of simplicia obtained 7.21%, water soluble extract content 31.54%, ethanol soluble extract content 17.27%, total ash content 33, 96% and 11.42% acid insoluble ash content. The ethanolic extract of red algae using the soxhletation method was obtained as much as 68.92 grams with a total extract yield of 13.78%. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the simplicia characterization of red algae meets the requirements and has a large extract yield.
{"title":"Evaluation of Ethanol Extract of Red Algae (Kappaphycus Alvarezii Doty): Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content","authors":"A. S, Anayanti Arianto, A. Dalimunthe","doi":"10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.8871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.8871","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the characterization of red algae simplicia and the amount of yield obtained from the manufacture of red algae ethanol extract using the soxhletation method. Red algae were taken from Banggai Islands Regency, South Sulawesi and processed into dry simplicia and characterized by macroscopic examination, determination of water content, content of water soluble extract and ethanol, total ash content and acid insoluble ash content. Simplicia was extracted using 96% ethanol solvent by soxhletation method and calculated the amount of yield obtained. Macroscopic observation of red algae simplicia obtained a brown coarse powder accompanied by a distinctive taste and odor. Determination of the water content of simplicia obtained 7.21%, water soluble extract content 31.54%, ethanol soluble extract content 17.27%, total ash content 33, 96% and 11.42% acid insoluble ash content. The ethanolic extract of red algae using the soxhletation method was obtained as much as 68.92 grams with a total extract yield of 13.78%. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the simplicia characterization of red algae meets the requirements and has a large extract yield.","PeriodicalId":13466,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76586485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-20DOI: 10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.8256
P. Hasibuan, S. Sumaiyah, Dedek Harianti Siregar
Cosmetics are now mandatory for most women. Various natural ingredients have now been used as basic ingredients for beauty treatments. This study aimed to formulate and determine the effectiveness of body scrub cream preparations containing ethanolic extract of N. sativa and coffee grounds as antiaging. The skin antiaging was divided into five formulas: F0 (cream base), F1 (coffee ground 5%), F2 [coffee ground 5% + Ethanol Extract of N. sativa (EENS) 2%], F3 (coffee ground 5% + EENS 3.5%) and F4 (coffee ground 5% + EENS 5%). The body scrub cream preparations were subjected to organoleptic, homogeneity, emulsion type, and pH evaluation. The irritation test and antiaging activity were evaluated by using a skin analyzer. The body scrub was stable in 12-week storage. The result showed that there was no irritation on the volunteers’ skin. The body scrub cream with the highest antiaging activity was the F4 formula. It showed 9.6% for increasing skin moisture, 17.68% for increasing skin smoothness, 11.42% in reducing the size of pores and 12.84% in reducing the number of spots.
{"title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Body Scrub Cream Containing Ethanol Extract of Black Cumin Seeds (Nigella sativa L.) and Coffee Grounds (Coffea arabica L.) as Anti-aging","authors":"P. Hasibuan, S. Sumaiyah, Dedek Harianti Siregar","doi":"10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.8256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.8256","url":null,"abstract":"Cosmetics are now mandatory for most women. Various natural ingredients have now been used as basic ingredients for beauty treatments. This study aimed to formulate and determine the effectiveness of body scrub cream preparations containing ethanolic extract of N. sativa and coffee grounds as antiaging. The skin antiaging was divided into five formulas: F0 (cream base), F1 (coffee ground 5%), F2 [coffee ground 5% + Ethanol Extract of N. sativa (EENS) 2%], F3 (coffee ground 5% + EENS 3.5%) and F4 (coffee ground 5% + EENS 5%). The body scrub cream preparations were subjected to organoleptic, homogeneity, emulsion type, and pH evaluation. The irritation test and antiaging activity were evaluated by using a skin analyzer. The body scrub was stable in 12-week storage. The result showed that there was no irritation on the volunteers’ skin. The body scrub cream with the highest antiaging activity was the F4 formula. It showed 9.6% for increasing skin moisture, 17.68% for increasing skin smoothness, 11.42% in reducing the size of pores and 12.84% in reducing the number of spots.","PeriodicalId":13466,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80487907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-20DOI: 10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.8733
Maelani Julianti, Yuandani, U. Harahap
Mahkota Dewa is known as one of the medicinal plants in Indonesia. It contains bioactive compounds and potentially has pharmacological activity. This study aimed to determine the possible toxic effects of Mahkota DewaThe ethanol extract of Mahkota Dewa fruit flesh was given to rats. Group I (control 0.5% Na-CMC), groups II, III and IV as a treatment group (Mahkota Dewa at doses of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw, respectively). Group V as a control satellite (Na-CMC 0, 5%) and group VI as a satellite of the ethanol extract at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw., Each groups were treated on day 6 to 15 of gestational. On the 19th day getation, the rats were dissected and observed the skeletal malformations. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc tukey. The results toxicity showed that no fetuses had external malformations. On fetal skeletal appearance, all skeletal bone preparations were normal. Based on the study, the ethanolic extract of Mahkota Dewa Fruit Flesh did not cause a teratogenic effect on the fetus during the organogenesis period at doses of 100 mg/kg bw, 500 mg/kg bw, and 1000 mg/kg bw
{"title":"Teratogenic Toxicity of Ethanol Extract of Mahkota Dewa Fruit Flesh (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl)","authors":"Maelani Julianti, Yuandani, U. Harahap","doi":"10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.8733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.8733","url":null,"abstract":"Mahkota Dewa is known as one of the medicinal plants in Indonesia. It contains bioactive compounds and potentially has pharmacological activity. This study aimed to determine the possible toxic effects of Mahkota DewaThe ethanol extract of Mahkota Dewa fruit flesh was given to rats. Group I (control 0.5% Na-CMC), groups II, III and IV as a treatment group (Mahkota Dewa at doses of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw, respectively). Group V as a control satellite (Na-CMC 0, 5%) and group VI as a satellite of the ethanol extract at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw., Each groups were treated on day 6 to 15 of gestational. On the 19th day getation, the rats were dissected and observed the skeletal malformations. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc tukey. The results toxicity showed that no fetuses had external malformations. On fetal skeletal appearance, all skeletal bone preparations were normal. Based on the study, the ethanolic extract of Mahkota Dewa Fruit Flesh did not cause a teratogenic effect on the fetus during the organogenesis period at doses of 100 mg/kg bw, 500 mg/kg bw, and 1000 mg/kg bw\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":13466,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83994119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.9437
Syafriadi, Khairunnisa, Azizah nasution
Leprosy remains as a health problem in Indonesia. This retrospective descriptive study analyzed the succesfulness of controlling and prevention of leprosy by Deparment of Health Aceh Tenggara Regency (DHATR), Indonesia period 2010 to 2019. The required data (n=125) were extracted from the DHATR databases using a self-designed questionnaire. The new cases, grade 2 disability rate, recovery rate with multi-drug therapy (MDT), isolation measures for leprosy patients, bacille calmette-guerin (BCG) vaccination for the patients’ families, and tertiary prevention were analyzed using a cohort analysis. Succesfulness of the program was analyzed by referring the study results with the National Guidelines for Eradicating Leprosy (NGEL). Of the 125 patients, 62.4% were male. The new cases found for period: 2010 to 2016, > 5/100,000 population; 2017 to 2019, < 5/100,000 population. The incidence of level 2 disability period 2010 to 2019 was less than 25 cases/10 years and recovery in paucibacillary leprosy (PBL) and multibacillary leprosy (MBL) from 2010 to 2019 reached 100%. The incidence of MBL was higher than that of PBL at the age range of 1 to 70 years.There was no patients isolated and vaccinated during that period. The controlling and prevention of leprosy in DHATR was in accordance with the NGEL.
{"title":"Succesfulness of Controlling and Prevention of Leprosy in Aceh Tenggara Regency, Indonesia","authors":"Syafriadi, Khairunnisa, Azizah nasution","doi":"10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.9437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v5i2.9437","url":null,"abstract":"Leprosy remains as a health problem in Indonesia. This retrospective descriptive study analyzed the succesfulness of controlling and prevention of leprosy by Deparment of Health Aceh Tenggara Regency (DHATR), Indonesia period 2010 to 2019. The required data (n=125) were extracted from the DHATR databases using a self-designed questionnaire. The new cases, grade 2 disability rate, recovery rate with multi-drug therapy (MDT), isolation measures for leprosy patients, bacille calmette-guerin (BCG) vaccination for the patients’ families, and tertiary prevention were analyzed using a cohort analysis. Succesfulness of the program was analyzed by referring the study results with the National Guidelines for Eradicating Leprosy (NGEL). Of the 125 patients, 62.4% were male. The new cases found for period: 2010 to 2016, > 5/100,000 population; 2017 to 2019, < 5/100,000 population. The incidence of level 2 disability period 2010 to 2019 was less than 25 cases/10 years and recovery in paucibacillary leprosy (PBL) and multibacillary leprosy (MBL) from 2010 to 2019 reached 100%. The incidence of MBL was higher than that of PBL at the age range of 1 to 70 years.There was no patients isolated and vaccinated during that period. The controlling and prevention of leprosy in DHATR was in accordance with the NGEL.","PeriodicalId":13466,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84063750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.32734/idjpcr.v5i1.6478
N. Nasri, U. Harahap, J. Silalahi, D. Satria
Diarrhea is discharge of abnormal and liquid stool with a frequency of 3-4 daily which caused by pathogenic organisms such as Escherichia coli, and other. Dengke Naniura is a traditional Batak Toba food that can produce probiotics (Lactobacillus fermentum). Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host. Nutritional supplements combined between probiotics and prebiotics are called synbiotics, The purpose of this study was to analyze the preventive effect of diarrhea in rats given L.fermentum for 21 days. The preventive effect of diarrhea test begins with the giving of L.fermentum from day 1 to day 21. From day 7 to day 14 rats were induced with E.coli. Weight of the rats, stool consistency, onset of diarrhea, frequency of diarrhea, and duration of diarrhea were observed. The results of the observation that weight of rats in the L.fermentum group increased compared to group 1 (p<0.05). Consistency stool is soft (massless). Onset of diarrhea on day 1 after induced of E.coli in the group 1. Frequency of diarrhea increased to 9.25 ± 0.50 times on day 14 (group 1). And diarrhea occurs for 10 days. Conclusion L.fermentum showed a preventive effect of diarrhea in rats induced E.coli.
{"title":"The Diarrhea Preventive Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum From Dengke Naniura in Rats Induced Escherichia coli","authors":"N. Nasri, U. Harahap, J. Silalahi, D. Satria","doi":"10.32734/idjpcr.v5i1.6478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v5i1.6478","url":null,"abstract":"Diarrhea is discharge of abnormal and liquid stool with a frequency of 3-4 daily which caused by pathogenic organisms such as Escherichia coli, and other. Dengke Naniura is a traditional Batak Toba food that can produce probiotics (Lactobacillus fermentum). Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host. Nutritional supplements combined between probiotics and prebiotics are called synbiotics, The purpose of this study was to analyze the preventive effect of diarrhea in rats given L.fermentum for 21 days. The preventive effect of diarrhea test begins with the giving of L.fermentum from day 1 to day 21. From day 7 to day 14 rats were induced with E.coli. Weight of the rats, stool consistency, onset of diarrhea, frequency of diarrhea, and duration of diarrhea were observed. The results of the observation that weight of rats in the L.fermentum group increased compared to group 1 (p<0.05). Consistency stool is soft (massless). Onset of diarrhea on day 1 after induced of E.coli in the group 1. Frequency of diarrhea increased to 9.25 ± 0.50 times on day 14 (group 1). And diarrhea occurs for 10 days. Conclusion L.fermentum showed a preventive effect of diarrhea in rats induced E.coli.","PeriodicalId":13466,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90855202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.32734/idjpcr.v5i1.8302
Irma Sari, M. Misrahanum, M. Faradilla, Cut Mutia Ayuningsih, Hilda Maysarah
Irrational antibiotic use in the treatment of infectious diseases can result in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The purpose of this study is to determine the physical properties of citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) and to assess its antibacterial activity against MRSA. Citronella essential oil was extracted using a water-steam distillation method, yielding 0.5 percent. Citronella essential oil has a specific gravity of 0.904, a refractive index of 1.470, and is slightly soluble in 80 percent ethanol. All of these parameters were in accordance with the Indonesian Standard Requirement (SNI) for Citronella essential oil. The disc diffusion assay was used to test the antibacterial activity of this Citronella essential oil. The result indicated that Citronella essential oil has an activity to inhibit MRSA invitro.
{"title":"Antibacterial Activity of Citronella Essential Oil from Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) Against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus","authors":"Irma Sari, M. Misrahanum, M. Faradilla, Cut Mutia Ayuningsih, Hilda Maysarah","doi":"10.32734/idjpcr.v5i1.8302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v5i1.8302","url":null,"abstract":"Irrational antibiotic use in the treatment of infectious diseases can result in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The purpose of this study is to determine the physical properties of citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) and to assess its antibacterial activity against MRSA. Citronella essential oil was extracted using a water-steam distillation method, yielding 0.5 percent. Citronella essential oil has a specific gravity of 0.904, a refractive index of 1.470, and is slightly soluble in 80 percent ethanol. All of these parameters were in accordance with the Indonesian Standard Requirement (SNI) for Citronella essential oil. The disc diffusion assay was used to test the antibacterial activity of this Citronella essential oil. The result indicated that Citronella essential oil has an activity to inhibit MRSA invitro.","PeriodicalId":13466,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87501047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.32734/idjpcr.v5i1.9436
J. Silalahi, Yosy Silalahi
A ketogenic diet consists of high fat, with moderate to low protein content, and very low carbohydrates, which forces the body to use fat instead of glucose to produce energy which is called ketosis. Ketogenic diets are commonly used in patients suffering from neurological disorders, and mostly epilepsy. Fat is a mixture of different triacylglycerol molecules formed by esterification of glycerol with three fatty acids. Based on the length of fatty acids in triacylglycerols, fats and oils can be classified into two groups; medium chain triglycerides composed of short and medium chain fatty acids containing 4 to 12 carbon atom, and long chain triglycerides composed of long chain fatty acids containing 14 to 22 carbon. Metabolism of medium chain triglycerides is different from that of long chain triglycerides. Classic or old ketogenic diet use long chain triglycerides as fat component may cause side effects such as dislipidemia and hence increase cardiovascular disease risk.This drawback may be reduced by replacing long chain triglycerides with medium chain triglycerides. Coconut oil belongs to medium chain triglyceride fats because it’s fatty acids consist mostly of medium chain fatty acids. There are two kinds of coconut oil obtained from coconut meat namely coconut oil used for frying, and virgin coconut oil is directly consumable and more suitable in Ketogenic diets
{"title":"Virgin Coconut Oil in Ketogenic Diet","authors":"J. Silalahi, Yosy Silalahi","doi":"10.32734/idjpcr.v5i1.9436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v5i1.9436","url":null,"abstract":"A ketogenic diet consists of high fat, with moderate to low protein content, and very low carbohydrates, which forces the body to use fat instead of glucose to produce energy which is called ketosis. Ketogenic diets are commonly used in patients suffering from neurological disorders, and mostly epilepsy. Fat is a mixture of different triacylglycerol molecules formed by esterification of glycerol with three fatty acids. Based on the length of fatty acids in triacylglycerols, fats and oils can be classified into two groups; medium chain triglycerides composed of short and medium chain fatty acids containing 4 to 12 carbon atom, and long chain triglycerides composed of long chain fatty acids containing 14 to 22 carbon. Metabolism of medium chain triglycerides is different from that of long chain triglycerides. Classic or old ketogenic diet use long chain triglycerides as fat component may cause side effects such as dislipidemia and hence increase cardiovascular disease risk.This drawback may be reduced by replacing long chain triglycerides with medium chain triglycerides. Coconut oil belongs to medium chain triglyceride fats because it’s fatty acids consist mostly of medium chain fatty acids. There are two kinds of coconut oil obtained from coconut meat namely coconut oil used for frying, and virgin coconut oil is directly consumable and more suitable in Ketogenic diets","PeriodicalId":13466,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76914501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.32734/idjpcr.v5i1.8708
Hera Zalia Putri Fiari, A. Nasution, A. Dalimunthe
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin or cannot use insulin (insulin resistance) and diagnosed by measuring blood glucose level (BGL). BGLs of DM patients should always be controlled to prevent complications. The purpose of this analytical cohort study was to analyze the effect of pharmacy intervention (PI) on BGL, adherence, and quality of life (QOL) of DM Type 2 (T2DM) patients (n=48) admitted to Dr. Tengku Mansyur hospital in Tanjung Balai period December 2020 to May 2021. The BGL, adherence, and QOL of the patients were compared before and after PIs. The patients’ BGLs were recruited from their medical records, their adherence to medication was analyzed using MMAS-8 questionnaire, and the patients QOLs were analyzed using the EQ-5D-3L questionnaire and the scores were categorized into 3 categories (< 0.60 = bad, 0.6 - <0.80 = moderate, ≥0.80 = good). The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests in the SPSS Program. Mean age of the patients was 59.20 ± 8.20 (years). Most (58.3%) of them were females. The mean BGLs (mg/dL) of the patients: before PI 1, 262.02±5.91; before PI 2, 259.39±5.53; after PI, 202.35±4.80; and follow up after PI, 168.60±3.07. The mean adherence scores: before PI 1, 4.833 ± 0.08; before PI 2 4.70±0.07; after PI 6.833±0.09; follow up after PI 7.793±0.05. The mean QOLs of the patients: before PI 1, 0.719±0.005; before PI 2, 0.719±0.001; after PI, 0.801±0.009; follow up after PI 0.977 ± 0.009. There were significant differences among BGLs, patients’ adherence, and their QOLs before and after PI. p=0.000 The present study proved that PI improved medication adherence, BGLs, and QOLs of outpatients with T2DM.
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