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Comparison of Real-Time PM2.5 Between Rural and Urban Homes in Southwest China Based on Field Measurement: Insight Into the Cooking Activity Contribution 基于实地测量的中国西南地区城乡家庭实时 PM2.5 比较:洞察烹饪活动的贡献
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8874231
Wei Du, Ruijing Hu, Jinze Wang, Nan Fu, Ying Li, Nan Lin, Ming Yang, Bingyan Zhang, Yuanchen Chen, Ye Huang

People generally spend most of their time indoors; thus, household air pollution (HAP), especially indoor air pollution, is of paramount importance. In this study, real-time particulate matter (PM2.5) monitors were used to collect high temporal resolution concentrations of fine PM2.5 in different microenvironments from 104 urban and rural households in Guizhou Province to investigate the urban–rural difference in HAP and the contribution of cooking activity to HAP. Results showed that PM2.5 concentrations among different rural microenvironments varied largely, ranging from 26.10 ± 33.27 (mean ± standard deviation) in the bedroom to 69.20 ± 72.50 μg/m3 in the kitchen while varying slightly across various urban microenvironments, ranging from 32.30 ± 17.5 in the living room to 34.65 ± 16.37 μg/m3 in the kitchen. Cooking activity can rapidly increase PM2.5 concentrations in the kitchen, whose peaks were at least five times higher than baseline levels. The contribution of cooking to the kitchen PM2.5 was 18.43 ± 12.17% and 5.39 ± 4.15% in rural and urban homes, respectively. Biomass burning affected indoor PM2.5 concentrations significantly, where rural households using biomass had the highest PM2.5 levels than households burning other fuels. This study identified the urban–rural disparities in household PM2.5 pollution and the contributions of cooking activities to HAP, illustrating the importance of cooking activities to indoor air pollution, which can assist in controlling indoor air pollution.

人们的大部分时间一般都在室内度过,因此,家庭空气污染(HAP),尤其是室内空气污染至关重要。本研究利用颗粒物(PM2.5)实时监测仪采集了贵州省 104 个城市和农村家庭不同微环境中高时间分辨率的细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度,以研究家庭空气污染的城乡差异以及烹饪活动对家庭空气污染的贡献。结果表明,不同农村微环境中的PM2.5浓度差异很大,从卧室的26.10±33.27(平均值±标准偏差)到厨房的69.20±72.50 μg/m3,而不同城市微环境中的PM2.5浓度略有不同,从客厅的32.30±17.5到厨房的34.65±16.37 μg/m3。烹饪活动会迅速增加厨房的 PM2.5 浓度,其峰值至少是基线水平的五倍。在农村和城市家庭中,烹饪对厨房 PM2.5 的贡献率分别为 18.43 ± 12.17% 和 5.39 ± 4.15%。生物质燃烧对室内PM2.5浓度的影响很大,使用生物质的农村家庭的PM2.5水平比使用其他燃料的家庭最高。这项研究确定了家庭 PM2.5 污染的城乡差异以及烹饪活动对 HAP 的贡献,说明了烹饪活动对室内空气污染的重要性,有助于控制室内空气污染。
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引用次数: 0
Shared Risk Volatile Organic Compounds Among Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Mediation Effects of System Inflammation 慢性呼吸系统疾病中的共同风险挥发性有机化合物:系统炎症的中介效应
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9416325
Mengya Xu, Wanlu Liu, Xinyu Zhu, Baihao Lin, Yuyu Zheng, Yansen Bai

Background: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are indoor and outdoor air pollution, but the VOCs that were shared across chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) remained unknown. Meanwhile, the mediating roles of system inflammation need to be further explored.

Methods: This study included 9114 adults based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006 and 2011–2018. Internal exposure levels of 14 urinary metabolites of VOC (mVOCs), blood cell count–derived inflammatory biomarkers, and prevalent CRDs, including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, were assessed and collected. Associations of single- and multiple-mVOCs with CRDs were assessed by using logistic regression and quantile-based g-computation (QGcomp) methods to select the key and shared mVOCs among CRDs. Mediation effects of system inflammation on mVOC-CRD associations were further evaluated by causal mediation analysis.

Results: Increased levels of total 14 mVOCs were associated with increased risk of chronic bronchitis (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.37–1.91), emphysema (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.27–2.35), and both conditions combined (defined as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD) (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.37–1.88), but not for asthma (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.94–1.21). In both single- and multiple-mVOC exposure models, 8 key mVOCs were COPD associated, including 6 mVOCs (34MHA, AMCC, CEMA, DHBMA, 3HPMA, and MHBMA3) and 5 mVOCs (34MHA, CYMA, 3HPMA, MA, and MHBMA3) that were associated with increased risk of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, respectively. Particularly, 34MHA, 3HPMA, and MHBMA3 were shared risk factors across chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and COPD. Neutrophils mediated the associations of three shared mVOCs with chronic bronchitis (by 5.20%, 7.80%, 6.30%), emphysema (by 6.90%, 9.30%, 9.70%), and COPD (by 5.80%, 8.90%, 7.70%).

Conclusions: These findings provide valuable insights into the shared risk mVOCs and mediating roles of neutrophils involved in the pathogenesis of CRDs, which can be useful in developing more effective prevention and intervention strategies for CRDs.

背景:挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)是室内和室外的空气污染,但慢性呼吸系统疾病(CRDs)共有的VOCs仍然未知。同时,系统炎症的中介作用也有待进一步探讨:本研究根据 2005-2006 年和 2011-2018 年美国国家健康与营养调查(NHANES)纳入了 9114 名成年人。评估并收集了 14 种尿液挥发性有机化合物代谢物(mVOCs)的内部暴露水平、源自血细胞计数的炎症生物标志物以及包括哮喘、慢性支气管炎和肺气肿在内的普遍 CRDs。通过使用逻辑回归和基于量级的g计算(QGcomp)方法评估了单个和多个mVOCs与CRDs的关联,从而筛选出CRDs中的关键和共有mVOCs。通过因果中介分析进一步评估了系统炎症对 mVOC 与 CRD 关联的中介效应:结果:总计 14 种 mVOC 水平的升高与慢性支气管炎(OR = 1.62,95% CI:1.37-1.91)、肺气肿(OR = 1.73,95% CI:1.27-2.35)以及这两种疾病(定义为慢性阻塞性肺疾病,COPD)(OR = 1.61,95% CI:1.37-1.88)风险的升高有关,但与哮喘(OR = 1.07,95% CI:0.94-1.21)无关。在单一和多重 mVOC 暴露模型中,有 8 种关键 mVOC 与慢性阻塞性肺病相关,其中 6 种 mVOC(34MHA、AMCC、CEMA、DHBMA、3HPMA 和 MHBMA3)和 5 种 mVOC(34MHA、CYMA、3HPMA、MA 和 MHBMA3)分别与慢性支气管炎和肺气肿风险增加相关。特别是,34MHA、3HPMA 和 MHBMA3 是慢性支气管炎、肺气肿和慢性阻塞性肺病的共同风险因素。中性粒细胞介导了三种共有 mVOC 与慢性支气管炎(5.20%、7.80%、6.30%)、肺气肿(6.90%、9.30%、9.70%)和慢性阻塞性肺病(5.80%、8.90%、7.70%)的关联:这些研究结果为了解中性粒细胞参与 CRD 发病机制的共同风险 mVOCs 和中介作用提供了有价值的见解,有助于制定更有效的 CRD 预防和干预策略。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of Indoor Airborne Bacteria in the Severe Cold Region in China: Genera, Levels, and the Influencing Factors of Concentration 中国严寒地区室内空气细菌调查:菌属、水平和浓度的影响因素
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8813703
Xiaojian Duan, Chao Shen, Guozheng Chen, Xi Deng, Phil Jones

In regions experiencing severe cold, inadequate ventilation during winter months often leads to increased concentrations of indoor pollutants. While there have been several studies on indoor particulate matter and inorganic pollutants in such regions, bioaerosol pollution has not been as extensively investigated. This study examines the indoor bioaerosol situation in a university located in one of the severe cold regions in China, focusing on bacteria as a representative pollutant. It investigated random samples of an office and a dormitory (including washrooms) and spanned heating and nonheating periods. The findings indicated that bacterial abundance in the dormitory and office was approximately equivalent. The predominant airborne bacterial communities identified were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, Firmicutes, and Myxococcota. Opening windows effectively reduced bacterial concentrations during both heating and nonheating periods. When windows remained closed, bacterial concentrations exceeded the standard by 9.1% during the nonheating period and by 14.3% during the heating period. Furthermore, temperature and relative humidity influenced bacterial particle size, activity, and consequently, aerosol concentrations. In the office, the highest percentage of bioaerosols was observed in particle sizes <1.1 and 1.1–2.1 μm, with smaller percentages observed in other particle sizes. Conversely, the percentage of particle sizes 2.1–3.3 μm in the dormitory was higher. The highest bacterial aerosol concentrations were detected in the morning in both the dormitory and office, during heating and nonheating periods. Bacterial concentrations in the office were lower on weekends than on weekdays, whereas in the dormitory, concentrations were higher on weekends than on weekdays. The above results indicate that indoor bacterial aerosol pollution is serious in winter in severe cold regions, which needs more attention.

在严寒地区,冬季通风不足往往会导致室内污染物浓度增加。虽然对这些地区的室内颗粒物和无机污染物进行了多项研究,但对生物气溶胶污染的研究还不够广泛。本研究考察了位于中国严寒地区的一所大学的室内生物气溶胶情况,重点是作为代表性污染物的细菌。研究对一间办公室和一间宿舍(包括盥洗室)进行了随机抽样,时间跨度为供暖期和非供暖期。结果表明,宿舍和办公室的细菌数量大致相当。经鉴定,空气中的主要细菌群落为变形菌群、类杆菌群、放线菌群、固着菌群和霉球菌群。在供暖和非供暖期间,打开窗户都能有效降低细菌浓度。当窗户一直关闭时,细菌浓度在非供暖期超标 9.1%,在供暖期超标 14.3%。此外,温度和相对湿度会影响细菌颗粒的大小、活性,进而影响气溶胶浓度。在办公室,粒径为 1.1 和 1.1-2.1 μm 的生物气溶胶所占比例最高,其他粒径的生物气溶胶所占比例较小。相反,宿舍中粒径为 2.1-3.3 μm 的生物气溶胶所占比例较高。宿舍和办公室的细菌气溶胶浓度在早上的供暖和非供暖期间都最高。办公室的细菌浓度在周末比平日低,而宿舍的细菌浓度在周末比平日高。上述结果表明,严寒地区冬季室内细菌气溶胶污染严重,需要引起更多关注。
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引用次数: 0
Patterns of Resident Activity and Their Impact on Environmental Parameters in Residential Apartments: Case Study and Implications for Design and Management 居民活动模式及其对住宅公寓环境参数的影响:案例研究及对设计和管理的启示
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4404849
Xiaodong Wang, Yang Lv, Wenjian Luo, Xianghao Duan

In the quest to optimize residential environments for health and sustainability, understanding the interaction between pedestrian dynamics and environmental parameters is crucial. This study delves into this intersection by conducting a detailed spatial-temporal analysis within an apartment building. The research reveals pivotal insights about the relationship between pedestrian flow and environmental quality. Key findings reveal distinct patterns in pedestrian traffic, with two main peaks in early morning and late evening, accounting for approximately 24% of daily movement. The study identifies a pronounced preference for upward elevator use, reflecting residents’ lifestyle and floor-level choices. Importantly, we observed variable correlations between pedestrian flow and environmental pollutants. Pollutants like PM2.5 and carbon monoxide exhibited weak correlations, while noise, TVOC, formaldehyde, and ozone showed stronger associations with human movement. The research uncovered significant spatial differences in pollutant levels across the building, with higher particulate matter and ozone levels in the seventh-floor elevator room. The data suggest a need for tailored pollution management strategies, especially for noise and hazardous compounds like formaldehyde and ozone, which exceed safety limits in certain areas. Our findings offer critical insights for the design and management of residential environments, emphasizing the importance of considering both pedestrian flow and environmental factors in optimizing living spaces for health and efficiency.

在优化居住环境以实现健康和可持续发展的过程中,了解行人动态与环境参数之间的相互作用至关重要。本研究通过在一栋公寓楼内进行详细的时空分析,深入探讨了这一交叉关系。研究揭示了行人流量与环境质量之间关系的关键见解。主要发现揭示了行人流量的独特模式,清晨和傍晚是两个主要高峰,约占每日流量的 24%。研究发现,居民明显倾向于乘坐上行电梯,这反映了居民的生活方式和楼层选择。重要的是,我们观察到人流量与环境污染物之间存在不同的相关性。PM2.5和一氧化碳等污染物的相关性较弱,而噪音、TVOC、甲醛和臭氧与人流的相关性较强。研究发现,整栋大楼的污染物水平存在明显的空间差异,七楼电梯间的颗粒物和臭氧水平较高。这些数据表明,有必要制定量身定制的污染管理策略,尤其是针对噪音和有害化合物(如甲醛和臭氧)的管理策略,因为这些污染物在某些区域超过了安全限值。我们的研究结果为住宅环境的设计和管理提供了重要启示,强调了在优化居住空间以提高健康和效率时,同时考虑人流和环境因素的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Indoor Radon Monitoring in Building Types of a Periurban Area in Cape Coast Metropolis, Southern Ghana 加纳南部海岸角都市近郊区各类建筑的室内氡监测
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-17 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8966193
Christiana Odumah Hood, Michael K. Miyittah, Charles A. Odame-Ankrah, Keren Abaidoo, Delali Tulasi, Ruth Serwaah Ampontuah, Dennis Kpakpo Adotey, Irene Opoku-Ntim

Radon is a source of ionizing radiation that shows a carcinogenic potential. Thus, tracking radon exposure levels in the environment and managing exposure conditions is necessary for reducing the hazards such as lung cancer, which is known to be the second largest impact of radon on humans worldwide. A LR-115 Type II strippable detector for monitoring radon radiation was installed in 30 mud and 26 block houses in the periurban (Duakor) areas in the Cape Coast Metropolis, Central Region, for 3 months to determine the exposure levels. The results showed that block houses (n = 26) had a radon ionization concentration in a range of 125–356 Bq m−3 and mean of 221 ± 61.4 Bq m−3, which was significantly higher than that of mud houses (n = 30), which ranged from 50.8 to 349 Bq m−3, with a mean of 186 ± 13.3 Bq m−3. About 80% and 10% of both types of houses showed levels that were above WHO’s lower (100 Bq m−3) and upper (300 Bq m−3) limits of the annual residential guidelines. Moreover, over 70% of both building types showed annual effective doses of indoor radon levels that were within the action levels (3–10 mSv year−1). The data shows that the occupants have lived in their apartments for more than 10 years, while only about 3.0% have ever received some education on radon. Additional steps to manage indoor radon exposure in the community to avoid lung cancer are necessary.

氡是一种电离辐射源,具有致癌潜力。因此,有必要跟踪环境中的氡暴露水平并管理暴露条件,以减少肺癌等危害,众所周知,肺癌是氡对人类的第二大影响。在中部地区海岸角大都会的近郊区(Duakor)的 30 栋泥房和 26 栋楼房中安装了用于监测氡辐射的 LR-115 II 型可剥离探测器,为期 3 个月,以确定辐照水平。结果显示,幢式房屋(n = 26)的氡电离浓度范围为 125-356 Bq m-3,平均值为 221 ± 61.4 Bq m-3,明显高于泥房(n = 30),泥房的氡电离浓度范围为 50.8-349 Bq m-3,平均值为 186 ± 13.3 Bq m-3。两类房屋中分别约有 80% 和 10%的辐照水平超过了世界卫生组织的年度居住准则下限(100 Bq m-3)和上限(300 Bq m-3)。此外,超过 70% 的两类建筑显示室内氡气水平的年有效剂量在行动水平(3-10 mSv 年-1)之内。数据显示,住户在公寓中居住的时间已超过 10 年,而只有约 3.0% 的住户曾经接受过一些有关氡的教育。有必要采取更多措施来管理社区内的室内氡暴露,以避免肺癌的发生。
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引用次数: 0
Potential Health Risks for Long-Term Stays in Underground Parking Garages: Implications of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Dust 长期逗留在地下停车场的潜在健康风险:地表灰尘中多环芳烃的影响
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-17 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5527710
Shiji Ge, Zhiqiang Jiao, Chenyang Gao, Muhammad Zaib, Xinling Ruan, Yangyang Wang

Surface dust in urban environments is an important carrier and potential source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, information regarding PAHs in underground parking garage (UPG) surface dust is still limited. In the present study, a total of 30 surface dust samples were collected from UPGs in apartment communities to assess the content, potential health risks to residents and sources of PAHs. The results showed that the total PAH content in the surface dust in the UPGs ranged from 636.27 to 25448.62 μg/kg, with a mean content of 4097.73 μg/kg. The distribution pattern of PAHs based on ring number exhibited the following order: 2–3 > 5–6 > 4 rings. All these surface dust samples were contaminated with PAHs, and 80% were heavily contaminated (ΣPAH > 1000 μg/kg). Health risk assessment revealed that the mean total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for children and adults was 1.33 × 10−6 and 1.01 × 10−6, respectively, indicating that residents suffered acceptable carcinogenic risk. The diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization results indicate that pyrogenesis was the primary source of PAHs in UPG surface dust, with diesel combustion, gasoline combustion, vehicular emission, and coal combustion contributing 8.2%, 42.8%, 27.9%, and 21.1%, respectively. These results indicate that effective measures should be implemented to protect local workers and residents from carcinogenic effects.

城市环境中的表面灰尘是多环芳烃(PAHs)的重要载体和潜在来源。然而,有关地下停车库(UPG)表面灰尘中多环芳烃的信息仍然有限。本研究从公寓社区的地下停车库中收集了 30 个表面灰尘样本,以评估多环芳烃的含量、对居民健康的潜在风险以及来源。结果显示,UPG 表面灰尘中的多环芳烃总含量介于 636.27 至 25448.62 微克/千克之间,平均含量为 4097.73 微克/千克。根据环数,多环芳烃的分布呈现以下顺序:2-3环;5-6环;4环。所有这些表面灰尘样本都受到了多环芳烃的污染,其中 80% 的样本受到了严重污染(ΣPAH > 1000 μg/kg)。健康风险评估显示,儿童和成人的平均总致癌风险分别为 1.33 × 10-6 和 1.01 × 10-6,表明居民的致癌风险是可以接受的。诊断比率和正矩阵因式分解结果表明,热成是 UPG 表面灰尘中多环芳烃的主要来源,其中柴油燃烧、汽油燃烧、车辆排放和煤炭燃烧分别占 8.2%、42.8%、27.9% 和 21.1%。这些结果表明,应采取有效措施保护当地工人和居民免受致癌影响。
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引用次数: 0
Overheating and Air Velocities in Modern Office Buildings During Heating Season 采暖季现代办公楼的过热问题和空气流速
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9992937
Martin Kiil, Raimo Simson, Martin Thalfeldt, Jarek Kurnitski

Proper design and operation of buildings are expected to result in optimal thermal comfort and energy performance at the same time. If occupants are not satisfied with thermal conditions, corrective actions by building managers and maintenance staff may lead to elevated room temperatures with evident energy penalties. Because of complicated technical systems and control logic, it is worth studying how well the design intent has been realised in new office buildings. In this study, thermal comfort was analysed by measurements of draught, room, and supply air temperature as well as with occupant questionnaire surveys in five modern office buildings. Both short- and long-term measurements were conducted to demonstrate problems in the operation and to find potential solutions for improvement. The results revealed an issue of excessive overheating during the heating season despite generally low air velocities. Radiant ceiling panels had the lowest velocities in both summer and winter, while buildings with active chilled beams showed the potential to meet Category II air velocity and temperature requirements. The building with thermally activated building systems experienced the most overheating during the heating season. Occupants were satisfied with the heating season temperatures of 23°C–25°C that can be attributed to lighter clothing (0.7 clo) instead of the standard 1.0 clo. Ventilation supply air and indoor temperature analyses indicate that elevated setpoints have been used to compensate for draught, resulting in overheating. As a measure of improvement to avoid overheating, we propose control curves for room temperature based on the outdoor running mean temperature and for supply air temperature based on the extract air temperature.

建筑物的合理设计和运行可同时带来最佳的热舒适度和能源性能。如果用户对热环境不满意,楼宇管理者和维护人员的纠正措施可能会导致室内温度升高,从而造成明显的能源损失。由于技术系统和控制逻辑比较复杂,因此值得研究新建办公楼在多大程度上实现了设计意图。在这项研究中,通过对五座现代化办公楼的通风、室内和送风温度进行测量,以及对居住者进行问卷调查,对热舒适度进行了分析。通过短期和长期测量,可以发现运行中存在的问题,并找到潜在的改进方案。结果显示,尽管气流速度普遍较低,但在供暖季节仍存在过热问题。辐射天花板在夏季和冬季的气流速度都是最低的,而采用主动式冷梁的建筑则显示出满足二类气流速度和温度要求的潜力。采用热激活建筑系统的建筑在采暖季的过热程度最高。住户对采暖季 23°C-25°C 的温度感到满意,这可归因于较轻的衣物(0.7 披风),而不是标准的 1.0 披风。通风送风和室内温度分析表明,为了补偿气流而提高了设定点,导致过热。作为避免过热的改进措施,我们提出了基于室外运行平均温度的室温控制曲线和基于排风温度的送风温度控制曲线。
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引用次数: 0
Calculating Comfort Indexes and Applying Comfort Models to Predict Thermal Sensation Vote in Sports Centres 计算舒适度指数并应用舒适度模型预测体育中心的热感值
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9142303
Luca Borghero, Santiago Escudero, Joana Ortiz, Jaume Salom

Predicting the indoor thermal comfort of people while doing sports might pose challenges, as the combination of high metabolic rate, increased humidity of the space due to physical exercise, and the alternate of more and less intense tasks influence perception. This paper is aimed at comparing environmental data (temperature and relative humidity) and calculating comfort indexes (heat index) and two comfort models (Fanger’s predicted mean value and the adaptive thermal comfort model) with people’s perceptions of the environment. Indoor environmental data for the analysis were collected by monitoring several rooms in eight sports centres in a Mediterranean climate. The thermal sensation votes (TSVs) of the occupants were obtained through an online survey. A detailed explanation of the methodology of the monitoring, creation, and management of the survey and the tools used to analyse the data is provided. Results compare the relation between the TSV and the parameters or indexes calculated. Fanger’s predicted mean vote (PMV) model is not able to correctly predict people’s sensations, neither for low nor for high metabolic rates. Finally, the neutral temperature of the adaptive model for the studied conditions is calculated. Among the studied parameters and indices, temperature exhibits the strongest correlation with the thermal sensation of the occupants. However, occupants did not report a significant sensation regarding humidity in accordance with the objective conditions of the rooms. The heat index also did not show any significant correlation with the TSV. Nevertheless, across a wide range of conditions, including variations in metabolic activities, temperature, and relative humidity, the percentage of thermal dissatisfaction (indicated by “very hot” responses) remains consistently high. Notably, the temperature at which a peak in neutral sensation can be achieved is less than 21° for low metabolic rate activities.

预测人们在运动时的室内热舒适度可能会带来挑战,因为高代谢率、体育锻炼导致的空间湿度增加以及高强度和低强度任务的交替进行都会影响人们的感知。本文旨在比较环境数据(温度和相对湿度)、计算舒适度指数(热指数)和两个舒适度模型(方格预测平均值和适应性热舒适度模型)与人们对环境的感知。用于分析的室内环境数据是通过监测地中海气候下八个体育中心的多个房间收集的。居住者的热感觉投票(TSV)是通过在线调查获得的。文中详细介绍了调查的监测、创建和管理方法,以及用于分析数据的工具。结果比较了 TSV 与所计算的参数或指数之间的关系。无论是在新陈代谢率较低还是较高的情况下,方格的预测平均投票(PMV)模型都无法正确预测人们的感觉。最后,计算了研究条件下自适应性模型的中性温度。在所研究的参数和指数中,温度与居住者热感觉的相关性最强。然而,根据房间的客观条件,居住者对湿度的感觉并不明显。热指数与 TSV 也没有明显的相关性。尽管如此,在各种条件下,包括新陈代谢活动、温度和相对湿度的变化,热不满意度(以 "非常热 "表示)的百分比始终很高。值得注意的是,在低代谢率活动中,达到中性感觉峰值的温度低于 21°。
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引用次数: 0
Development of an Optimal Control Method for the Concentration of Degradable Substances 开发可降解物质浓度的最佳控制方法
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1094914
Tomohito Matsuo, Hikari Shimadera, Akira Kondo

Indoor environments affect occupant hygiene, comfort, and productivity. Special treatments, such as spraying essential oils, disinfectant gases, and water vapor or droplets, have been proposed to improve indoor comfort in recent years. Therefore, a method to control the concentrations of these beneficial substances is required. To control the indoor concentration distribution of various degradable substances emitted indoors, this article proposes a novel method that uses the linear relationship between the source and concentration distributions. The method was evaluated through numerical experiments using CFD. Furthermore, the effects of the deposition (Dep) and decomposition (Dec) of the substances on the performance were assessed. The method successfully determined the optimal emission intensities for each emission source to make the concentration field close to the objective—the uniform distribution—in the experiment. When substances decomposed in the air or were deposited on the walls, the performance of the optimal control decreased compared to the case without Dec or Dep. This indicated that the occurrence of Dec or Dep lowered the optimization performance by enhancing the unevenness of the concentration field in the area near the emission source and far from the source. The Dep case showed relatively lower performance than the Dec case because the Dep occurred more spatially unevenly than the Dec. In addition, the more emission sources employed, the smaller the gap between the objective and the optimized concentration field. This method will help control indoor air quality more efficiently.

室内环境会影响居住者的卫生、舒适度和工作效率。近年来,人们提出了一些特殊的处理方法,如喷洒精油、消毒气体、水蒸气或水滴等,以改善室内舒适度。因此,需要一种方法来控制这些有益物质的浓度。为了控制室内排放的各种可降解物质的室内浓度分布,本文提出了一种利用源分布和浓度分布之间线性关系的新方法。通过使用 CFD 进行数值实验,对该方法进行了评估。此外,还评估了物质的沉积(Dep)和分解(Dec)对性能的影响。该方法成功地确定了每个排放源的最佳排放强度,使浓度场接近实验目标--均匀分布。当物质在空气中分解或沉积在墙壁上时,优化控制的性能比没有发生 Dec 或 Dep 的情况有所下降,这表明 Dec 或 Dep 的发生增强了排放源附近和远离排放源区域浓度场的不均匀性,从而降低了优化性能。此外,采用的排放源越多,目标与优化浓度场之间的差距就越小。这种方法有助于更有效地控制室内空气质量。
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引用次数: 0
Associations Between Postnatal Pollution Exposures, 24-h Movement Behaviours, and Motor Development Outcomes Among Children (0–12 Years Old): A Systematic Review 产后污染暴露、24 小时运动行为与儿童(0-12 岁)运动发育结果之间的关系:系统回顾
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6405166
Claudia I. Maddren, Gursimran Dhamrait, Kayla Elliott, Marcelo Toledo-Vargas, Ihsane Gryech, Anthony D. Okely

Background: Little is known about how exposure to different types of pollution is associated with motor development in children or how pollution may be related to time spent in physical activity, sedentary behaviour—including screen time, and sleep. The purpose of this study was to review the evidence on these associations, especially in light of the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for these behaviours.

Methods: We searched eight electronic databases: CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, Global Health, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science, from inception to May 2023. Studies that reported an association between a pollution measure (air, water, noise, or land) and at least one movement behaviour (physical activity, sleep, or sedentary time) or motor development outcome (fine or gross motor) among apparently healthy children from birth to 12 years were included. Eligibility of the studies was assessed, and extracted data was based on the study design, sample characteristics, pollution type, and type of association reported.

Results: The search returned 5358 studies, of which 18 were eligible for inclusion. Most studies were conducted in high-income countries (n = 13). Studies reported measures of outdoor air (n = 7), indoor air (n = 4), land (n = 3), and noise pollution (n = 4). Findings from the review were mixed and inconsistent. Most studies reported associations between a pollution measure and motor development outcomes (n = 12), followed by sleep (n = 5) and physical activity and sedentary behaviour (n = 1).

Conclusions: There is limited evidence regarding associations between pollution measures, 24-h movement behaviours, and motor development. Future research should pay more attention to postnatal exposure to different types of pollution and its impact on healthy levels of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep, and motor development and consider confounders such as geographic location, weather conditions, and country income level.

Trial Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42022340130.

背景:人们对暴露于不同类型的污染与儿童运动发育的关系,以及污染与体育活动时间、久坐行为(包括屏幕时间)和睡眠的关系知之甚少。本研究的目的是回顾这些关联的证据,特别是根据世界卫生组织(WHO)关于这些行为的指南:我们检索了八个电子数据库:方法:我们检索了八个电子数据库:CINAHL、Embase、ERIC、Global Health、MEDLINE、PsycINFO、Scopus 和 Web of Science,检索时间从开始到 2023 年 5 月。纳入的研究均报告了污染度量(空气、水、噪声或土地)与至少一种运动行为(体育活动、睡眠或久坐时间)或运动发育结果(精细或粗大运动)之间的关联,研究对象为出生至 12 岁的表面健康儿童。对研究的资格进行了评估,并根据研究设计、样本特征、污染类型和报告的关联类型提取了数据:结果:搜索结果显示有 5358 项研究,其中 18 项符合纳入条件。大多数研究都是在高收入国家进行的(n = 13)。研究报告对室外空气(7 项)、室内空气(4 项)、土地(3 项)和噪声污染(4 项)进行了测量。审查结果参差不齐且不一致。大多数研究报告了污染测量与运动发育结果之间的关联(12 项),其次是睡眠(5 项)和体育活动与久坐行为(1 项):有关污染测量、24 小时运动行为和运动发育之间关系的证据有限。未来的研究应更多地关注产后暴露于不同类型污染的情况及其对健康水平的体力活动、久坐行为、睡眠和运动发育的影响,并考虑地理位置、天气条件和国家收入水平等混杂因素:PROCROPERO:CRD42022340130。
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引用次数: 0
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Indoor air
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