Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.17791/jcs.2017.18.1.43
S. Kim, D. Bolger
In order to assess the role of visual, lexical, and contextual information on word identification during Korean sentence reading, a self-paced reading experiment was conducted. It was found, with regard to word length variables, that the number of syllables and the number of visual features affected reading times significantly, but the other sub-lexical units (i.e., phonemes and letters) did not. The findings suggest that when taking internal structure variations into account, the relevant processing unit in Korean in the context of sentence is the syllable. In addition, the main effects of both word frequency and predictability on reading time were significant, respectively; however, the interaction between these two variables was not. The results imply that Korean word recognition during sentence reading is affected by word frequency and word predictability, additively.
{"title":"Effects of Visual, Lexical, and Contextual Factors on Word Recognition in Reading Korean Sentences","authors":"S. Kim, D. Bolger","doi":"10.17791/jcs.2017.18.1.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17791/jcs.2017.18.1.43","url":null,"abstract":"In order to assess the role of visual, lexical, and contextual information on word identification during Korean sentence reading, a self-paced reading experiment was conducted. It was found, with regard to word length variables, that the number of syllables and the number of visual features affected reading times significantly, but the other sub-lexical units (i.e., phonemes and letters) did not. The findings suggest that when taking internal structure variations into account, the relevant processing unit in Korean in the context of sentence is the syllable. In addition, the main effects of both word frequency and predictability on reading time were significant, respectively; however, the interaction between these two variables was not. The results imply that Korean word recognition during sentence reading is affected by word frequency and word predictability, additively.","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116423305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.19066/COGSCI.2017.28.1.002
S. Hong, Kyungho Kim, Hyung-Chul O. Li, ShinWoo Kim
{"title":"The effects of adjective meaning on response to color: A test using Stroop task","authors":"S. Hong, Kyungho Kim, Hyung-Chul O. Li, ShinWoo Kim","doi":"10.19066/COGSCI.2017.28.1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19066/COGSCI.2017.28.1.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131537515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.19066/COGSCI.2017.28.1.004
김진희, 강은주
본 연구의 목적은 학습상황에서 피드백으로 주어지는 금전적 획득/손실(학습 피드백)과 비학습적 상황에서 우연히 제시되는 의사 피드백(무선 피드백)을 비교하는 방법을 사용하여, 금전적 보상과 처벌의 학습 피드백으로서만 가지는 정보처리에 어느 두뇌 영역이 관여하는지를 규명하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 정상 성인(n = 22)을 대상으로 fMRI scan 동안 단서 자극에 대한 범주 버튼 반응(좌/우)의 정확 여부에 따라 피드백이 제시되는 시행(학습시행)과 단서 자극의 위치판단 반응과 무관하게 피드백이 제시되는 시행(무선시행)을 사건 관련 fMRI 방략으로 제시하였다. 두 시행 간 보상과 처벌과 같은 동기적 사건에 대한 두뇌 반응이 변별적으로 나타나는지를 알아보기 위해 시행 유형(학습 vs. 무선)과 피드백 유형(보상 vs, 처벌)을 두 독립변인으로 한 반복측정 이원분산분석을 하였다(voxel-wise FWE p < .001). 그 결과, 좌측 배외측 전두피질(dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), 좌측 전측 도(anterior insular), 배내측 전두피질(dorsomedial prefrontal cortex) 등의 영역에서 유의한 상호작용 효과가 관찰되었는데, 이들 영역은 모두 학습-보상 피드백 및 무선-처벌 피드백 보다 학습-처벌 피드백에 대해 증가한 두뇌 활성을 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 학습상황에서 주어지는 처벌 피드백에 대한 기존 전략의 변경이나 재평가를 위한 집행적 처리, 적절하지 못하거나 틀린 행동에 대한 오류처리 과정 그리고 실패 경험에 대한 부정적 정서처리가 위에서 언급한 피질신경망을 중심으로 이루어질 가능성을 보여준다. 따라서 학습의 처벌 피드백은 보상과 달리 위와 같은 추가적 정보처리 과정이 존재할 가능성을 시사한다.
{"title":"학습피드백으로서 보상과 처벌 관련 두뇌 활성화 연구","authors":"김진희, 강은주","doi":"10.19066/COGSCI.2017.28.1.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19066/COGSCI.2017.28.1.004","url":null,"abstract":"본 연구의 목적은 학습상황에서 피드백으로 주어지는 금전적 획득/손실(학습 피드백)과 비학습적 상황에서 우연히 제시되는 의사 피드백(무선 피드백)을 비교하는 방법을 사용하여, 금전적 보상과 처벌의 학습 피드백으로서만 가지는 정보처리에 어느 두뇌 영역이 관여하는지를 규명하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 정상 성인(n = 22)을 대상으로 fMRI scan 동안 단서 자극에 대한 범주 버튼 반응(좌/우)의 정확 여부에 따라 피드백이 제시되는 시행(학습시행)과 단서 자극의 위치판단 반응과 무관하게 피드백이 제시되는 시행(무선시행)을 사건 관련 fMRI 방략으로 제시하였다. 두 시행 간 보상과 처벌과 같은 동기적 사건에 대한 두뇌 반응이 변별적으로 나타나는지를 알아보기 위해 시행 유형(학습 vs. 무선)과 피드백 유형(보상 vs, 처벌)을 두 독립변인으로 한 반복측정 이원분산분석을 하였다(voxel-wise FWE p < .001). 그 결과, 좌측 배외측 전두피질(dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), 좌측 전측 도(anterior insular), 배내측 전두피질(dorsomedial prefrontal cortex) 등의 영역에서 유의한 상호작용 효과가 관찰되었는데, 이들 영역은 모두 학습-보상 피드백 및 무선-처벌 피드백 보다 학습-처벌 피드백에 대해 증가한 두뇌 활성을 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 학습상황에서 주어지는 처벌 피드백에 대한 기존 전략의 변경이나 재평가를 위한 집행적 처리, 적절하지 못하거나 틀린 행동에 대한 오류처리 과정 그리고 실패 경험에 대한 부정적 정서처리가 위에서 언급한 피질신경망을 중심으로 이루어질 가능성을 보여준다. 따라서 학습의 처벌 피드백은 보상과 달리 위와 같은 추가적 정보처리 과정이 존재할 가능성을 시사한다.","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115784278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.19066/cogsci.2017.28.1.001
Kyoung-Mi Jang, Kim Bomi, Eunchan Na, A. Ji, Myung-Sun Kim
{"title":"Analysis of source localization of P300 in college students with schizotypal traits","authors":"Kyoung-Mi Jang, Kim Bomi, Eunchan Na, A. Ji, Myung-Sun Kim","doi":"10.19066/cogsci.2017.28.1.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19066/cogsci.2017.28.1.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113962633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.17791/JCS.2017.18.1.85
Youngsam Kim, Hyopil Shin
This study suggests an unsupervised method to find sentiment orienations of the words in Korean movie reviews. The orientations are represented as real values on a sentiment domain, which is derived from high-dimensional vector space for the movie reviews. To search for the dimension, the Pointwise Mutual Information is first used to select a set of words that are close to common modifiers; The phrases comprised of these words often form good/ bad associations (e.g., “good acting”, “terrible acting”). A neural language model (Word2Vec) is then used to calculate the point-wise similarity distances between the chosen words and, dimensionality reduction algorithms (e.g., PCA, MDS) are employed to find the axis of the sentiment orientations. Finally, the performance of our method is measured by unsupervised classification of the two movie reviews based on the orientation values. According to the results, the best accuracy achieves 66% and 76% for the two datasets.
{"title":"Finding Sentiment Dimension in Vector Space of Movie Reviews: An Unsupervised Approach","authors":"Youngsam Kim, Hyopil Shin","doi":"10.17791/JCS.2017.18.1.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17791/JCS.2017.18.1.85","url":null,"abstract":"This study suggests an unsupervised method to find sentiment orienations of the words in Korean movie reviews. The orientations are represented as real values on a sentiment domain, which is derived from high-dimensional vector space for the movie reviews. To search for the dimension, the Pointwise Mutual Information is first used to select a set of words that are close to common modifiers; The phrases comprised of these words often form good/ bad associations (e.g., “good acting”, “terrible acting”). A neural language model (Word2Vec) is then used to calculate the point-wise similarity distances between the chosen words and, dimensionality reduction algorithms (e.g., PCA, MDS) are employed to find the axis of the sentiment orientations. Finally, the performance of our method is measured by unsupervised classification of the two movie reviews based on the orientation values. According to the results, the best accuracy achieves 66% and 76% for the two datasets.","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133623353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.17791/JCS.2017.18.1.1
Kum-Jeong Joo
This study explores the acquisition of internal orderings of adjective-added Korean classifier phrases. When a classifier phrase includes an adjective, two constraints rule out impossible orderings: adjectives occur before the noun they modify, and no modifying elements can intervene between the number and the classifier. An acceptability judgment experiment was conducted with native Korean-speaking adults and children to test their knowledge of the two constraints. The results indicate that, like adults, the children know the two constraints, disallowing impossible orderings. The results also show a ranking in the preference of the possible orderings. We suggest that semantic compositionality (i.e., A and N together) can account for the preferred internal orderings of Korean adjective-added classifier phrases.
{"title":"Acquisition of Word Order in the Adjective-Added Korean Classifier Phrases","authors":"Kum-Jeong Joo","doi":"10.17791/JCS.2017.18.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17791/JCS.2017.18.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the acquisition of internal orderings of adjective-added Korean classifier phrases. When a classifier phrase includes an adjective, two constraints rule out impossible orderings: adjectives occur before the noun they modify, and no modifying elements can intervene between the number and the classifier. An acceptability judgment experiment was conducted with native Korean-speaking adults and children to test their knowledge of the two constraints. The results indicate that, like adults, the children know the two constraints, disallowing impossible orderings. The results also show a ranking in the preference of the possible orderings. We suggest that semantic compositionality (i.e., A and N together) can account for the preferred internal orderings of Korean adjective-added classifier phrases.","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126255406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Contemporary Evolutionary Theories of Culture and the Study of Religion, by Radek Kundt. New York: Bloomsbury, 2015. 192pp. Hb., $150. ISBN-13: 978-1350037076","authors":"Christos Orfanidis","doi":"10.1558/jcsr.31714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/jcsr.31714","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126007584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Natural History of Natural Theology: The Cognitive Science of Theology and Philosophy of Religion, by Helen De Cruz and Johan De Smedt. MIT Press, 2015. 247pp. Hb., $46. ISBN: 9780262028547.","authors":"Hans van Eyghen","doi":"10.1558/JCSR.27221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JCSR.27221","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122814688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cognitive by-product theorists suggest that the ability to accept religious and supernatural belief is a by-product of humans’ evolved propensity to over-attribute agency to non-human entities such as animals and objects. It is argued that this phenomenon facilitates and underpins belief in gods and supernatural beings. With this in mind, how then is non belief and atheism explained? The present study aimed to explore atheism from the perspective of by-product theory, examining differences in Anthropomorphizing (attributing human qualities to non human entities) in a population of atheists compared to a sample from a general population. One hundred and twenty-three participants recruited from a general population for a study on beliefs and thirty-six participants were recruited via an atheist organization completed the study. Results showed lower use of non-animal agency anthropomorphic concepts was linked to lower religiosity, and that the atheist recruited participants showed the least endorsement of anthropomorphic concepts than the general population sample. The implications of this finding are discussed with respect to the nature of atheism and the role of de-anthropomorphizing in the adoption of an atheist belief position.
{"title":"Corrected by Reflection: The De-anthropomorphized Mindset of Atheism","authors":"E. Talbot, C. Wastell","doi":"10.1558/JCSR.22199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JCSR.22199","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive by-product theorists suggest that the ability to accept religious and supernatural belief is a by-product of humans’ evolved propensity to over-attribute agency to non-human entities such as animals and objects. It is argued that this phenomenon facilitates and underpins belief in gods and supernatural beings. With this in mind, how then is non belief and atheism explained? The present study aimed to explore atheism from the perspective of by-product theory, examining differences in Anthropomorphizing (attributing human qualities to non human entities) in a population of atheists compared to a sample from a general population. One hundred and twenty-three participants recruited from a general population for a study on beliefs and thirty-six participants were recruited via an atheist organization completed the study. Results showed lower use of non-animal agency anthropomorphic concepts was linked to lower religiosity, and that the atheist recruited participants showed the least endorsement of anthropomorphic concepts than the general population sample. The implications of this finding are discussed with respect to the nature of atheism and the role of de-anthropomorphizing in the adoption of an atheist belief position.","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123631268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The presence of fringe and debatable methods and theories is widespread in the academia, excluding practically no discipline. Since theoretical reliability, epistemic warrant and empirical support are contentious issues, the demarcation between science and pseudoscience remains highly controversial, especially in the Humanities. However, a renewed interest in the demarcation problem holds much promise to tackle the underlying methodological and epistemological questions. This review essay briefly deals with the historiographical resilience of pseudoscience and the fascination which psi phenomena in the academic history of religion in the light of Massimo Pigliucci and Maarten Boudry’s recently co-edited book, entitled Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2013). A detailed review of Pigliucci and Boudry’s volume is also provided.
{"title":"Mapping Pluto’s Republic: Cognitive and Epistemological Reflections on Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem","authors":"Leonardo Ambasciano","doi":"10.1558/JCSR.27091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JCSR.27091","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of fringe and debatable methods and theories is widespread in the academia, excluding practically no discipline. Since theoretical reliability, epistemic warrant and empirical support are contentious issues, the demarcation between science and pseudoscience remains highly controversial, especially in the Humanities. However, a renewed interest in the demarcation problem holds much promise to tackle the underlying methodological and epistemological questions. This review essay briefly deals with the historiographical resilience of pseudoscience and the fascination which psi phenomena in the academic history of religion in the light of Massimo Pigliucci and Maarten Boudry’s recently co-edited book, entitled Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2013). A detailed review of Pigliucci and Boudry’s volume is also provided.","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125336707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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